• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.404-411
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• 2018

This paper proposes a dolphin whistle mimicking underwater communication method using FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) and method to improve BER (Bit Error Rate) performance by using multipath gain combining. The proposed method divides whistle sound into short time intervals and transmits FSK modulated signal that ensures orthogonality of the symbol. Multipath gain can be obtained by using characteristic of mimicked signal frequency that varies with time. To demonstrate the performance of the proposed method, computer simulations and lake experiments were conducted. Computer simulation results show that an additional multipath gain is obtained by multipath. From lake experiments, when symbol length is 20 msec and modulation band is 900 Hz, the proposed FSK method with multipath combining gain obtains BER of 0.002, which is better than CSS (Chirp Spread Spectrum) with BER of 0.185. he proposed based on FSK method has higher imitation degree than the CSS method by analyzing mean cross-correlation value in the time - frequency domain of the imitated signal and actual whistle signal.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.2015-2028
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• 2016

In this paper, we propose a sum transmission rate maximization based cooperative spectrum sharing protocol with quality-of-service (QoS) support for both of the primary and secondary systems, which exploits the situation when the primary system experiences a weak channel. The secondary transmitter ST_b which provides the best performance for the primary and secondary systems is selected to forward the primary signal. Specifically, ST_b helps the primary system achieve the target rate by using a fraction of its power to forward the primary signal. As a reward, it can gain spectrum access by using the remaining power to transmit its own signal. We study the secondary user selection and optimal power allocation such that the sum transmission rate of primary and secondary systems is maximized, while the QoS of both primary and secondary systems can be guaranteed. Simulation results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed spectrum sharing protocol and its benefit to both primary and secondary systems.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.276-282
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• 2013

Self-encoded spread spectrum (SESS) is a novel modulation technique that acquires its spreading code from a random information source, rather than using the traditional pseudo-random noise (PN) codes. In this paper, we present our study of the SESS system performance under pulsed-noise jamming and show that iterative detection can significantly improve the bit error rate (BER) performance. The jamming performance of the SESS with correlation detection is verified to be similar to that of the conventional direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) system. On the other hand, the time diversity detection of the SESS can completely mitigate the effect of jamming by exploiting the inherent temporal diversity of the SESS system. Furthermore, iterative detection with multiple iterations can not only eliminate the jamming completely but also achieve a gain of approximately 1 dB at $10^{-3}$ BER as compared with the binary phase shift keying (BPSK) system under additive white gaussian noise (AWGN) by effectively combining the correlation and time diversity detections.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.64 no.10
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• pp.538-542
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• 2021

Background: The relationship between small for gestational age (SGA) and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) remains unknown. Purpose: This meta-analysis aimed to investigate the relationship between SGA and the risk of ASD. Methods: We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases from inception to November 2020. The heterogeneity across studies was explored using the I² statistic. The possibility of publication bias was assessed using Begg test. The results were reported using the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) using a random-effects model. Results: The literature search yielded 824 articles with 8,752,138 participants. We assessed the association between SGA and the risk of ASD in cohort and case-control studies. Based on the random-effects model, compared with SGA, the estimated OR of the risk of ASD was 1.17 (95% CI, 1.09-1.24). Therefore, there was a significant association between SGA and the risk of ASD. Conclusion: Based on OR reports in epidemiological studies, we showed that SGA is a risk factor for and can increase the risk of ASD. The association between SGA and ASD risk has further relevance to the current public health emphasis on appropriate prepregnancy weight and pregnancy weight gain.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.7 no.8
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• pp.1629-1637
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• 2003

In this paper, we analyzed the performance of a hybird DS/SFH(Direct­Sequency­Slow Frequency­Hopping) Spread Spectrum system with BFSK modulation over Nakagami­m fading channel with multitone jamming. The performance of the system was improved when a frequency bowing rate increased. In case that process gain of hybrid DS/SFH Spread Spectrum system to be fixed, the hybrid DS/SFH Spread Spectrum takes the low bit error probability than a DS Spread Spectrum system. Also, when the fading index m increases, the fading effect decrease, when the JSR(jamming to signal power ratio) increases ,the performance of a hybrid DS/SFH Spread Spectrum system improved than DS Spread Spectrum system. The result, we have been proved that performance of a hybrid DS/SFH Spread Spectrum was superior to DS Spend Spectrum system over Nakagami­m fading with tome jamming.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.47-55
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• 2010

The power line communication channel has characteristic variation problems which are caused by load. The spread spectrum technique has been used to overcome these problems. One of that is the direct sequence spread spectrum(DS/SS) system which is not necessary to additional hardwares. The BER of DS/SS system is decreased by longer length of PN code, but data transfer rate is decreases, so data transfer rate is hard to satisfies their own specifications especially in narrowband PLC systems. Spread Spectrum system with Dual-processing Gain tries to reflect cyclic characteristics of power line noise. But that system assumes that shapes of power line channel are symmetrical with respect to the 1/4 point of main frequency(60Hz in Korea), therefore cannot achieves various shapes of real power line noise. Thus in this paper, noise adaptive DS/SS system which PN code is changed by noise levels for various channel noises is proposed and simulated. The different kinds of noises are modeled and measured for simulation, the proposed system is verified that has lower data transfer rate and lower error rate than conventional system by simulation results.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.984-996
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• 2014

In this paper, optimal sensing time allocation for adaptive multiband spectrum sensing-transmission procedure is investigated. The sensing procedure consists of an exploration phase and a detection phase. We first formulate an optimization problem to maximize the throughput by designing not only the overall sensing time, but also the sensing time for every stage in the exploration and detection phases, while keeping the miss detection probability for each channel under a pre-defined threshold. Then, we transform the initial non-convex optimization problem into a convex bilevel optimization problem to make it mathematically tractable. Simulation results show that the optimized sensing time setting in this paper can provide a significant performance gain over the previous studies.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.334-336
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• 2005

We improved the performance of the spectrum-sliced light source for wavelength-division-multiplexed passive optical networks by employing a Fabry-Perot laser diode(FP-LD). We found that the FP-LDs can suppress the intensity noise as significantly as using a gain-saturated semiconductor optical amplifier. The transmission characteristics were measured and analyzed in both conditions with and without employing an FP-LD.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.645-655
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• 1990

A hybrid DS/SFH spread spectrum system is used to achieve a larger gain in some applications. The probability of error for a hybrid DS/SFH(direct sequence/slow frequency hopped) spread-spectrum system is calculated over a channel which suffers from multiple-tone jamming and additive white Gaussian noise. BPSK(binary phase shift keying) is considered as modulation scheme. The probability of error is computed for various system parameters such as a DS/SFH hybrid ratio, the number of jamming tones, a jamming-to-signal ratio, and a siganl-to-noise ratio. It is shown that a DS system or a SFH system achieves smaller probability of error than a hybrid DS/SFH system for most values of system parameters. However, it is also shown that there are hybrid ratios with which a hybrid DS/SFH system achieves smaller probability of error than a DS system and a SFH system achieve for some values of system parameters.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1988.10b
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• pp.943-946
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• 1988

A simple method is proposed for determining the frequency response function G(j.omega.) of a system using a pair of characteristic M-sequences (maximum length linear feed back shift register sequence). When a characteristic M-sequence is sampled with q$_{1}$ and q$_{2}$ both of which are coprime with N, where N is the period of the M-sequence, the obtained pair of sequences have conjugate complex frequency spectrum. Making use of this fact, two charcteristic M-sequences having conjugate complex frequency spectrum are applied to a system to be measured. Since the magnitude of spectrium of M-sequence is known, the gain of G(j.omega.) is directly obtained from the Fourier transform of the system output. The phase of G(j.omega.) is obtained simply by taking the average of the two phases of output spectrum.