• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.172-178
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• 2013

The strains were added to the feed in the concentration of $10^3$, $10^5$, and $10^7$ CFU/kg and 2% of fishes were given the feed twice a day (8 AM and 5 PM) for 12 weeks. In result of the nonspecific immune response study to examine Respiratory burst activity, Lysozyme activity and Phagocytosis activity every two weeks until the end of the study, all test samples showed greater activities than control samples and improved immune activity with Bacillus sp. IS-2. The mortality test performed by artificial infection using Streptococcus iniae, a pathogenic bacterium, after the completion of this study also showed over 55% greater survival rate in all test samples. In result of performing PCR using the universal primer to verify that the probiotic stays in the intestines of the fishes, all test samples showed PCR product of 1,465 bp. Based on the above findings, it was concluded that Bacillus sp. IS-2 in the feed improved farmed flatfish's immune system and resistance against diseases as the probiotics. Also, the physiological indicators discovered by this study would be useful for identifying the mechanisms of probiotics.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.12
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• pp.1783-1789
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• 2010

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of 10 week onion extract supplementation on blood lipid profiles in borderline hypercholesterolemic participants. The study consisted of 10 males and 17 females aged $45.9{\pm}10.0$ years. At baseline, serum total cholesterol level was $228.6{\pm}4.1$ mg/dL (201~239 mg/dL). This study was designed as randomized single blind placebo controlled cross-over study. After 1 week wash-out period, subjects were randomized into two groups; they took onion extract (150 mL/1 pack, containing 30 mg quercetin) or placebo for 10 weeks. After 1 week wash-out period again, subjects took exchanged samples for another 10 weeks. The total-cholesterol ($226.7{\pm}4.6{\rightarrow}206.8{\pm}3.6$ mg/dL; p<0.01), LDL-cholesterol ($151.6{\pm}5.0{\rightarrow}127.1{\pm}4.1$ mg/dL; p<0.01) and atherogenic index (AI: $4.0{\pm}0.3{\rightarrow}3.4{\pm}0.2$; p<0.05) decreased significantly after 10 weeks of onion extracts supplementation, while there were no significant changes during placebo periods. The levels of HDL-cholesterol (onion extract: $46.5{\pm}2.0{\rightarrow}50.2{\pm}2.1$ mg/dL, placebo: $47.8{\pm}2.1{\rightarrow}50.1{\pm}2.4$ mg/dL), GOT (onion extract: $36.8{\pm}1.8{\rightarrow}32.3{\pm}1.8$ IU/L, placebo: $35.1{\pm}2.1{\rightarrow}32.8{\pm}2.0$ IU/L), and GPT (onion extract: $36.5{\pm}3.2{\rightarrow}32.9{\pm}1.8$ IU/L, placebo: $36.6{\pm}3.8{\rightarrow}33.8{\pm}2.8$ IU/L) showed no significant changes in both periods. These results indicate that the consumption of onion concentrated extracts exerts beneficial effects on dyslipidemia through the decrease of serum total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels in borderline hypercholestrolemic subjects. In conclusion, onion was useful as dietary therapy for hypercholestrolemia and adequate onion intake may help to prevent cardiovascular disease.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.68-78
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of exercise and diet control program on blood pattern in obese children. The subjects of this study were five obese boys aged from 8 to 12 participating in the control period(C) for 3 days, exercise period(E) for one week, and exercise+energy restriction period(EER) for another one week, consecutively. The intensity of the exercise was 60~70% of HRmax and the energy was restricted at 493kcal/day. Daily mean total energy intake was 2,152${\pm}$138kcal. 1,861${\pm}$138kca1, and 1,368${\pm}$87kcal for the period C, E and EER, respectively. Body weight of after the program was significantly decreased from 48.94$\pm$5.11kg to 45.94${\pm}$4.74kg(P<0.01). And skinfold thickness. %fat. lean body mass, body mass index were significantly decreased(p<0.01). Blood sugar concentration was not significantly affected by weight loss, but alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly decreased. Concentrations of total lipid, LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, phospholipid were not significantly decreased. But concentrations of HDL-cholesterol, %HDL-cholesterol, free fatty acid were significantly increased and concentration of VLDL-cholesterol, atherogenic index were significantly decreased. The results of this study showed that the obese children had a tendency to decrease coronary heart disease risk in the respect of plasma HDL-cholesterol and VLDL-cholesterol concentration by the exercise plus energy restriction program. Thus if we apply the lower intensity or duration of exercise for them this program might be more effective on the obese children.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.39-45
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• 2004

Three experiments were conducted to determine utilization of Song-Gang(equation omitted) stone as the dietary additive for growth and immune stimulant in juvenile olive flounder. In the feeding trial, four diets were formulated to contain 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% Song-Gang(equation omitted) stone per kg diet (SGS$_{0}$ , SGS$_{0.5}$, SGS$_{1.0}$ , SGS$_{2.0}$ ). Fish averaging 5.0$\pm$0.04 g (mean$\pm$SD) were fed one of four experimental diets in triplicate groups for 8 weeks. There were no significant differences in weight gain, feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio, hematosomatic index, condition factor and survival among fish fed all the diets. In chanlenge test, fish were infected by intraperitoneal injection of 0.1 $m\ell$ bacterial suspension with Edwardsielia tarda per fish after the feeding trial. Fish fed SGS$_{0.5}$ diet have a significantly higher cumulative survival rate than did fish fed the other diets (P<0.05). In the anti-mold test, Asprrgiilus niger, Penicillium pinophiltfm, Chaeromium globosum were inoculated with Song-Gang(equation omitted) stone using ASTM G-21 method. The amount of Α. niger, Ρ. pinuphiium. C. globosum didn't increase in Song-Gang(equation omitted) stone for 4 weeks for the test period. Therefore, these results indicate that 0.5% Song-Gang(equation omitted) stone per kg diet could increase immune resistance in juvenile olive flounder and Song-Gang(equation omitted) stone could be used as the anti-mold additive in fish feed.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.30-38
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• 2010

This study was conducted to determine the effects of vitamin C on the activity of liver function enzymes and electromicrographic changes in white rats treated with aflatoxin $B_1(AFB_1)$ or X-ray and $AFB_1$. Six week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups: a control group, $AFB_1$ treated group, $AFB_1$ treated group with vitamin C, X-ray and $AFB_1$ co-treated group, X-ray and $AFB_1$ co-treated group with vitamin C. On the first day of the experiment, only one dose of X-rays was exposed to the entire liver at 1,500 cGy. Next, vitamin C was injected at 10 mg/kg body weight by intraperitoneal injection, followed 1 hr later by the administration of 0.4 mg/kg of $AFB_1$ by intraperitoneal injection. These treatments were then administered every three days over a period of 15 days. On the 16th day of treatments, the animals were sacrificed. Analysis of the activity of the liver function enzymes, GOT, ALK phatase and LDH, in the sera of rats revealed that they were somewhat increased by $AFB_1$ treatment, X-ray and $AFB_1$ co-treatment when compared to the control group. Furthermore, the activity of these enzymes decreased in response to administration of vitamin C. Especially, the levels of GOT were remarkably decreased in the $AFB_1$ treated group treated with vitamin C when compared to the group treated with $AFB_1$ alone(p<0.001). Electromicrographic analysis revealed cloudy swelling, necrosis, vesicular degeneration and fat accumulation of hepatocytes in response to treatment with $AFB_1$ or co-treatment with X-ray and $AFB_1$. However, the destruction of hepatic cells was considerably lower in the vitamin C-treated group. These results indicate that vitamin C had ameliorating effects on the hepatic cell damage.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.215-221
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• 2002

Purpose : This study was done to compare the vitamin A levels between hospitalized patients of measles symptoms and of the other infectious diseases common in childhood (bronchiolitis, penumonia, gastroenteritis and etc.). Methods : We have set up a population of 133 hospitalized patients of measles symptoms in the pediatric department of Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital between Nov. 2000~Apr. 2001 and compared them to a group of 30 hospitalized patients of other infectious diseases between Dec. 2001~Feb. 2002. The whole patients were divided into three groups by diagnosing measles-specific IgM antibody positive as measles group(n=104), negative as measles-susepcted group(n=29) and other infectious disease group. And we compared the vitamin A levels, clinical symptoms, and general hematological and biochemical results. Results : Among the 104 measles patients, the concentrated age groups were 10 12 months(n=24, 23.1%), 13~15 months(n=16, 15.3%) and 16 months~4 years of age(n=24, 23.1%). The mean levels of vitamin A of measles and measles-susepcted groups were $69.6{\pm}28.6{\mu}g/dL$ and $75.2{\pm}34.4{\mu}g/dL$, respectively, and that of other infectious disease group was $28.1{\pm}17.5{\mu}g/dL$. Conclusion : The mean levels of vitamin A of both measles and measles-suspected groups were significantly higher than that of other infectious disease group(P<0.05) and showed no significant correlations with clinical symptoms and hospitalization duration.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.195-205
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• 2012

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different levels of dietary ME on growth performance and carcass characteristics in two different strains of broiler chicken. A total of one thousand, 1-day-old A strain and R strain male chicks were randomly assigned into 8 treatments in a $2{\times}4$ factorial arrangement. They were fed iso-nitrogenic (CP 21%) crumbled diets formulated to contain metabolizable energy (ME) 2,950 to 3,250 kcal/kg in increment of 100 kcal/kg in the starter phase (1 to 21d) and iso-nitrogenic (CP 19%) pelleted diets containing same ME levels as in the finishing phase (22 to 38d). The body weight (BW) gain of chicks fed the lower ME diets (2,950 or 3,050 kcal/kg) were higher than those of the higher ME groups. The dietary energy level showed significant effects on feed intake and feed conversion rate (FCR) from 1 to 38 days of age (p<0.05). With the increment of dietary energy, feed intake tended to be reduced, whereas FCR was improved in the two strains of broiler chickens. The lowest FCR was observed at 3,250 kcal/kg diet groups in both of the two strains from 1 to 38 days of age. Feed intake and BW gain during 38 days were significantly affected by the strain factor. Increasing dietary energy up to 3,250 kcal/kg had no effect on the relative weights of breast meat and abdominal fat. The dietary energy and strains showed significant effects on the dressing percentage. There were no significant differences in various blood profiles except for GPT activity.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.11
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• pp.1529-1537
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• 2012

In order to determine the effective concentration, 2, 7, and 14 brix black garlic extracts (BGE) were fed to restraint stressed rats and the lipid metabolism was analyzed. The dietary intake of the 14 brix BGE-fed group was $547.64{\pm}13.99$ g/4 weeks and it was significantly higher than that of the control group. The weight of all organs from the all BGE-fed groups showed no significant differences. While BGE concentration increased, BGE-fed groups tend to have low content of blood glucose. It was the lowest in the 14 brix BGE-fed group ($121.32{\pm}3.50$ mg/dl). Total cholesterol content was $54.54{\pm}1.63{\sim}65.84{\pm}2.61$ mg/dl. Total cholesterol content of the 14 brix BGE-fed group was the lowest and, in addition, lower than the normal group. Triglyceride content of serum showed the same tendency. HDL-cholesterol concentrations of the restraint stressed control (RSC) group were significantly higher than those of 7 and 14 brix BGE-fed groups. LDL and VLDL-cholesterol contents showed contrary results. GOT, GTP, and ALP activity of serum were lower when BGE concentration was higher. It is expected that BGE has a liver protective activity. In the liver, total lipids and triglyceride contents were significantly lower in BGE-fed groups than in the ISC group. However, total cholesterol content showed no significant difference between groups. TBARS content in liver of the 2 brix BGE-fed group was not significantly different than control, while 7 and 14 brix BGE-fed groups were lower than control. Glycogen content in the liver was only significantly lower in the 14 brix BGE-fed group than in the RSC group. Findings indicate that feed of BGE over 7 brix contributes to resolving the restraint-stressed rats by improving the lipid metabolism and liver protective activity.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.1140-1144
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• 2002

Molecular relaxation behaviors of crystalline glucose anhydrous, crystalline glucose monohydrate, and amorphous glucose with different particle sizes were observed by measuring spin-spin relaxation time constant $(T_2)$ at the temperature range of $-20\;to\;110^{\circ}C$ using temperature-controlled low field nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. No change in $T_2$ values of crystalline glucose anhydrous was observed throughout the temperature range, whereas $T_2$ values of crystalline glucose monohydrate and amorphous glucose increased from around $45\;and\;65^{\circ}C$, respectively. These results indicate that molecular mobility of crystalline glucose anhydrous does not change even at temperature higher than $100^{\circ}C$ and that the stability of powdered glucose could be improved by increasing the particle size of materials.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.103-110
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• 2009

This experiment was conducted using 350 Lohmann Brown layers (67 weeks of age) to evaluate the dietary effect of organic or inorganic Se and Cu on their contents in chicken eggs. The layers were divided into seven groups and fed a commercial diet or one of the six experimental diets containing different levels of Se and Cu (T1, 0.3ppm organic Se; T2, 1.0ppm organic Se; T3, 1.0ppm inorganic Se; T4, 125ppm organic Cu; T5, 250ppm organic Cu; and T6, 250ppm inorganic Cu) for 5 weeks. No significant differences were observed in egg production and its qualities among groups. The contents of blood cholesterol in the birds fed various levels of Se and Cu were not significantly different as compared to control. Se contents in eggs were linearly increased as dietary Se levels increased for both sources, but Se contents from the groups fed organic Se were slightly higher than those fed inorganic Se. Sensory characteristics of eggs were not influenced by dietary treatments. In conclusion, Se contents in eggs were linearly increased as dietary levels of organic or inorganic Se increased, but eggs in layers fed the diet containing organic Se did not show higher Se contents than those in birds fed dietary inorganic Se.