• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.15
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• pp.6335-6338
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• 2015

Background: Cancers have dysfunctional redox regulation resulting in production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), damaging DNA, RNA and free NTPs, and causing the accumulation of oxidative nucleic acids in cytoplasm. The major types are 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine(8-oxoGsn) in RNA and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2' deoxyguanosine(8-oxodGsn) in Mt-DNA. The MTH1 protein sanitizes oxidized nucleotide pools from NTPs to monophosphates, preventing the occurrence of transversion mutations. This study concerned cytoplasmic 8-oxodGsn/Gsn and MTH1 expression in gastric cancer and para-cancer tissues and elucidated roles of nucleic-acid oxidation and anti-oxidation. Materials and Methods: A polymer HRP detection system was used to detect 8-oxo-Gsn/dGsn and MTH1 expression in 51 gastric cancer and para-cancer tissue samples. Analyses of patient clinical and pathological data were also performed. Results: The expression of MTH1 and the 8-oxo-dGsn/Gsn ratio were significantly higher in cancer tissues than para-cancer tissues (P<0.05). Cytoplasmic 8-oxo-Gsn and MTH1 were both found to positively correlate (P<0.05) with tumor differentiation, while no significant associations were found with gender, age, invasion depth, lymph node metastasis and clinical stage (P>0.05). Conclusions: We found 8-oxo-dGsn/Gsn and MTH1 are both highly expressed in gastric cancer tissues, especially in well differentiated lesions. In addition, oxidated mtDNA is prevalently expressed in gastric cancers, while 8-oxo-Gsn expression in cytoplasmic RNA is a bit lower, but more selectively.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.25 no.1A
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• pp.56-63
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• 2000

In this paper, we design new high performance ATM switch architectures based on a Generalized Shuffle network(GSN). The GSN is a distributed network topology with the number of nodes in O(N). To improve the throughput of the switch, a layering strategy called Weaved GSN(WGSN). WGSN has an additional connection links between switching elements which locate in the same position of adjacent GSNs. The analysis and simulation are performed under uniform and full load conditions, and the results show that the proposed switch has better throughput and cell loss performance when compared with other banyan-based switch architectures known so far.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.313-318
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• 2007

Entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae GSN1 strain was evaluated for the environmentally sound control of Tebenna issikii (Lepidoptera: Choreutidae) in the laboratory. The corrected mortality of Tebenna issikii larvae was 100% at the 40 infective juveniles (Ijs)/larva 3 days after treatment with S. carpocapsae GSN1 strain in Petri dish. $LC_{50}$ value of S. carpocapsae GSN1 strain against Tebenna issikii was 5.7 Ijs. The mean penetration numbers of Ijs of S. carpocapsae GSN1 strain at the 5, 10, 20, 40 and 80 Ijs/larva in a Tebenna issikii larva were 1.4, 1.4, 3.2, 5.6 and 11.9 Ijs/larva, respectively. However penetration rate of Ijs of S. carpocapsae GSN1 strain at 5 Ijs/larva was the highest among other nematode concentrations. Progeny of S. carpocapsae GSN1 strain in a Tebenna issikii larva was higher with increasing nematode concentration.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2007

Entomopathogenic nematodes (Heterorhabditis sp. Gyeongsan strain, Steinernema carpocapsae GSN1 strain, S. feltiae Monteri strain, S. glaseri Dongrae strain, S. longicaudum Nonsan strain and S. monticolum Jiri strain) were evaluated for the environmentally sound control of sawfly, Arge captiva, A. pagana pagana and A. similis in the laboratory and pot. The corrected mortality of 3rd instar of Arge captiva larva was 100% at 5 days after treatment with S. carpocapsae GSN1 strain and S. feltiae Monteri strain in Petri dish. The mean numbers of established infective juveniles (Ijs) of S. glaseri Dongrae and S. carpocapsae GSN1 strain in a Arge captiva larva were 10.2 and 4.2 Ijs/larva, respectively. Pathogenicity of S. carpocapsae GSN1 strain was different larval stage, i.e., $LC_{50}$ value of S. carpocapsae GSN1 strain against 2nd, 3rd and 4th instar of A. pagana pagana was 11.5, 9.3, and 8.4 Ijs, respectively. Mortality of Arge captiva, A. pagana pagana and A. similis were 72.5, 85.0 and 85.0% by S. carpocapsae GSN1 strain at the $2{\times}10^9Ijs/ha$, respectively, in the pot.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.361-368
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• 2016

Japanese pine sawyer (JPS), Monochamus alternatus is a vector insect of pine wood nematode, Bersaphlenchus xylophilus in Korea and Japanese pine forest. This study was to evaluate the possibility of biological control of JPS with Korean entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs). Korean EPNs (Heterorhabditis sp. Gyeongsan, Steinernema carpocapsae GSN1, S. glaseri Dongrae and S. longicaudum Nonsan strain) were infested bate insect, Galleria mellonella in log of dead pine tree. Result showed that, S. carpocapsae GSN1 strain has the highest pathogenicity. Heterorhabditis sp. Gyeongsan and S. carpocapsae GSN1 had infested bate insect, which located in 7.5 cm depth of pine log. EPN has pathogenicity against larva and adult of JPS. Spray application of EPNs against adult of JPS, Heterorhabditis sp. Gyeongsan strain showed higher pathogenicity than S. carpocapsae GSN1 strain. EPN infested larva of JPS was detected on bark spray treatment with S. carpocapsae GSN1 strain in dead pine log that naturally infested larva of JPS however, no EPN infested JPS was detected on soaking of pine log with suspension of S. carpocapsae GSN1 strain. Though EPN had found with low efficacy against JPS but still possible to apply to control the boring insect pest as they can control log dwelling insect.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.61-70
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• 2004

Environmentally sound control of Japanese lawngrass cutworm, Spodoptera depravata with Korean entomopathogenic nematodes (Heterorhabditis sp. Gyeongsan, Steinernema carpocapsae GSNI , S. glaseri Dongrae, S. longicaudum Nonsan, and S. monticolum Jiri) was evaluated in the laboratory and field. In addition, effect of turf height on the pathogenicity of entomopathogenic nematodes and density of ant (Formica japonica) and spine-tailed earwigs (Forficula scudderi) were investigated in the field. The corrected mortality of 3rd instar of S. depravata larvae was 53.3% to 66.7% 5 days later after treatment of entomopathogenic nematodes. $LC_{50}$ value of S. carpocapsae GSN1 and S. monticolum Jiri against 3rd instar of S. depravata was 6.9 and 3.9, respectively. Pathogenicity of S. carpocapsae GSN1 was different depending on larval stages, i.e., mortality of 2nd instar was the highest representing 73.3% but decreased from 3rd instar. Turf height affected pathogenicity of entomopathogenic nematodes. Mortality of 4th instar of S. depravata was 40.0% by S. carpocapsae GSN1 and 33.3% by S. monticolum Jiri, and 83.3% by fenitrothion, respectively, in the turf height of 14mm, but those were lower in 45mm. The corrected mortality of S. depravata larvae was lower at the entomopathgenic nematode plots than fenitrothion plot in the distribution field of Formica japonica. However, reduction rate of F japonica was higher in fenitrothion by 56.7% compared with 0% in S. carpocapsae GSN1 and 6.7% in S. monticolum Jiri. Turf height influenced control of S. depravate in S. carpocapsae GSN1 and fenitrothion. Control value of S. carpocapsae GSN1 was 62.2% in the turf height of 3-4cm, but not effective at all in 6-8cm and 12-14cm. However, there was not significantly different in fenitrothion plots. Forficula Scudderi was also reduced only in fenitrothion plots. Reduction rate was 100% in 3-4cm, 41.7% in 6-8cm, and 16.7% in 12-14cm, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.335-343
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• 2006

Five strains of Korean entomopathogenic nematodes(EPN), steinernematids and heterorhabditids(Steinernama carpocapsae GSN1, Steinernema sp. GSNUS-10, Steinernama sp. GSNUS-14, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Hamyang, Heterorhabditis sp. GSNUH-1) were evaluated and tried in petri dish, pot, and vegetable greenhouses for environmentally friendly control of beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua. $LC_{50}$ values of five EPN strains against beet armyworm was different depending on nematode strain and beet armyworm instar. $LC_{50}$ value of Steinernema carpocapse GSN1(GSN1) was 3.8-5.1 infective juveniles(Ijs) in 2nd to 4th instars of beet armyworm. Pathogenicity of five EPN strains against beet armyworm different in nematode strain, concentration, application times, and vegetable species in pot and greenhouse. Steinernema spp. was more effective than Heterorhabditis spp. against beet armyworm. Two or three times of applications of EPN were found to be effective regardless of nematode strain and concentration in pot and greenhouse. ENP showed different reactions on vegetable species. Efficacy of EPN was higher on Chinese cabbage than that on cabbage and kale. GSN1 was one of the most effective nematodes and 100,000 infective juveniles per $m^2$(720,000 Ijs/$7.2m^2=1{\times}10^9$Ijs/ha) resulted in higher mortality in greenhouse.

• Journal of KIISE
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• v.44 no.9
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• pp.893-907
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• 2017

In safety-critical systems, software defects may have serious consequences. Therefore, defects should be considered during the requirements specification process, which is the first step of a software development lifecycle. Stakeholder requirements that are usually written in natural language are difficult to derived, and there may also be defects due to ambiguity and inaccuracy. To address these issues, we propose a requirement specification method using a standardized Boilerplate and a GSN Model. The Boilerplate is a semi-standard language that follows a predefined format. Due to its ability to provide a consistent representation of the requirements, boilerplate helps stakeholders avoid ambiguities about what they mean and to define the exact meaning of the requirement. Meanwhile, GSN is recognized notation to prepare a Safety Case to prove to authorities that a system is safe. It can be expressed as a functional goal, e.g., Safety Evidence, etc. The proposed study allows an analyst to easily identify a fault from the early stage of the software development lifecycle. The Boilerplate and GSN Model are designed to specify the requirements of safety critical systems and to prove safety conformity through a connection with Safety Evidence. In addition, the proposed approach is also useful to develop secure software by correcting deficiencies in the requirements found during this process.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.312-317
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• 2013

The armyworm, Pseudaletia separata was occurred suddenly in a golf club in Namhae, Gyeongnam province in 2013. Thus, pathogenicity of seven species of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernema carpocapsae GSN1 strain, S. glaseri Dongrae strain, S. longicaudum Nonsan strain, S. monticolum Jiri strain and S. siamkayai, Heterorhabditis sp. Gyeongsan strain, and H. bacteriophora Hamyang strain) was evaluated against armyworm on tall fescue in pot and golf course to control this pest environmentally friendly. The pathogenicity against P. separata larvae was significantly different depending on nematode species. The corrected mortality of fifth instar of P. separata was 100% in the treatment with S. carpocapsae GSN1 in 7 days in tall fescue pot. However, there was not different in the mortality of fifth instar of P. separata (80 to 100%) at the rate of 385 to 6,160 infective juveniles (Ijs) ($=2.5{\times}10^2$ to $4{\times}10^5Ijs/m^2$) of S. carpocapsae GSN1 strain in each pot. Corrected mortality of P. separata was 65 and 60% at the rate of $10^5Ijs/m^2$ of S. carpocapsae GSN1 and S. longicaudum Nonsan strain, respectively in the tall fescue of golf course.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Systems Engineering
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.125-135
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• 2015

Various methods have been used for safety and reliability as it becomes more difficult to ensure safety owing to the increasing complexity and scale of systems. This study aims at making it easier and more efficient to discuss risks and countermeasures for completeness, review, and knowledge transfer by improving methods to create fault tree analyses which focus on the GSN [1], which are among the methods used to describe assurance cases. More specifically, the purpose of this study is to incorporate strategy and context, GSN concepts, along with reason, which is a new concept, into FTA; the study focuses on three points. One point is support for the safety designer to draw a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive (MECE) FTA. The second is to make it easier to understand diagrams and meanings of FTA compared with the usual methods. The third is to make creating an FTA more efficient and to pass on existing know-how. Eventually, FTA can achieve completeness, review, and knowledge transfer. An introduction is provided in the first section. Next, the methodology covered in this paper is explained in the second section. The third section describes the proposed notation method based on two proposals made in this paper. In the fourth and fifth sections, results and discussion are provided, respectively. Finally, in the sixth section, conclusions are described.