• 생약학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.50-55
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• 2008

"Ga Si O Gal Pi" is one of the Korean crude drugs used mainly to cure arthritis, acute gastritis, and beriberi. With regard to the botanical origin of "Ga Si O Gal Pi", it has been considered to be Acanthopanax species of Araliaceae, but there was no pharmacognostical confirmation on it. To clarify the botanical origin of "Ga Si O Gal Pi", the anatomical characteristics of the branch of Acanthopanax species growing wild in Korea and Japan, A. chiisanensis, A. divaricatus, A. koreanum, A. rufinerve, A. senticosus, A. seoulense, A. sessiliflorus, A. sieboldiaum were studied. As a result, it was clarified that "Ga Si O Gal Pi" was the branch and rarely the bark of branch of Acanthopanax senticosus.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.17-24
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• 2017

Ganglioside GD1a is specifically formed by the addition of sialic acid to ganglioside GM1a by ST3 ${\beta}$-galactoside ${\alpha}$-2,3-sialyltransferase 2 (ST3GAL2). Above all, GD1a are known to be related with the functional regulation of several growth factor receptors, including activation and dimerization of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in tumor cells. The activity of EGF and EGFR is known to be a very important factor for meiotic and cytoplasmic maturation during in vitro maturation (IVM) of mammalian oocytes. However, the role of gangliosides GD1a for EGFR-related signaling pathways in porcine oocyte is not yet clearly understood. Here, we investigated that the effect of ST3GAL2 as synthesizing enzyme GD1a for EGFR activation and phosphorylation during meiotic maturation. To investigate the expression of ST3GAL2 according to the EGF treatment (0, 10 and 50 ng/ml), we observed the patterns of ST3GAL2 genes expression by immunofluorescence staining in denuded oocyte (DO) and cumulus cell-oocyte-complex (COC) during IVM process (22 and 44 h), respectively. Expression levels of ST3GAL2 significantly decreased (p<0.01) in an EGF concentration (10 and 50 ng/ml) dependent manner. And fluorescence expression of ST3GAL2 increased (p<0.01) in the matured COCs for 44 h. Under high EGF concentration (50 ng/ml), ST3GAL2 protein levels was decreased (p<0.01), and their shown opposite expression pattern of phosphorylation-EGFR in COCs of 44 h. Phosphorylation of EGFR significantly increased (p<0.01) in matured COCs treated with GD1a for 44 h. In addition, ST3GAL2 protein levels significantly decreased (p<0.01) in GD1a ($10{\mu}M$) treated COCs without reference to EGF pre-treatment. These results suggest that treatment of exogenous ganglioside GD1a may play an important role such as EGF in EGFR-related activation and phosphorylation in porcine oocyte maturation of in vitro.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.281-287
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• 2013

A major barrier to progress in pig to primate organ transplantation or cell therapy is the presence of terminal ${\alpha}$-1,3-galactosyl epitopes on the surface of pig cells. Therefore, the purpose of this experiment was to establish and cha- racterize mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) derived from ${\alpha}$-1,3-galactosyltransferase (GalT) knock out (GalT KO) pig to confirm their potential for cell therapy. Bone marrow (BM)-MSCs from GalT KO pig of 1 month old were isolated by Ficoll-Paque PLUS gradient and cultured with A-DMEM + 10% FBS on plastic dishes in 5% $CO_2$ incubator at 38.5. GalT KO BM-MSCs were analyzed for the expression of CD markers ($CD45^-$, $29^+$, $90^+$ and $105^+$) and in vitro differentiation ability (adiopogenesis and osteogenesis). Further, cell proliferation capacity and cell aging of GalT KO BM-MSCs were compared to Wild BM-MSCs by BrdU incorporation assay (Roche, Germany) using ELISA at intervals of two days for 7 days. Finally, the cell size was also evaluated in GalT KO and Wild BM-MSCs. Statistical analysis was performed by T-test (P<0.05). GalT KO BM-MSCs showed fibroblast-like cell morphology on plastic culture dish at passage 1 and exhibited $CD45^-$, $29^+$, $90^+$ and $105^+$ expression profile. Follow in ginduction in StemPro adipogenesis and osteogenesis media for 3 weeks, GalT KO BM-MSCs were differentiated into adipocytes, as demonstrated by Oilred Ostaining of lipid vacuoles and osteocytes, as confirmed by Alizarinred Sstaining of mineral dispositions, respectively. BrdU incorporation assay showed a significant decrease in cell proliferation capacity of GalT KO BM-MSCs compared to Wild BM-MSCs from 3 day, when they were seeded at $1{\times}10^3$ cells/well in 96-well plate. Passage 3 GalT KO and Wild BM-MSCs at 80% confluence in culture dish were allowed to form single cells to calculate cell size. The results showed that GalT KO BM-MSCs($15.0{\pm}0.4{\mu}m$) had a little larger cell size than Wild BM-MSCs ($13.5{\pm}0.3{\mu}m$). From the above findings, it is summarized that GalT KO BM-MSCs possessed similar biological properties with Wild BM-MSCs, but exhibited a weak cell proliferation ability and resistance to cell aging. Therefore, GalT KO BM-MSCs might form a good source for cell therapy after due consideration to low proliferation potency in vitro.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.59-67
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• 2015

동물의 장기를 인간에게 이식하게 되면 초급성거부반응(Hyperacute rejection, HAR)이 일어난다. 초급성거부반응은 면역계의 구성요소 중 보체(complement)에 의해 일어나는 거부반응으로 돼지의 혈관세포 표면에 있는 $Gal{\alpha}$(1,3)Gal 당분자에 인간의 항체가 즉각 반응하기 때문에 일어나며, ${\alpha}1,3$-galactosyltransferase(${\alpha}1,3$-GT) 유전자는 돼지 혈관세포 표면의 $Gal{\alpha}$(1,3)Gal 당분자 생성에 관여한다. 따라서 인간에게 돼지의 장기를 이식하기 위해서는 ${\alpha}1,3$-galactosyltransferase 유전자를 제거하는 것이 필요한 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구실의 이전 연구에서, 시카고 미니돼지 귀체세포에서 상동 재조합(Homologous recombination)을 통해 ${\alpha}1,3$-galactosyltransferase 유전자가 제거된 체세포를 개발한 바 있으며, 이 체세포를 통하여 ${\alpha}1,3$-GT 유전자가 제거된 돼지도 생산된 바 있다. 본 연구에서는, human serum 처리 시 돼지 세포를 보호해 준다고 보고되고 있는 human complement regulator인 human Decay-accelerating factor(hDAF)와 human ${\alpha}1,2$-fucosyltransferase(hHT)유전자를 ${\alpha}1,3$-GT 유전자 위치에 gene targeting하여 동시에 hDAF와 hHT가 발현하는 체세포를 개발하였다. Knock-in vector는 hDAF와 hHT 두 유전자가 발현할 수 있도록 IRES로 연결하였으며, ${\alpha}1,3$-GT 유전자의 start codon을 이용하여 발현할 수 있도록 구축하였다. 구축한 vector는 electroporation을 통해 미니 돼지 체세포에 도입하였으며, PCR 결과, ${\alpha}1,3$-GT 유전자 위치에서 상동 재조합이 일어났음을 확인하였다. Positive-negative 선별 방법을 통해 얻은 gene targeting 된 체세포는 RT-PCR에 의해 hDAF와 hHT 유전자의 발현이 확인되었으며, 대조군(NIH minipig)에 비해 ${\alpha}1,3$-GT 유전자의 발현이 감소하였다. 또한 이들 세포에 100% human complement serum을 처리하였을 때 knock-in 세포가 대조군에 비해 30% 정도 더 높은 생존율을 보였다. 따라서 개발된 체세포는 이종간 장기이식을 위한 돼지 생산과 함께 이를 이용한 이종간의 장기 이식 시 초급성 거부반응을 억제하는 데 사용될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권10호
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• pp.1340-1347
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• 2010

To study the effects of ${\alpha}$-galactosidase (${\alpha}$-Gal) supplementation on performance and energy metabolism, 216 Arbor Acres male broilers were placed in 36 cages of 6 birds each and allotted to 4 diets for 42 d, with 0-21 d as starter period and 22-42 d as grower period. The 4 diets were based on corn non-dehulled soybean meal in a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement, with 2 levels of ${\alpha}$-Gal (0 vs. 60 U/kg feed) and 2 levels of ME (normal metabolizable energy (NME) and low metabolizable energy (LME)). Bird performance was obtained at 21 and 42 d of age with samples of feces collected for nutrient digestibility from 19-21 d and 40-42 d. At 21 and 42 d, 1 bird from 6 cages of each treatment was killed to determine liver weight, intestinal pH and chyme viscosity. With the addition of ${\alpha}$-Gal the 42 d body weight (BW) and 0-42 d average daily gain (ADG) were significantly improved (p<0.05). Average daily feed intake (ADFI) of birds fed the LME diet was significantly increased compared to those fed the NME diet during starter (p<0.01) and grower (p<0.05) periods and overall (p<0.01). There was an interaction of ${\alpha}-Gal{\times}ME$ on 0-21 d ADFI (p<0.01). Supplementation of ${\alpha}$-Gal significantly improved (p<0.01) feed efficiency during the grower period and overall. Feed efficiency of birds fed the LME diet was significantly decreased (p<0.05) compared to those fed the NME diet during the starter period and overall. With the addition of ${\alpha}$-Gal apparent metabolizable energy (AME) was improved (p<0.01) by 2.1% and 1.8% during starter and grower periods, respectively. There was a main effect (p<0.05) of ${\alpha}$-Gal on the digestion of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) during the starter period and crude protein (CP), NDF and acid detergent fiber (ADF) during the grower period. With the addition of ${\alpha}$-Gal, the relative weight of liver was reduced (p<0.01) during the two phases. The duodenal and jejunal pH were significantly decreased (p<0.01) with the supplementation of ${\alpha}$at the two phases. ${\alpha}$-Gal addition reduced (p<0.01) chyme viscosity of the ileum during the starter and grower periods. Overall, ${\alpha}$-Gal showed a major effect on nutrient efficiency, improved ADG and feed efficiency, whereas LME decreased feed efficiency. The incorporation of ${\alpha}$-Gal into a LME diet could at least partially offset ME deficiency of non-dehulled soybean meal.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• 제6권5호
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• pp.337-340
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• 2001

A galactooligosaccharide(GalOS)-producing yeast, OE-20 was selected from forty seven strains of yeast growing in Korean traditional Meju (cooked soybean) and the yeast was tentatively identified as Kluyveromyces maxianus var lactis by its morphology and fermentation profile. A maximum yield of 25.1%(w/w) GalOS, which corresponds to 25.1 g of GalOS per liter, was obtained from the reaction of 100 g per liter of lactose solution at 3$0^{\circ}C$, pH 7.0 for 18 h with an intracellular crude $\beta$-galactosidase. Glucose and galactosidase were found to inhibit GalOS formation. The GalOS that were purified by active carbon and celite 545 column chromatography were supplemented in MRS media and a stimulated growth was observed of some intestinal bacteria. In particular the growth rate of Bifidobacterium infantis in the GalOS containing MRS broth increased up to 12.5% compared to that of the MRS-glucose broth during a 48h incubation period.

• 한국의사학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.149-166
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• 2006

Following former study(A Study of the Perception of SoGal in the early through mid Chosun Dynasty-Focusing on "UiBangYuChi(醫方類聚)" and "DongUiBoGam(東醫寶鑑)", there were medical attainments in this study on SoGal(消渴) of "UiRimChualYo(醫林撮要) SamSoMun(三消門)". 1. SoGal(消渴) theory of "UiRimChualYo(醫林撮要) SamSoMun(三消門)" presented the lack of Bodily Liquids and Blood theory(津液 血不足論) overcoming the limits of the fire/heat theory(火熱論). 2. In the "UiRimChualYo(醫林撮要) SamSoMun(三消門)", the concept of SoGal was started to change simple symptoms into the diseases including ethology, pathology and prognosis etc. 3. In the "UiRimChualYo(醫林撮要) SamSoMun(三消門)", the prescriptions of JaEum(滋陰) were thought significantly. On the other hand the prescriptions of HuaYul(火熱) were excluded at all. 4. The use of warm herb like BuJa(附子) was showed through GaGamSinGiHwan(加 減腎氣丸) and succeeded in "DongUiBoGam" the kidney's fire(坎火衰少論) lack theory. The futuristic percetion of "UiRimChualYo(醫林撮要) SamSoMun(三消門)" influenced "DongUiBoGam(東醫寶鑑)" was able to have progress ideas about SoGal.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권12호
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• pp.1761-1768
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• 2005

Effects of alpha-galactosidase (GAL) on broiler corn-soybean meal diet was investigated. In experiment 1, sixty cockerels were allocated to five groups, including three enzyme treatments (GAL added at 0, 500, and 1,000 mg/kg diet), a nitrogen-free diet group and a fast group. The true nitrogen-corrected ME (TME$_n$) and true amino acid availability were determined. In experiment 2, 324 day-old chicks were used in a 2${\times}$3 factorial design consisting of two energy contents (high and low) and three GAL levels (0, 250, and 500 mg/kg). Three feeding phases, comprising 0-21 d, 22-35 d and 36-48 d, were involved. GAL addition improved TME$_n$ and the availability of methionine and cystine (p<0.05). The apparent ME (AME) or nitrogen-corrected AME (AME$_n$) and digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, calcium, and phosphorus were improved significantly on d 21, so was crude protein and an interaction of energy and GAL on AME$_n$ (p<0.05) was found on d 35. However, daily intake and daily gain were significantly improved with GAL addition (p<0.05) during 21 d. The small intestine relative weight decreased at 250 mg/kg GAL (p<0.05) on d 35, whereas presented an interaction between GAL and energy on d 21 (p<0.05). Likewise, this treatment increased breast muscle ratio (p<0.05). On d 21, triglycerides level of broilers showed interaction between energy and enzyme levels (p<0.05). Uric acid level in 500 mg/kg GAL declined linearly (p<0.05). On d 35, quadratic effects (p<0.05) were observed in total protein, albumin, globulin and cholesterol content for enzyme supplementation. And the interactive effects of energy and GAL on serum values showed more obviously. The study implies that GAL improved energy and nutrient availability of corn-soybean meal diet in broiler. The GAL supplementation to corn-soybean meal based diet can improve performance of broilers in early stages of growth.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.376-383
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• 2015

Background: Panax ginseng has a wide range of biological activities including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory functions. Wild ginseng cambial meristematic cells (CMCs) were obtained from P. ginseng cambium. This study examined the protective mechanism of wild ginseng CMCs against $\small{D}$-galactosamine (GalN)-induced liver injury. GalN, a well-known hepatotoxicant, causes severe hepatocellular inflammatory damage and clinical features similar to those of human viral hepatitis in experimental animals. Methods: Hepatotoxicity was induced in rats using GalN (700 mg/kg, i.p.). Wild ginseng CMCs was administered orally once a day for 2 wks, and then 2 h prior to and 6 h after GalN injection. Results: Wild ginseng CMCs attenuated the increase in serum aminotransferase activity that occurs 24 h after GalN injection. Wild ginseng CMCs also attenuated the GalN-induced increase in serum tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$, interleukin-6 level, and hepatic cyclooxygenase-2 protein and mRNA expression. Wild ginseng CMCs augmented the increase in serum interleukin -10 and hepatic heme oxygenase-1 protein and mRNA expression that was induced by GalN, inhibited the increase in the nuclear level of nuclear factor-kappa B, and enhanced the increase in NF-E2-related factor 2. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that wild ginseng CMCs protects liver against GalN-induced inflammation by suppressing proinflammatory mediators and enhancing production of anti-inflammatory mediators.

• 생약학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.219-224
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• 1991

Liver protective effects of ginsenosides as well as fractions of dammarane glycosides of Panax ginseng were studied using galactosamine (GalN)-induced cytotoxicity in primary cultured rat hepatocytes. Preventing effects on GalN-induced hepatotoxicity were found both microscopic observation and determination of GPT level with total dammarane glycosides fraction and $20(S)-ginsenoside-Rb_1$ as well as $20(S)-ginsenoside-Rg_1$ at the concentration of $50{\mu}g/ml$. The syntheses of both protein and RNA were significantly increased by the treatment of $50{\mu}g/ml$ of total dammarane glycoside fraction, $20(S)-ginsenoside-Rb_1$, -Rc, -Re and $-Rg_1$, respectively in both normal and GalN-induced cytotoxic hepatocytes.