• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.37-47
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• 2002

Objective : Previous studies have suggested an association between sleep-related breathing disorder (SRBD) and several psychological problems, and there were increasing recognition of the link. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the characteristic profiles of MMPI and SCL-90-R in patients with SRBD. Methods : This study consisted of 80 SRBD patients(73 men, 7 women) referred from Sleep Disorder Clinic of Dong-A University Hospital, Busan, Korea. Basic informations including demographic findings and physical examination were collected. Subjects completed the Epworth Sleepiness Scale(ESS), Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory(MMPI), and Symptom Check List-90-Revision (SCL-90-R) prior to standard overnight polysomnography that was performed at hospital sleep laboratory. SRBD was divided into two groups of primary snoring(PS) and obstructive sleep apnea(OSA) according to polysomnographic findings. Results : SRBD showed significant elevation rate of Hs, D, and Hy scales of MMPI and SOM scale of SCL-90-R, which exceeded the rate expected in normal individuals(>5%, 2SD). On comparison of clinical scales of SCL-90-R, OSA group had significantly greater mean score than that of PS group in terms of O-C, DEP, PAR, GSI(p<0.05), SOM and PST(p<0.01). OSA group also showed significantly higher elevation rate in Hs scale of MMPI and SOM scale of SCL-90-R than that of PS. Among OSA group, three scales of MMPI(D, Pt, Si) and three scales of SCL-90-R(ANX, PAR, PSDI) had significant correlation with some PSG variables including total sleep time and sleep efficiency. Among PS group, two scales of MMPI(Hy and Pt), elevation rate of MMPI scales and three scales of SCL-90-R(I-S, PAR, PSDI) had significant correlation with some PSG variables including sleep efficiency, sleep latency and REM sleep percent. Conclusion : The above results suggest that SRBD show neurotic profiles in MMPI and SCL-90-R. This study also clearly indicates that PS group are suffered from clinically meaningful psychiatric symptoms, which are quantitatively lessened but qualitatively similar as compared to that of OSA group.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.509-519
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• 1987

Annual reproductive cycle of the Damselfish, Chromis notatus collected monthly at the four coastal areas around Chejudo, Korea are studied on the bases of histological observations of gonadal tissue and various quantitative variables including gonadosomatic index (GSI), fatness, egg diameter composition and the first maturity. The ovary consisted of a pair of saccular structure with many ovarian sacs. Oogonia proliferated along the germinal epithelium of the ovarian sac. Young oocytes with basophilic cytoplasm showed several nucleoli along the nuclear membrane. When the oocytes reached about $450{\mu}m$ in diameter, nucleus migrate toward the animal pole, nuclear membrane disappeared and most of cytoplasm were filled with yolk materials and oil drops. After ovulation, residual follicle and growing oocytes remaining in the ovarian sacs degenerated. But early young oocytes without follicle layer were not degenerated, and growing continuously till the next year. The testis consisted of a pair of lobular structures in the right and left were united in the posterior seminal vesicle. Cortex of testis was composed of many sperm ducts connected with lobuli. GSI began to increase from March, starting season of longer day length and higher water temperature, and reached the maximum value between June and August. It began to decrease from September with the lowest value appearing between October and February without any evident variation. The annual reproductive cycle could be devided into five successive stage : growing(April to Many), mature(May to August), ripe and spent (June to August) and recovery and resting stage(September to March). The spawning peak occurred from June to August. According to the frequency distribution of egg diameter, Chromis notatus was a polycyclic species to spawn twice or more in a spawning season. Fatness, correlated with gonadal phases, was remarkably decreased by spawning. Percentage of the first maturity . in femate and male fish ranging from 7.0 to 7.9 cm were $50\%$ and from 9.0 to 9.9 cm in total length $100\%$.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.169-181
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• 2008

Reproductive ecology of the silver pomfret, Pampus argenteus were investigated by histological observations and morphometric data. Samples were collected by the stow net at the coastal area of Jaun-Do, Muan-gun, Korea, from January to December, 2006. P. argenteus is dioecious, the ovary is composed of many ovarian lobules, showing a pair of saccular structure, and the testis is composed of many seminiferous lobules, showing a pair of lobular structure. From February (growing stage) to September (after spawning), monthly changes in the gonadosomatic index, hepatosomatic index, and condition factor in females and males showed similar patterns with the gonad developmental phases. Judging from the results of their indice, it is assumed that spawning in females and males occur from May to July. The reproductive cycle can be classified into five successive stages in females: early growing stage (February to March), late growing stage (March to April), mature stage (March to July), ripe and spent stage (May to July), and recovery and resting stage (July to February); in males, the cycle can be divided into four successive stages: growing stage (February to April), mature stage (March to June), ripe and spent stage (May to July), and recovery and resting stage (July to February). According to the frequency distributions of egg diameters in the breeding season, P. argenteus is presumed to be spring-summer spawning species and polycyclic species to spawn 2 times or more during one spawning season. Number of total eggs in absolute fecundity were proportional to body length and body weight, respectively. Number of total eggs in absolute fecundity per body weight were also proportional to the body length, but if the increase of body weight considerably increased, rather total eggs in relative fecundity decreased with the increase of body weight. Percentage of first sexual maturity of P. argenteus were over 50% in females and males of 12.1 to 15.0 cm in body length, and 100% for fishes over 18.1 cm in length. Therefore, both sexes were regarded to be sexually mature at one year of age.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.83-89
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• 2010

We studied the maturity and spawning of Marbled sole Pleuronectes yokohamae from May 2006 to April 2007 in the Southern Sea of Korea. We analyzed monthly changes in maturity stages, gonadosomatic index (GSI), egg diameters, fecundity (F), total length (TL) at 50% group maturity, and sex ratio. The spawning period was November to February, and the main spawning period was December to January. The fecundity ranged from 75,155 eggs at 17.8 cm(TL) to 1,307,195 eggs at 36 cm (TL), and the relationship between TL and F was $F=3.656TL^{3.518}$ ($R^2$=0.872). The TL at first maturity was 17.8 cm and at 100% maturity, 32 cm. Thus, TL at 50% group maturity was estimated to be 19.8 cm. For sex ratio by length class, males were slightly predominant at sizes under 25 cm TL, but females were 100% at greater than 32 cm TL.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.367-373
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• 2011

We investigated the biological characteristics of the squid, Todarodes pacificus Steenstrup through the samples caught monthly in the Yellow Sea($32^{\circ}$ 30'N, $122^{\circ}E-37^{\circ}$ 30'N, $127^{\circ}E$) from 1985 to 1987. Monthly mantle length frequency were separated into Autumn spawning group and winter spawning group with Tanaka's method(1956) to determine the main group of the squids caught in the Yellow Sea. The ratio of winter spawning group was higher than that of autumn spawning group. Monthly gonadosomatic index of females increased on July in 1985, on October in 1986, and October in 1987 and decreased later in each year. That of males increased on June in 1985, on July in 1986, and June in 1987. The length of 50% group maturity of female was 20.7 cm mantle length(ML) in 1985, 17.9 cm ML in 1986, and 17.2 cm ML in 1987. The ratio of female was higher than that of male in the group over 24 cm ML, and the ratio of male was higher than that of female in the group under 24 cm ML. We concluded that the length of 50% group maturity of squids was affected by the density of the population status.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.627-633
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• 1997

Gonad structure, germ cell development and reproductive cycle of the smallmouth scorpionfish, Scorpaena miostoma were investigated based on histological method. Samples were collected monthly in the vicinity of Suyoung Bay, Pusan, Korea from November 1995 to October 1996. The testis is seminiferous tubule type in internal structure. Seminiferous tubule consists of numerous testicular cysts which contain numerous germ cells in same developmental stage. The ovary consists of several ovarian lamellae originated from ovarian outer membrane. Oogonia originated from the inner surface of the ovarian lamella protrude to the ovarian cavity in oocyte stage, and they are suspended by the egg stalk. Biological minimum size of female and male were 12.5cm in total length. Gonadosomatic index (GSI) of female (3.81) and male (0.23) were the highest in October. Reproductive cycle was classified into the following successive stages: in female, growing stage $(May\~August)$, maturation stage $(September\~October)$, ripe and spawning stage $(November\~December)$, recovery and resting stage $(January\~April)$, and in male, growing stage $(June\~August)$, maturation stage $(September\~October)$, ripe and spent stage $(November\~January)$ and recovery and resting stage $(February\~May)$.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.32-40
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• 2005

Objectives : This study looked at the symptoms of alexithymia in schizophrenia and their association with clinical variables and schizophrenic symptomatology. Methods Consecutive fifty eight inpatients with DSM-IV diagnoses of schizophrenia completed 26item version of Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS), Symptom Checklist-90-Revised(SCL-90-R), and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale(PANSS). Results : Authors did not find any correlation between scores of PANSS and TAS. However, all the subscale scores of SCL-90-R were significantly correlated with total score of TAS. Also, 'difficulty identifying and deistinguishing between feelings and bodily sensations' and 'difficulty describing feelings' significantly correlated with SCL-90-R subscale scores. 'Reduced daydreaming' had mixed findings and 'externally oriented thinking' did not correlate. Multiple regression model included Global Severity Index of SCL-90-R accounting 28.2% of variance for TAS scores. Conclusion : These findings together with discrepancy in results between objective and subjective tests suggest that alexithymia in schizophrenia may have two constructs, 'difficulty to describe and communicate feelings(state)' and 'externally oriented thinking(trait)' Authors suggest further study needs to confirm construct validity of TAS in this population.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.363-367
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• 2006

The maturity and spawning of brown sole, Pleuronectes herzensteini were investigated using samples randomly collected in the East Sea of Korea from April, 2003 to March, 2004. We analyzed monthly changes in maturity stages, gonadosomatic index (GSI), egg diameter, fecundity (F), total length (TL) at 50% group maturity, and sex ratio. The spawning period was February to May, and the main spawning period was March to April. The fecundity was 38,702 eggs at 22 cm (TL) to 133,085 eggs at 37 cm (TL), and the relationship between TL and F was $F=11.307TL^{2.628}$. The TL at first maturity was 15 cm and at 100% maturity, 21 cm. Thus, TL at 50% group maturity was estimated to be 17.8 cm, which corrensponded to the age of 3 years. The sex ratio was 60.2 for female and 39.8 for male, where the female population was seen to be slightly predominant.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.110-117
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• 2012

Hatching date and early growth of Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus were estimated by examination of otolith microstructure of Pacific cod juveniles collected in Jinhae Bay of Korea from May to June, 2008. Water temperature during the main spawning time ranged from 7 to $9^{\circ}C$ according to the geographic distribution of temperature measured from November to May between 2006 and 2009. The spawners were collected from December to February between 2006 and 2008, and the gonadosomatic index of spawners was larger in females than in males, showing a peak in January. Total length of juveniles ranged from 37.5 to 94.9 mm ($63.2{\pm}11.0mm$; mean${\pm}$SD). The number of daily growth increments in juvenile otoliths were on average $102{\pm}15$ in May 17 samples, $119{\pm}16$ in May 29 ones and $116{\pm}18$ in June 3 ones. Hatching dates estimated from the number of daily growth increments ranged from late December to mid-March, showing the peak between late January and mid-February. Daily growth in total length (TL, mm) can be adjusted to the Gompertz curve: $TL_t=123.2{\exp}\{-{\exp}[-0.0165(t-81.8)]\}$ ($r^2$=0.93, n=273).

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.101-106
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• 2007

We investigated the maturity and spawning of black edged sculpin, Gymnocanthus herzensteini caught by gillnet in the East Sea from March 2003 to February, 2004. We analyzed monthly changes in maturity stages, gonadosomatic index (GSI), gonad weight (GW), egg diameter, fecundity, total length at 50% group maturity and sex ratio. The spawning period was December to February. The fecundity ranged form 8,814 eggs at 14.7 cm (TL) to 25,560 eggs at 24.4 cm (TL). The relationship between total length (TL) and fecundity (F) was $F=285.11TL^{1.4092}$ ($R^2$ =0.571) and fecundity increased with total length. The total length at 50% group maturity was estimated to be 15.25 cm. The sex ratio was 60 for female and 40 for male, where the female population was seen to be slightly predominant. For sex ratio by length class, male was a little predominant in small size, but female was 90% more than 24 cm.