• Title/Summary/Keyword: GR4J

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Regionalization of rainfall-runoff model parameters based on the correlation of regional characteristic factors (지역특성인자의 상호연관성을 고려한 강우-유출모형 매개변수 지역화)

  • Kim, Jin-Guk;Sumyia, Uranchimeg;Kim, Tae-Jeong;Kwon, Hyun-Han
    • Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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    • v.54 no.11
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    • pp.955-968
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    • 2021
  • A water resource plan is routinely based on a natural flow and can be estimated using observed streamflow data or a long-term continuous rainfall-runoff model. However, the watershed with the natural flow is very limited to the upstream area of the dam. In particular, for the ungauged watershed, a rainfall-runoff model is established for the gauged watershed, and the model is then applied to the ungauged watershed by transferring the associated parameters. In this study, the GR4J rainfall-runoff model is mainly used to regionalize the parameters that are estimated from the 14 dam watershed via an optimization process. In terms of optimizing the parameters, the Bayesian approach was applied to consider the uncertainty of parameters quantitatively, and a number of parameter samples obtained from the posterior distribution were used for the regionalization. Here, the relationship between the estimated parameters and the topographical factors was first identified, and the dependencies between them are effectively modeled by a Copula function approach to obtain the regionalized parameters. The predicted streamflow with the use of regionalized parameters showed a good agreement with that of the observed with a correlation of about 0.8. It was found that the proposed regionalized framework is able to effectively simulate streamflow for the ungauged watersheds by the use of the regionalized parameters, along with the associated uncertainty, informed by the basin characteristics.

Study on Stable Fly Eradication by :Sterile-Male Technique. 1) Mass Rearing of the Stable Fly. Stemoxys calcitrans L. (웅성불임기술을 이용한 쇠파리 구제에 관한 연구 1) 쇠파리의 인공대량사육에 관하여)

  • Chung K. H.;Ryu J.;Kim Y. R.;Kwon S. H.;Park J. D.;Kang T. S.
    • Korean journal of applied entomology
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    • v.12 no.1
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    • pp.41-46
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    • 1973
  • 1) The optimum temperature for mass rearing of stable fly was $26^{\circ}C$ centigrade. Number of days required for stage of development at $26^{\circ}C$ were 6.8 days for larval stage, 5.3 days for pupla stage, 10.4 days for preovipositionla stage, and 30 days for adult stage respectively. 3) The pupation rate, emergence rate and sex ratio were $80.7\%,\;84.3\%$ and 1 : 1, respectively. 3) The average weight of pupae was 14.5mg, and the standard medium showed better result in larvae rearing than wheat bran medium. 4) The optimum number of eggs for inoculation on 125gr medium was approximately 310. 5) Optimum size of resting place was determined as $2inch^2/adult$ when it reared in a rectangular cage.

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ON CERTAIN GRADED RINGS WITH MINIMAL MULTIPLICITY

  • Kim, Mee-Kyoung
    • Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
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    • v.11 no.4
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    • pp.887-893
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    • 1996
  • Let (R,m) be a Cohen-Macaulay local ring with an infinite residue field and let $J = (a_1, \cdots, a_l)$ be a minimal reduction of an equimultiple ideal I of R. In this paper we shall prove that the following conditions are equivalent: (1) $I^2 = JI$. (2) $gr_I(R)/mgr_I(R)$ is Cohen-Macaulay with minimal multiplicity at its maximal homogeneous ideal N. (3) $N^2 = (a'_1, \cdots, a'_l)N$, where $a'_i$ denotes the images of $a_i$ in I/mI for $i = 1, \cdots, l$.

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olymerization behavior and thermal characteristics of two new composites at five temperatures: refrigeration to preheating

  • Jafarzadeh-Kashi, Tahereh Sadat;Mirzaii, Marzieh;Erfan, Mohmmad;Fazel, Akbar;Eskandarion, Solmaz;Rakhshan, Vahid
    • The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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    • v.3 no.4
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    • pp.216-220
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    • 2011
  • PURPOSE. Heat of composite polymerization (HP) indicates setting efficacy and temperature increase of composite in clinical procedures. The purpose of this in vitro experimental study was to evaluate the effects of 5 temperatures on HP of two new composites. MATERIALS AND METHODS. From each material (Core Max II [CM] and King Dental [KD]), 5 groups of 5 specimens each were prepared and their total HPs (J/gr) were measured and recorded, at one of the constant temperatures $0^{\circ}C$, $15^{\circ}C$, $23^{\circ}C$, $37^{\circ}C$ and $60^{\circ}C$ ($2{\times}5{\times}5$ specimens) using a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyzer. The data were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA, a Tukey's test, an independent-samples ttest, and a linear regression analysis (${\alpha}=0.05$). RESULTS. No polymerization reactions occurred at $0^{\circ}C$; then this temperature was excluded from statistical analyses. The mean HP of the remaining 20 KD specimens was $20.5{\pm}14.9$ J/gr, while it was $40.7{\pm}12.9$ J/gr for CM. The independent-samples t-test showed that there were significant differences between the HP of the two materials at the temperatures $15^{\circ}C$ (P=.0001), $23^{\circ}C$ (P=.0163), $37^{\circ}C$ (P=.0039), and $60^{\circ}C$ (P=.0106). Linear regression analysis showed statistically significant correlations between environment temperatures and HP of CM ($R^2=0.777$). CONCLUSION. Using CM is advantageous over conventional composite because of its better polymerization capacity. However due to its high HP, further studies should assess its temperature increase in vivo. Preheating KD is recommended. Refrigerating composites can negatively affect their polymerization potential.

Evaluation of Material Properties for Yonggwang Nuclear Piping Systems (III) - Main Steam System - (영광원자력 배관소재의 재료물성치 평가 (III) -주증기계통-)

  • 김영진;석창성;김종욱
    • Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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    • v.19 no.6
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    • pp.1460-1468
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    • 1995
  • The objective of this paper is to evaluate the material properties of SA106 Gr. C carbon steel and its associated weld manufactured for main steam system of Yonggwang 3,4 nuclear generating stations. A total of 43 tensile and 35 fracture toughness tests were performed and the effects of various parameters such as pipe size, crack plane orientation, test temperature, welding on material properties were discussed. Test results show that the effects of crack plane orientation, test temperature, and welding on fracture toughness were significant while the effects of pipe size, specimen orientation and test temperature on tensile properties were negligible. Especially the dependence of J-R curves on the crack plane orientation appears to be the characteristics of carbon steel.

A Study of Characteristics on the Dissimilar Metals (ASTM Type 316L - Carbon Steel : ASTM A516-70) Welds Made with FCA Multiple Layer Welding (스테인리스강(ASTM Type 316L)과 탄소강(ASTM A516 Gr.70) 이종금속의 FCA 다층 용접부 특성에 대한 연구)

  • Kim, Se Cheol;Hyun, Jun Hyeok;Shin, Tae Woo;Koh, Jin Hyun
    • Journal of Welding and Joining
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    • v.34 no.3
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    • pp.69-76
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    • 2016
  • Characteristics of dissimilar metal welds between ASTM Type 316L and carbon steel ASTM A516 Gr.70 made with FCAW were evaluated in terms of microstructure, ferrite content, EDS analysis, hardness, tensile strength, impact toughness and corrosion resistance. Three heat inputs of 10.4, 16.9, 23.4kJ/cm were employed to make joints of dissimilar metals with E309LMoT1-1 wire. Microstructure of dissimilar weld metals consisted of mostly vermicular type of ${\delta}$-ferrite and some lathy type of ${\delta}$-ferrite, and ${\delta}$-ferrite was transformed into globular type in reheated zone. In all conditions, weld metals were solidified on FA solidification mode. Based on the EDS analysis of weld metals, All Creq/Nieq values were in the range of FA solidification mode, and it was decreased with increasing heat inputs whereas it was increased with increasing layers. The amount of ${\delta}$-ferrite was decreased with increasing heat input due to the difference of cooling rate, and it was increased with increasing layers. Accordingly, hardness and tensile strength of dissimilar metals weld joints was decreased with increasing heat input while impact energy was increased with increasing heat input. Corrosion test of dissimilar metals weld joints showed that weight gain rate of heat input 10.4kJ/cm was the greatest, and that of three heat inputs became constant after certain time.

Regionalization of Rainfall-Runoff Model Based on Relationship Between Model Parameters and Watershed Characteristics (매개변수와 유역특성인자 사이의 상호연관성을 고려한 강우-유출모형 지역화)

  • Kim, Jin-Guk;Uranchimeg, Sumiya;Kim, Tae-Jeong;Kim, Jang-Gyeong;Kwon, Hyun-Han
    • Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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    • 2021.06a
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    • pp.293-293
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    • 2021
  • 자연유량이란 인위적 행위에 의한 하천의 유량 변화가 없는 개발되지 않은 상태의 하천유량을 말하며, 실제 유량을 측정하거나 관측자료를 활용한 장기유출모형을 통해 산정할 수 있다. 미계측 유역에 대한 강우-유출 모형 구축시, 무엇보다 실제 미계측유역에 적용시 나타날 수 있는 문제점을 최소화할 수 있는 방향으로 모형 개발이 이루어지는 것이 필요하다. 강우-유출 모형 매개변수의 수가 많아질수록 과적합(over-fitting)의 발생 소지가 증가하게 되며, 지역화 모형 구축시 불확실성을 더욱 가중시키게 된다. 이러한 이유로, 모형의 검정보다는 검증에 초점이 맞춰져 있어야 하며, 더불어 사용되는 강우-유출 모형의 매개변수가 적어야 한다. 본 연구에서는 대표 강우-유출모형의 선정시 여러 평가 기준 중 예측의 정확성 측면에서 통계적 지표를 통해 모형의 수행능력에 중점을 두었으며, 적은 개수의 매개변수를 갖음에도 불구하고 상대적 우수한 모의결과를 제공하는 GR4J(Ge'nie Rural a 4 parame tres Journalier)모형을 최적 유출모형으로 선정하여 댐 상류유역에 대한 자연유량 재현성능을 평가하였다. 최종적으로 강우-유출모형의 최적매개변수와 유역특성인자 사이의 상호연관성을 고려해 매개변수를 지역화하기 위하여, 본 연구에서는 두 가지 이상의 변량에 대한 상관성을 효과적으로 재현하는데 효과적이며, 자유로운 주변확률분포 선택과 결합확률분포의 추정이 용이한 장점이 있는 Copula 함수를 활용하였다. 제시된 방법론에 대한 적합성을 평가하기 위해 교차검증 관점에서 지역화된 매개변수의 적합성을 검토하였으며, 본 연구에서 도출된 결과는 유역특성에 따른 미계측유역의 자연유량 산정시 지역 매개변수를 강우-유출모형에 활용함으로써 신뢰성 있는 자연유량 산정 결과를 제공할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

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Occurrence Ecology and Chemical Control of Soil-flakes in Flood-direct Seeded Rice Field (담수직파(湛水直播)논의 괴불발생(發生) 생태(生態) 및 방제(防除))

  • Park, J.E.;Park, T.S.;Ryu, G.H.;Lee, I.Y.;Lee, H.K.;Lee, J.O.;Kuramochi, H.
    • Korean Journal of Weed Science
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    • v.15 no.1
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    • pp.13-18
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    • 1995
  • This experiment was carried out to investigate occurrence ecology and control of soil-flakes in flood-direct seeded rice field. The occurrence of soil-flakes were inhibited in blue light of 450nm wave length and promoted in red light of 660nm wave length. The diatoms of Pinnularia spp. largely occurred in low fertilizer level and which much more increased when nitrogen was mixed with thinly soil depth. The diatoms of Pinnularia spp. were effectively controlled by carbamate and triazine herbicides when treated in pre-emergence of soil-flakes. Beside, triazine herbicides, simetryne, dimethametryn, prometryne 5g ai/10a showed high control effect in pre and post-emergence of soil-flakes. Expecially, In water-direct seeded rice pyrazosulfuron-methyl molinate simetryne 5.37% GR and dimepiperate bensulfuron dimethametryn 7.643% GR showed high control effect on the soil-flakes when treated at 10 days after seeding and didn't showed rice injury.

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Korean Red Ginseng extract induces angiogenesis through activation of glucocorticoid receptor

  • Sung, Wai-Nam;Kwok, Hoi-Hin;Rhee, Man-Hee;Yue, Patrick Ying-Kit;Wong, Ricky Ngok-Shun
    • Journal of Ginseng Research
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    • v.41 no.4
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    • pp.477-486
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    • 2017
  • Background: Our previous studies have demonstrated that ginsenoside-Rg1 can promote angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo through activation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Furthermore, microRNA (miRNA) expression profiling has shown that Rg1 can modulate the expression of a subset of miRNAs to induce angiogenesis. Moreover, Rb1 was shown to be antiangiogenic through activation of a different pathway. These studies highlight the important functions of miRNAs on ginseng-regulated physiological processes. The aim of this study was to determine the angiogenic properties of Korean Red Ginseng extract (KGE). Methods and Results: Combining in vitro and in vivo data, KGE at $500{\mu}g/mL$ was found to induce angiogenesis. According to the miRNA sequencing, 484 differentially expressed miRNAs were found to be affected by KGE. Among them, angiogenic-related miRNAs; miR-15b, -23a, -214, and -377 were suppressed by KGE. Meanwhile, their corresponding angiogenic proteins were stimulated, including vascular endothelial growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, and MET transmembrane tyrosine kinase. The miRNAs-regulated signaling pathways of KGE were then found by Cignal 45-Pathway Reporter Array, proving that KGE could activate GR. Conclusion: KGE was found capable of inducing angiogenesis both in vivo and in vitro models through activating GR. This study provides a valuable insight into the angiogenic mechanisms depicted by KGE in relation to specific miRNAs.

Inhibitory Effects of Changchuldoin-tanggamibang on Collagen Induced Arthritis in DBA/1J Mouse (창출도인탕가미방(蒼朮桃仁湯加味方)이 DBA/1J 생쥐의 collagen 유발 관절염 억제에 미치는 영향)

  • Park, Jang-Woo;Oh, Min-Seok
    • The Journal of Korean Medicine
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    • v.31 no.2
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    • pp.19-35
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    • 2010
  • Objectives: This study was carried out to find the effects of Changchuldoin-tanggamibang (hereinafter referred to CDIT) on the inhibition of arthritis induced by collagen on DBA/1J mouse. Methods: The experimental mice were divided into four groups: normal group (Nr), control group (CIA-CT), methotrexate group (CIA-MTX), and Changchuldoin-tanggamibang group (CIA-CDIT). Cytotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, arthritis index, value of immunocytes in draining lymph node and paw joint, and rheumatoid factor (IgG, IgM) in serum were measured in vivo. Results: 1. Cytotoxicity against hFCs was not shown in any concentration. 2. Hepatotoxicity was low in the CDIT-treated group compared with the MTX group. 3. The arthritis index decreased significantly. 4. In total cell counts of DLN and paw joint, the cells in DLN increased significantly while there was a significant decrease in paw joint. 5. In lymph nodes, CD19+, CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD3+/CD8+, CD3+/CD69+, CD4+/CD25+, CD3+/CD49b+, and CD4+/CD44+ cells increased significantly, while B220+/CD23+, and CD11c+/MHCII+ cells decreased significantly. 6. In joints, CD3+, CD4+, CD4+/CD25+, and CD11b+/Gr-1+ cells decreased significantly. 7. The level of IgG decreased and the level of IgM significantly decreased compared with the control. 8. Anti-collagen II in serum decreased compared with the control. 9. Around the joint of the CDIT group, infiltration of inflammation, synovial hyperplasia, invasion of cytokine, of cartilage, deposition of collagen and synovial injury decreased compared with the control in histopathologic observation (HE, MT staining). Conclusions: Comparison of the results for this study showed that CDIT had immunomodulatory effects. We expect that CDIT could be used as a effective drug for not only rheumatoid arthritis but also another auto-immune diseases. Therefore, we have to survey continuously, looking for effective substances and mechanisms in the future.