• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.389-394
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• 1993

A study on housing and management of dairy cows was conducted in three villages. All activities of husbandry related to the housing and the condition of the cows were observed and farmers were interviewed using a questionnaire. The main type of housing was a tie stall mostly in the back yard area with a gable or shed type roof. Inside the shed the temperature ranged from 17 to $29^{\circ}C$ and the relative humidity ranged from 62 to 73%. Drainage and manure handling was poor which lead to poor cleanliness of the stables and animal skins. The floor space was mostly wide and the roof level was low (less than 2.5 m). The slope of the floor (1-3%) was sufficient, the roughness of the floor was of medium quality. The shape and size of the feed trough was good with a surface of mostly irregular forms. Concentrate was mixed with water and offered in liquid form in pails made from plastic or from parts of rubber car tires. Hoof length was too long which could lead to unstable position and self injury. It is concluded that the housing conditions of dairy cattle need to be improved in order to improve the condition of the animals and the production performance.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.25-32
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• 2006

Regarding to the Domestic housing politics to improve residing environment and effective use of country land, apartment buildings have been constructed since early of 1970s. Now apartment is taking over 50% out of entire housing in Korea. In the view point of PV application to the apartment, PV has amny advantages because of the wideness of out-walls and high floors building in APT. Therefore, if APT could use the electricity produced by BIPV, we can solve more easily environment and energy problems caused by housing. The research conclusion by analysing conditions and application method to introduce BIPV application to APT in near future is as below. -The out look of APT has been developed periodically and recently gable roof or canopy is popular which PV installation is more favorable. -For Balcony part with double skin facade sassy window, It has a preferable condition to install on the wall depending on the window direction. -In case of shorter distance between buildings due to high ratio of outside measurement, it is more desirable to install PV on the roof than on the wall of Apartment by considering low solar altitude. -Also depending on the direction of APT building, it is more effective and productive in electricity in the broad surface of side wall of APT. -In case of superhigh floor APT where facade system is mostly double skin facade of curtain wall system, PV module can replace the traditional curtain wall and will reduce architectural materials and obtain various out look design thereof.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.25-46
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• 2013

This paper presents a boundary-layer wind tunnel (BLWT) study on the effect of variable dominant openings on steady and transient responses of wind-induced internal pressure in a low-rise building. The paper presents a parametric study focusing on differences and similarities between transient and steady-state responses, the effects of size and locations of dominant openings and vent openings, and the effects of wind angle of attack. In addition, the necessity of internal volume correction during sudden breaching, i.e., a transient response experiment was investigated. A comparison of the BLWT data with ASCE 7-2010, as well as with limited large-scale data obtained at a 'Wall of Wind' facility, is presented.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국신재생에너지학회 2007년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.276-279
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• 2007

This study aims to present the application of pv system for apartment buildings. Regarding to the domestic housing politics to improve residing environment and effective use of country land, apartment buildings have been constructed since early of 1790's. Now apartment is taking over 50% out of entire housing in Korea. PV System of apartment buildings has been developed periodically and recently gable roof or canopy is popular which pv installation is more favorable. For balcony part with double skin facade sassy window, it has a preferable condition to install on the wall depending on the window direction. In case of superhigh floor apartment buildings where facade is mostly double skin facade of curtain wall system, pv module can replace the traditional curtain wall and will reduce architectural materials and obtain various out look design thereof. So, the purpose of this research is a basic study for clean energy source and present to applicability of pv systems for apartment buildings in preliminary design step.

• 한국실내디자인학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국실내디자인학회 2004년도 추계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.197-198
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• 2004

This study has been done to know concretely the designs of traditional American houses in eighteen century and their specific styles based on Deerfiled town and I found out followings. First, the traditional eighteen century houses in Deerfied had a 'L'shape exterior view and a flat facade and the front door made a symmetry with sash windows. A chimney had been installed in the middle of the roof and it usually had a gable with natural materials in a simple manner. Secondly, the most important factor to design houses was a front door and it had been decorated in luxury and in a display. Lastly, the traditional American houses in eighteen century had been greatly influenced not by the that of British which is commonly taken but by the various cultural backgrounds which represented regional characteristics and was rather simple.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.15-33
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• 2014

This paper describes partial turbulence simulation and validation of the aerodynamic pressures on building models for an open-jet small-scale 12-Fan Wall of Wind (WOW) facility against their counterparts in a boundary-layer wind tunnel. The wind characteristics pertained to the Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) mean wind speed profile and turbulent fluctuations simulated in the facility. Both in the wind tunnel and the small-scale 12-Fan WOW these wind characteristics were produced by using spires and roughness elements. It is emphasized in the paper that proper spectral density parameterization is required to simulate turbulent fluctuations correctly. Partial turbulence considering only high frequency part of the turbulent fluctuations spectrum was simulated in the small-scale 12-Fan WOW. For the validation of aerodynamic pressures a series of tests were conducted in both wind tunnel and the small-scale 12-fan WOW facilities on low-rise buildings including two gable roof and two hip roof buildings with two different slopes. Testing was performed to investigate the mean and peak pressure coefficients at various locations on the roofs including near the corners, edges, ridge and hip lines. The pressure coefficients comparisons showed that open-jet testing facility flows with partial simulations of ABL spectrum are capable of inducing pressures on low-rise buildings that reasonably agree with their boundary-layer wind tunnel counterparts.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.3192-3202
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• 2014

본 연구는 국가지정문화재로 지정된 목조건축물 중 합각지붕 형식을 가지고 있는 사찰의 주불전 32동을 대상으로 규모에 따라 규모별 구성요소의 구체적 특성을 분석하고, 주요 부재 상호간 미치는 영향이나 비례관계 등을 분석하여 향후 문화재 복원 및 보수를 위한 객관적인 기초자료를 제공하는데 목적으로 하고 있다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 평면비례는 3칸 건축물에서 도리통(전면)과 양통(측면)의 평균비례는 1.31:1 정도이며, 5칸 건축물 평균비례는 1.70:1로 이루어져 있다. 둘째, 주칸비례 및 위치별 기둥 굵기를 분석한 결과, 3칸 및 5칸 건축물 모두 어칸이 퇴칸이나 협칸에 비해 주칸을 넓게 형성한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 3칸 건축물 평균 기둥 굵기는 귀기둥 491mm, 평주 433mm 정도이며, 5칸 건축물에서는 귀기둥 595mm, 평주 511mm 정도의 굵기로 분석되었다. 귀기둥 굵기가 평주보다 평균 60mm~80mm정도 굵게 이루어진 것은 구조적인 안정성과 착시현상을 고려한 것으로 판단된다. 셋째, 건물규모(면적)에 따른 기둥 굵기, 처마 내밀기, 차마높이에 미치는 영향을 분석한 결과, 3칸 건축물에서는 건물규모(면적)가 큰 건물일수록 크게 나타나는 상관관계를 갖고 있는 것으로 나타났으나, 5칸 건축물에서는 건물규모(면적)에 크게 영향을 받지 않는 것으로 분석되었다. 넷째, 기둥과 처마와의 관계 분석 결과, 3칸 건축물과 5칸 건축물에서 모두 기둥 길이가 긴 건물일수록 처마높이와 처마 내밀기를 크게 둔 것으로 나타났으며, 특히 처마높이는 기둥 길이와 아주 밀접한 상관관계를 가지고 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 또한 3칸 건축물과 5칸 건축물에서 모두 처마 내밀기가 큰 건물일수록 처마높이도 높게 형성된 것으로 분석되었다.

• 대한건축학회연합논문집
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.131-137
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• 2018

The two recent excavations at the site of Beopsusa Temple in Seongju revealed that it contained eight building remains, three pedestrian facilities, four drainage facilities, two walls, three embankments, and an estimated pagoda remain. Even though this investigation was restricted to some sections of the site, it confirmed remains of architectural significance and thus attracted the attention of concerned researchers. This study thus set out to make an architectural survey of the site based on the excavation results and examine the characteristics and nature of remains of Buildings No.2 and 3 at the site. The planar analysis results show that Building No.2 (Remains 2-2) at the site of Beopsusa Temple was a gable-roofed building with a single story including 6 kan(間) in the front and 4 kan(間) in the flank and that Building No.3 (Remains 3-3) was a single-story building with a hipped-and-gable roof including 5 kan(間) in the front and 3 kan(間) in the flank. The most noteworthy remain of this excavation was the north-south square platform discovered at the Building No.2 at the site. It is estimated as a high chair platform used for Buddhist sermons. It was confirmed only at the lecture hall remains of Hwangnyongsa Temple and Anyangsa Temple in the nation and had never been found at remains related to Chinese and Japanese Buddhist Temples, being regarded as a very important and unique artifact. Since it was found at the remains of Building No.2, they was estimated as the lecture hall remain at the site. Found at the remains of Building No.3 at the site, the oblong altar remains were also very unique and rare and never found at other Buddhist temple sites. The inside of oblong altar was evenly covered with roof tiles instead of rubble, and there were small crushed stones for internal division, which is an altar construction method distinctly different from its counterparts at other Buddhist temple sites. Those findings raise the possibility high that a wooden facility was put up at the top of oblong remains.

• 한국측량학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.327-336
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• 2007

건물의 3차원 모델링은 3차원 공간정보를 구축하는데 있어서 매우 중요한 요소이다. 기존의 3차원 건물 모델링은 대부분 입체 항공사진을 이용하여 도화사에 의해 수동으로 진행되어 많은 시간과 비용이 소요된다. 또한 연구논문이나 실험적으로 시도되고 있는 일부 자동화 방법은 건물을 정확하고 세밀하게 묘사하는데 한계가 있다. 건물의 3차원 모델링을 자동화하기 위해서는 건물 외곽선과 지붕 모양을 정확하게 추정할 수 있는 알고리즘이 필수적이다. 최근 다양한 분야에서 활용되고 있는 항공라이다(LiDAR) 데이터는 지형지물에 대한 3차원 정보를 제공하지만, 이를 이용하여 건물 외곽선을 정확하게 추정하기에는 기술적으로 어려움이 있다. 따라서 기존에 구축된 수치지도의 건물 외곽선을 이용한다면, 항공라이다 데이터를 이용하여 3차원 평면을 최소단위로 하는 건물지붕의 구성요소들을 조합하여 자동으로 건물지붕의 3차원 모델링이 가능하다. 본 논문은 기 구축된 수치지도의 건물 외곽선과 옥트리(octree) 분할을 기반으로 항공라이다 데이터를 이용하여 건물지붕의 구성요소를 자동으로 추출하는 방법을 제안하였다. 건물지붕에 대한 항공라이다 데이터를 3차원 공간상에서 재귀적으로 분할하여 패치(patch)를 구성하고, 동일한 속성을 갖는 패치들을 병합하여 지붕의 구성요소를 추출한다. 항공라이다 데이터를 이용하여 제안된 방법으로 실험한 결과, 평면, 게이블, 다면, 곡면 등 다양한 형태의 지붕에 대한 구성요소들을 자동으로 추출 할 수 있었다.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.165-180
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• 2020

To determine tornadic wind loads, the wind pressure, forces and moments induced by tornadoes on civil structures have been studied. However, in most previous studies, only the individual building of interest was included in the wind field, which may be suitable to simulate the case where a tornado strikes rural areas. The statistical data has indicated that tornadoes induce more significant fatalities and property loss when they attack densely populated areas. To simulate this case, all buildings in the community of interest should be included in the wind field. However, this has been rarely studied. To bridge this research gap, this study will systematically investigate the influence of a community of buildings on tornadic wind fields by modeling all buildings in the community into the wind field (designated as "the Community case under tornadic winds"). For comparison, the case in which only a single building is included in the tornadic wind field (designated as "the Single-building case under tornadic winds") and the case where a community of buildings are included in the equivalent straight-line wind field (designated as "the Community case under straight-line winds") are also simulated. The results demonstrate that the presence of a number of buildings completely destroys the pattern of regular circular strips in the distribution of tangential velocity and pressure on horizontal planes. Above the roof height, the maximum tangential velocity is lower in the Community case under tornadic winds than that in the Single-building case under tornadic winds because of the higher surface friction in the Community case; below the roof height, greater tangential velocity and pressure are observed in the Community case under tornadic wind fields, and more unfavorable conditions are observed in the Community case under tornadic winds than under the equivalent straight-line winds.