• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.158-170
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• 1998

In this study, we divide greenspace in Suwon city into three parts, that is, the conservation part, the maintenance part and the creation part by considering the quantitative aspect of greenspace and the present targets. To do it, two steps are taken. Firstly, assuming that the target year is 2007, the final target of greenspace area is established by combining targets presented in present state survey, the evaluation of resident perception and the future population estimates. The target of greenspace area in present state survey is 7,887,062$m^2$+$\alpha$ and that of greenspace area demanded in the evaluation of resident perception is 8,242,419$m^2$. Demand of greenspace area based on population estimates is 4,227,513$m^2$. When the greenspace needed in the city is added, the target may be more than 8,242,419$m^2$ which is demanded in the evaluation of resident perception. Outcome of the present state survey, 7,887,062$m^2$ + $\alpha$, is considered to be enough to accomodate the greenspace area demanded in the evaluation of resident perception and the population estimates. Therefore, targets of greenspace in Suwon City was established based on the area of greenspace analyzed in the present state survey. Secondly, the target of greenspace is divided into three parts, that is, the conservation part, the maintenance part and creation part. And the methods to attain the target are presented. In order to set desirable targets of urban greenspace, it is necessary to combine the outcome of present state survey, the resident perception, the population estimates and the various urban conditions. If the results of this study are applied to the urban planning or other related planning, the urban ecosystem will be protected and the biotope will be created.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.171-183
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to analyze urban greenspace area and vegetation structure by land use types for both Chuncheon and Kangleung. Natural and agricultural lands were predominant in the study cites, as 75-80% of total area. Residential lands accounted for about 10%, and commercial and industrial lands(including transportation), 5-10%. Only 10-20% of urban residential and commercial area was covered with greenspace. Woody plant cover was 12-13%, and tree density was 1.5 trees/100$m^2$ for urban lands(all land use types except natural land) in both cities. The tree-age structure was largely characterized by young, growing tree population, and species diversity within a diameter class decreases as the diameter classes get larger. Urban lands of both cities had quite a similar species composition of woody plants (similarity index of 0.65). Street trees in Chuncheon were intensively pruned annually to protect the above ground utility lines. Some strategies were explored to solve problems found in the existing greenspace structures. They included increase of biomass and greenspace area through minimization of unnecessary impervious surfaces, creation of multilayered and multiaged vegetation structures, relocation of above ground utility lines and avoidance of intensive tree pruning, and establishment of greenspace proximity and connectivity.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.38-47
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• 2000

Carbon dioxide is a major greenhouse gas causing climate change. This study quantified annual direct and indirect uptake of carbon by urban greenspace, and annual carbon release from vegetation maintenance and fossil fuel consumption. The study area was whole Chuncheon and Kangleung, and also two districts of Kangnam and Junglang in Seoul, cities located in middle Korea. Carbon uptake by urban greenspace played an important role through offsetting carbon release by 6-7% annually in Chuncheon and Kangleung. For Kangnam and Junglang, where the population density was relatively higher, urban greenspace annually offset carbon release by 1-2%. Future possible tree plantings could double annual carbon uptake by existing trees in urban lands (except natural and agricultural lands) of a study city. Based on study results, planning and management guidelines for urban greenspace were suggested to save energy and to reduce atmospheric $CO_2$ concentrations. They included selection of optimum tree species, proper planting location from buildings, design of multilayered planting, amendment of existing regulations for greenspace enlargement, avoidance f intensive vegetation maintenance, and conservation of natural vegetation.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.3 s.110
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• pp.78-83
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• 2005

The purpose of this project is to create small parks in elementary schools in order to improve the educational environment and also to increase the amount of greenspace in the city. Above all, the main goal is to create space for local residents in which they can enjoy their leisure time. During a basic investigation and document investigation of elementary schools in Daegu, I placed the priority on choosing the schools that showed the most promise. Also, by doing a survey about the present conditions at schools, I verified, compared, and analyzed the validity of creating small parks in elementary schools. The summary of the results are as follows. The average area available for building small parte in Daegu elementary schools is $7,447m^2$. Even though this area is not as large as a neighborhood parti the difference is not that great. Therefore, I assumed that building small parks in schools would be as effective as building neighborhood parks. The standard size for a children's parks is $1,500m^2$, and if small parks were to be constructed in all school areas with available space larger than a children's park (i.e., larger than $1,500m^2$), the amount of added park greenspace would equal $1,217,953m^2$. The number of schools with areas under $1,500m^2$ is only 3% of all schools in which small parte can be created(5 schools). Schools that have between $1,500m^2$ and $8,000m^2$of greenspace make up 59.7% of all schools in which small parte can be created (98 schools). Schools that have greenspace of more than $8,000m^2$ make up 37% of all school in which small parks can be created (61 schools). The standard area for neighborhood parte is $10,000m^2$ (building-to-land ratio 20%). Schools that have areas that are larger than the standard area for neighborhood parte make up 31% of all elementary schools in Daegu (61 schools). Therefore city greenspace would increase to a total of $694,805m^2$ by making use of these schools, which would represent 7% of the park greenspace in Daegu.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.30-41
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• 1998

This study analyzed urban greenspace area and vegetation structure by land use types for Kangnam-gu and Junglang-gu in Seoul different in income and building construction date. The study districts had a similar areal distribution of land use types. Residential lands accounted for about 32~37% of total area, natural lands, 19~22%, commercial and industrial lands(including transportation), 13~18%, and institutional lands, 13~17%. Greenspace covered only 20~30% of urban residential and commercial area in which human activities of living concentrate. Canopy stocking level in urban lands (all land uses except natural and agrecultural lands) was about 39% for Kangnam-gu and 50% for Junglang-gu, showing tree planting potential slightly higher in Kangnam-gu than in Junglang-gu. Woody plant cover was approximately 13%, and tree density was 3 trees/100m$^{2}$ forurban lands in both districts. The tree-age structure was largely characterized by young, growing tree population, and species diversity within a diameter class decreases as the diameter classes get larger. Urban lands of both districts had quite a similar species composition of woody plants (similarity indez of 0.70). Income and bulding construction date did not result in significant diference between the two districts in vegetation structure for urban lands. Some strategies were ezplored to solve problems found in the present greenspace structures. They included increase of biomass and greenspace area through minimization of unnecessary impervious surfaces, creation of multilayered and multiaged vegetation structures, and avoidance of intensive tree pruning and relocation of above ground utility lines.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.15 no.11
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• pp.1077-1086
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• 2006

This study aims at analyzing relationships between land use and habitat types of winter wildbirds to provide basic understanding of ecosystem for preservation and restoration of urban ecosystem in the future. The research area is Hanam City. Researches on land use types showed Hanam City had 79.1% of greenspace and openspace, but intensive urban development has been taking place in greenspace that is adjacent to urban districts. This has brought the problems of lack of greenspace in urban districts and damages to cultivated areas and grassland. A total of 61 and 8,642 populations of winter wildbird species were observed in research areas. Paradoxornis webbiann(16.91), Passer montanus(11.93), Pica pica(6.88) were dominant species. When they were divided according to habitat types, 20 species of interior species, 8 species of interior-edge generalist species, 12 species of edge species and 3 species of urban species were observed. When which land use type was mostly served as wildbirds habitats was examined, urban species(3 species and 290 populations) was a dominant species in urban districts while in greenspace and openspaece, water species(19species and 3,075 populations) including winter migratory birds was. Among greenspace and openspaece, edge species was dominant in forest while urban species was a dominant species in cultivated areas. This shows there is a need to improve diversity of wildbirds through restoration of cultivated areas in the central part of Hanam City.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.493-502
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• 2006

This study analyzed greenspace structure focused on greenspace areas and vegetation structure for Yanggu, investigated resident attitudes to the greenspace, and explored strategies to improve greenspace functions in a rural region. Woody plant cover was approximately 29% for parks and only 3% for commercial gardens. The amount of planting for Yanggu was poor, as compared with the results of similar studies for urban areas. Trees, of which dbh was below 20cm, accounted for 91% of all trees and the tree-age structure was largely characterized by a young, growing tree population. Based on the analysis of mean importance values (MIV) of woody plant species, only a few were different in dominant species from urban areas. Four species among 10 species with highest MIV in Yanggu were very common species also ranked among 10 in cities. The most dominant species planted in residential and commercial gardens were practical plants such as fruit or edibles. Greenspace covered about 69% of parks, 39% of residential gardens, 37% of institutional gardens, 24% of streets, and 15% of commercial gardens, respectively. Tree planting potential revealed that present woody plant cover can be increased additionally by 6 times in the streets and by 2 times in the residential and commercial gardens. Based on the results of greenspace structure, planting patterns, and questionary investigation, some strategies were suggested to enlarge greenspace including its environmental functions. They included identifying each street section through setting up themes and planting appropriate species, creating multilayered vegetation structures, and promoting planting in bare grounds of gardens and around a buildings for saving energy.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.83-90
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• 2003

This study explored effects of urban greenspace on improving atmospheric environment, which is concerned with $CO_2$, SO$_2$ and NO$_2$ uptake, and with reduction of summer air temperatures. The site of this study was focused on Jung-gu in Seoul. Tree density and cover were 1.1 trees/100 $m^2$ and 12.5% respectively for the study area except forest lands. Atmospheric purification by greenspace was associated with changes in tree cover per unit area of each land use type. The mean $CO_2$ storage by woody plants was 19.4t/ha, and annual uptake averaged 2.2t/ha/yr for $CO_2$, 1.9kg/ha/yr for SO$_2$ and 5.0kg/ha/yr for NO$_2$. Entire tree plantings in the study area played a significant role by annually offsetting $CO_2$ emissions of about 1,830t from fossil fuel consumption by 330 persons, SO$_2$ emissions of 1,620kg by 1,080 persons, and NO$_2$ emissions of 4,230kg by 450 persons. The summer air temperature was 3.6$^{\circ}C$ cooler at a location with 54% cover of woody plants and 4.5$^{\circ}C$ cooler at a forest site with 100% cover, compared to a place with no planting. A 10% increase of woody plant cover was estimated to decrease summer air temperature by approximately 0.6$^{\circ}C$ until a certain level of canopy cover. Analyzing data from the Automatic Weather Stations in Seoul revealed that increasing tree cover decreased mean air temperature for the summer season (Jun~Aug) in a nonlinear function. Woody plant cover was the best predictive variable of summer temperature reduction. The results from this study are expected to be useful in emphasizing the environmental benefits and importance of urban greenspace enlargement, and in urging the necessity for planting and management budgets.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.1-7
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• 2020

This study quantified annual uptake and storage of carbon by urban greenspace in institutional lands and suggested improvement of greenspace structures to enhance carbon reduction effects. The study selected a total of five study cities including Seoul, Daejeon, Daegu, Chuncheon, and Suncheon, based on areal size and nationwide distribution. Horizontal and vertical greenspace structures were field-surveyed, after institutional greenspace lots were selected using a systematic random sampling method on aerial photographs of the study cities. Annual uptake and storage of carbon by woody plants were computed applying quantitative models of each species developed for urban landscape trees and shrubs. Tree density and stem diameter (at breast height) in institutional lands averaged 1.4±0.1 trees/100 ㎡ and 14.9±0.2 cm across the study cities, respectively. Of the total planted area, the ratio of single-layered planting only with trees, shrubs, or grass was higher than that of multi-layered structures. Annual uptake and storage of carbon per unit area by woody plants averaged 0.65±0.04 t/ha/yr and 7.37±0.47 t/ha, which were lower than those for other greenspace types at home and abroad. This lower carbon reduction was attributed to lower density and smaller size of trees planted in institutional lands studied. Nevertheless, the greenspace in institutional lands annually offset carbon emissions from institutional electricity use by 0.6 (Seoul)~1.9% (Chuncheon). Tree planting in potential planting spaces was estimated to sequester additionally about 18% of the existing annual carbon uptake. Enhancing carbon reduction effects requires active tree planting in the potential spaces, multi-layered/clustered planting composed of the upper trees, middle trees and lower shrubs, planting of tree species with greater carbon uptake capacity, and avoidance of the topiary tree maintenance. This study was focused on finding out greenspace structures and carbon offset levels in institutional lands on which little had been known.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.23-28
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• 1999

This study measured transpiration rate of urban trees and albedos of urban surfaces, and examined the function of microclimate amelioration by urban greenspace. Transpiration rates of trees were highest in July and August of growing months. Transpiration per unit leaf area for the two months was 300-350 g/$m^2$/h for Platanus occidentalis, 210-270 g/$m^2$/h for Ginkgo biloba and Zelkova serrata, and 130-140 g/$m^2$/h for Acer palmatum. Surface albedos were 0.09 for asphalt paving and 0.68 for white wall, which reveals that light-colored surfaces are better than dark-colored ones to lower the heat build-up. Due to lack of evapotranspiration, concrete surfaces were, at t midafternoon maximum, 8$^{\circ}C$ hotter than grass ones, though the albedo of concrete paving was higher thant that of grass and trees. Summer air temperatures at places with 12% and 22% cover of woody plants were, respectively, 0.6$^{\circ}C$ and 1.4$^{\circ}C$ cooler than a place with no vegetation. To mitigate the impacts of urban heat islands, required are minimization of hard surfaces, light-coloring for building surfaces, and greenspace enlargement including more plantings.