• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.403-410
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• 2017

We collected fishes at the 12,873 sites in stream order (1~7) from 2008 to 2016. In the results, two populations(Zacco platypus and Zacco koreanus) represented distributional differences in the stream order gradient, and correlation analysis showed that the two populations had a potential competitive relationship. The ecological characteristics of the fish except for the Z. platypus and the Z. koreanus, according to the gradient of stream order showed a pronounced gradient in the species such as intermediate species, sensitive species, carnivores, herbivores and omnivores. The two populations showed a high correlation between intermediate species, sensitive species of the tolerance guild and omnivores, insectivores of the trophic guild. Fish assessment index (FAI) was negative relation with stream order. According to the stream order gradient, the two populations showed different correlations with FAI.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.508-515
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• 2015

Post-fire restoration can affect breeding bird communities and species compositions over a long-term period by determining pot-fire succession, and a long-term monitoring is therefore required to understand its impacts on forest birds. This study aimed to document the effects of post-fire restoration methods on breeding bird communities in three areas: unburned and two burned (nonintervention and intervention with clear-cut logging and planting) stands 13 years after the stand-replacing Samcheok forest fire at Mt. Geombong in Samcheok, South Korea. According to 108 point counts during the breeding season from April to June 2013, we found that the number of individuals, observed bird species, and species diversity index in intervention stands with clear-cut logging and planting were lower than that in nonintervention and unburned control stands. Foraging and nesting guild analysis also showed a lower abundance of foliage searchers, timber drillers, primary cavity nesters and secondary cavity nesters in intervention stands than in the other stands, while no significant difference was detected between the nonintervention and unburned stands. These results imply that an interventional restoration method may deter the recovery of avian breeding communities after forest fires, and also suggest that non-interventional restoration methods may be an effective way to benefit the species diversity and density of breeding bird communities.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.440-447
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• 2013

The ecological health, based on the Index of Biological Integrity (IBI) and Qualitative Habitat Evaluation Index (QHEI) was evaluated in 10 stream sites of Southern Han River. Eleven parameters of 12 parameters (Karr 1981) were modified for the application of regional Korean circumstance. The ecological health, based on IBI grade, was in "good condition" and the IBI score ranged from 33 to 47. Nine parameters of the original 12-parameter metrics in QHEI model (Plafkin et al. 1989) were applied in the habitat assessment. The mean QHEI model values were judged as "partially supporting" and ranged from 75 (non-supporting) to 109 (supporting). Comparative analyses revealed that values of IBI and QHEI models were greater in Gj stream than Ig- and Dn streams. The analysis of fish compositions showed that the proportions of insectivore, omnivore, and carnivore were 61.9%, 19%, and 9.5%, respectively. According to tolerance guild analysis, sensitive species and tolerant species were 76.1% and 4.7%, respectively, indicating a healthy trophic state in terms of food chain. The analysis by habitat guild type indicated that riffle benthic species dominated (57.1%) when compared to water column species (28.5%). The introduced species and individuals with diseases or external abnormality were not observed. Overall, the model values of IBI and QHEI suggested that the ecological health was maintained well in this upstream region.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.47 no.spc
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• pp.100-115
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• 2014

For this study, we collected fishes of seven times at the 51 sites by stream orders (2-6) from November 2007 to September 2010. In the results, 55 species belonging 12 families were collected. And there were one species (1.8%) of Natural monument, 6 species (10.9%) of endangered and 22 species (40.0%) of Korea endemic. Dominant species was Zacco koreanus and subdominant species was Zacco platypus in whole. Stream orders (2-6) increased with increasing species, diversity (H'), evenness (EI), richness (RI), tolerant (TS), omnivore (OS) and decreasing individual, dominance (DI), sensitive (SS) insectivore (IS), total IBI score. Principal component analysis results showed location of variable (species, individual, community index, relative abundance of tolerant, sensitive, omnivore, insectivore species) and each site changes in upstream and down-stream changes in their distribution. Correlation analysis showed significant differences between stream orders (2-6) and variable (species: Sp, diversity index: H', omnivore species: OS, stream depth: SD, stream width: SW and water temperature: WT).

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.1
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• pp.36-42
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• 2001

Changes in breeding bird community and forest structure by thinning were investigated from April 1997 to August 1998 in 10ha ($400{\times}250m$) of temperate mixed hardwood forest in Mt. Gariwang which is located in National Forest, Pyoungchang, Kangwon Province, Korea. Bird community was surveyed by the territory mapping method and forest structure was done by analyzing the vertical structure of foliage, distribution of diameter at breast height (DBH) of trees and tree species composition. After the thinning, tree density, number of tree species and basal area were decreased from 195ea/ha, 18 species and 6.69 $m^2/ha$ into 100ea/ha, 13 species and 3.04 $m^2/ha$, respectively. Foliage coverages in upper and mid layer were decreased, but coverage in low layer was increased. Large trees (Over 40cm of DBH) were decreased. Number of breeding bird species and pairs were decreased from 14 species and 23 pairs into 8 species and 12 pairs after the thinning. Number of breeding pairs of Yellow-breasted bunting Emberiza elegans incresed. There were decrease in number of species in hole & bush-nesting and canopy & bush-foraging guild. The results suggested that the thinning affect the species composition of breeding bird community and the forest structure. Changes of habitat structure might influence in breeding bird's density, species diversity and habitat using pattern of breeding bird community.

• 사회경제평론
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.203-237
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• 2018

This paper critically studies Meidner's wage-earner funds project. On the basis of this, this paper intends to create new prospects for a universal welfare regime. From the perspective of the welfare system, the funds project is a correction or supplement of the Swedish welfare system of the Swedish model centered on 'redistribution'. However, the funds project shares the ideology of Swedish model and its fundamental premise, I.e. guild socialism and labor-centrism. This paper discusses the limitations of the funds project resulting from this, especially with regard to its three purposes: equalization of property distribution, economic democracy and the correction of excess profit. It then highlights that the alternative to overcome the limitations of the funds project and the Swedish universal welfare system should be based on a new ideology and fundamental premise that is cut off from guild socialism and labor centrism. As an alternative fulfilling this, this paper focuses on theories that suggest that the Common Wealth Fund should be created and basic income should be implemented in the form of dividends as its dividend. As a result, Commons Capital Stock and the basic income as its dividend are presented as alternative prospects for the funds project.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.65 no.3
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• pp.15-27
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• 2015

This study is the first research that examines the fashion manufacturers and merchants of the late 18th century France. Fashion specialists, (known as) Marchande de modes, started to appear in literature in the mid 18thcenturyandthe profession was officially recognized by the guild system in 1776. Rose Bertin was elected as the first representative. At the same time, there were two types of fashion specialists, tailleur and couturi${\grave{e}}$re. Tailleur had monopolized the production of the bodice and the skirt, which were the most important female dress parts. On the contrary, couturi${\grave{e}}$re only had the right to make petticoats, but they were not allowed to decorate it. In 1781, the couturi${\grave{e}}$re obtained the right to make and decorate the other parts of the dress, and this resulted in the two groups fighting over the rights to make dresses. And during this struggle, the Marchand de modes started to appear as a new occupation. Marchande de modes were privileged fashion merchants making or selling trimmings for dress and coiffure, and had authority to make capes and bonnets. Contemporary critics praised their talents for creating innovative and beautiful fashion styles, while some criticized them as women who just made luxury items. These records revealed how marchande de modes were viewed during that time.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.5
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• pp.567-571
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• 2007

This study was conducted to clarify the differences in breeding bird communities between deciduous forests of Gwangneung and Mt. Namsan areas from April to August 2006. Two 10ha area were selected for territory mapping of breeding bird community in both study area. The DBH distribution of trees and average foliage profiles were significantly different between study areas. Also, breeding bird communities were different. Number of breeding species and pairs, breeding density, and bird species diversity were higher in Gwangneung area than in Mt. Namsan area. When examining relationship between forest habitat structure and bird community, Number of bird species and breeding pairs belonged to hole and canopy guild were increase as the increase of coverstory coverage and number of large trees. Therefore, it is necessary to make vertical structure more various to plant bushes, and to make DBH distribution more diverse for enhancing bird species diversity in the degraded ecosystem.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.546-552
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• 2007

The objectives of this study were to analyze fish compositions, based on trophic guilds and tolerance guilds and determine community characteristics structure at five sampling sites of Yeongsan Lake during July 2006-May 2007. Total number of species sampled was 30 species and the number was 1350. Cyprinidae (77%) and Centrarchidae (15.7%) dominated the community and then followed by Cobitidae(2.7%), Gobiidae(2.4%), Mugilidae (0.5%), and others (0.1%). The relative abundance of tolerant and omnivore species at all sites was 63% and 77% of the total, respectively, suggesting an ecological degradations in the Lake. Exotics species such as large mouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), which is a top-carnivore in the water distributed at all sampling sites, implying that ecological disturbance was severe based on previous reference of US EPA (1991). Also, we found external anomalies such as external deformities, bleeding and tumors and not found migratory fish. Analysis of fish community structure showed that species diversity index and richness index was the highest in Site 1 and the dominance index was the highest in Site 2. In this study, high proportions of tolerant species and omnivore species, widespread exotic species, and frequent observations of abnormal fish. Such problems may be directly or indirectly associated with high nutrient enrichments and the reduced flow velocity by the dam construction. The ecosystem restoration by dam removal or removal of exotic top-carnivore fish may be one of the best strategies for better lak management.

• Journal of the Korea Computer Industry Society
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• v.3 no.8
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• pp.1117-1128
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• 2002

This study suggests the most efficient teaching method by using multi-media. Based on the outcome of the engineering study, the multi-media and their contents will be applied to teaching methods, at first needing to provide concept and educational expecting effect of them. For multi-media using teaching methods, the study suggests the following 4; (1) teaching method for instructional learning, (2) teaching method for detective learning by guild, (3) teaching method for receptive loaming, (4) teaching method for exploration. Challenges still remained is to examine principles of teaching planning and relevant theories in order to apply the multi-media for the existing education, which should ask teachers in field to select more efficient teaching methods.