• Proceedings of the Korea Institutes of Information Security and Cryptology Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.20-25
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• 2001

블록 암호 알고리즘과 블록 암호의 운영모드 및 메시지 인증 알고리즘에 대한 의사 난수성의 증명은 근래의 암호 분석에서 구조적인 안전성을 증명을 위한 기법으로 커다란 안전성의 평가 방법으로 자리 매김하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 비동기식(W-CDMA) 3세대 이동통신 3GPP에서의 MAC 알고리즘의 안전성을 의사 난수성에 기반한 concrete security 관점에서의 안전성에 대해 알아본다. 즉, 3GPP-MAC 알고리즘의 구조적인 안전성에 대한 증명을 다룬다.

• Electronics and Telecommunications Trends
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• v.16 no.6 s.72
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• pp.126-132
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• 2001

WCDMA 비동기 방식의 IMT-2000 규격 정립을 위해, 3GPP의 여러 실무 그룹에서 Release ’99, Release ’4 및 Release ’5에 대한 표준화가 동시에 이루어지고 있다. 본 고에서는 UTRA 프로토콜의 계층 2와 3 표준화를 담당하고 있는 3GPP TSG RAN WG 2의 규격의 표준화 현황 및 새로이 규격에 반영될 기술들에 대해 살펴본다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institutes of Information Security and Cryptology Conference
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• 2003.12a
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• pp.351-355
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• 2003

본 논문에서는 3GPP-WLAN 연동 보안에 필수인 EAP-AKA를 기반으로 한 인증/재인증의 개요와 인증 진행 부분에서 협상되는 마스터 세션 키 생성과 EAP AKA 패킷을 보호하기 위해 사용되는 키 생성에 관하여 설명하고, EAP-AKA 과정에서 생성되는 키의 안전성을 분석하고, EAP-AKA를 사용하는 3GPP-WLAN 연동의 효율성 및 고려사항에 대하여 고찰하였다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2002.04b
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• pp.1459-1462
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• 2002

3GPP(Third Generation Partnership Project)와 3GPP2 등의 국제 표준화 기구에서는 초기 IMT-2000 망 구조로부터 All IP 망으로 진화할 것으로 예상하고 있다. 이에 본 논문에서는3GPP와 3GPP2를 중심으로 All IP 망의 기존에 제시된 All IP 망의 진화 시나리오를 분석하고, 이를 바탕으로 기존 PSTN/ISDN 연동, VoIP, Mobile IP 등과 같은 새로운 기술, 기존회선 모드 단말기 수용 등을 고려한 All IP 진화 시나리오에 따른 단계별 망 구조를 제시한다.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
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• v.44 no.8
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• pp.51-61
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• 2007

For provisioning reliable data transmission, the 3GPP RLC specification adopted a selective-repeat ARQ scheme assisted by a window-based admission control scheme. In the 3GPP ARQ, which is a member of the selective-repeat ARQ clan, inheres the reordering problem A long and irregular reordering time results in the degradation of throughput and delay performance, and may incur the overflow of the reordering buffer. Furthermore, the reordering time must be regulated to meet the requirements of some services which are loss-sensitive and delay-sensitive as well. Perceiving the reordering hazard, we propose an alternative, identified as snowball scheme, to the original admission control scheme of the 3GPP ARQ with aiming at deflating the occupancy of the reordering buffer. A unique feature of the snowball scheme is to reject a new DATA PDU if it is non-adjacent to any DATA PDU sojourning at the reordering buffer. Such an intentional rejection apparently reduces the occupancy of the reordering buffer while it may deteriorate the throughput and delay performance. Developing an analytical approximation method, we investigate the effect of snowball scheme on the saturated occupancy and throughput. Also, we, using a simulation method, evaluate the peak occupancy, normalized throughput and average delay in the practical environment. From the simulation results, we reveal that the snowball scheme is able to enhance occupancy performance as well as throughput performance compared with the original admission control scheme of the 3GPP ARQ.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.11 no.12
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• pp.5049-5057
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• 2010

As communication technologies are developed and variety of services to mobile devices are provided, mobile users is rapidly increasing every year. However, mobile services running on wireless network environment are exposed to various security threats, such as illegal tampering, eavesdropping, and disguising identity. Accordingly, the secure mobile communications services to 3GPP were established that the standard for 3GPP-AKA specified authentication and key agreement. But in the standard, sequence number synchronization problem using false base station attack and privacy problem were discovered through related researches. In this paper, we propose an efficient authentication mechanism for enhanced privacy protection in the 3G network. We solve the sequence number synchronization existing 3GPP authentication scheme using timestamp and strengthen a privacy problem using secret token. In addition, the proposed scheme can improve the bandwidth consumption between serving network and home network and the problem of authentication data overhead for the serving network because it uses only one authentication vector.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.26 no.12
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• pp.2106-2115
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• 2016

To identify the global effects of (p)ppGpp in the gram-positive bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans, which exhibits remarkable resistance to radiation and other stresses, RelA/SpoT homolog (RSHs) mutants were constructed by direct deletion mutagenesis. The results showed that RelA has both synthesis and hydrolysis domains of (p)ppGpp, whereas RelQ only synthesizes (p)ppGpp in D. radiodurans. The growth assay for mutants and complementation analysis revealed that deletion of relA and relQ sensitized the cells to $H_2O_2$, heat shock, and amino acid limitation. Comparative proteomic analysis revealed that the bifunctional RelA is involved in DNA repair, molecular chaperone functions, transcription, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and metabolism, suggesting that relA maintains the cellular (p)ppGpp levels and plays a crucial role in oxidative resistance in D. radiodurans. The D. radiodurans relA and relQ genes are responsible for (p)ppGpp synthesis/hydrolysis and (p)ppGpp hydrolysis, respectively. (p)ppGpp integrates a general stress response with a targeted re-programming of gene regulation to allow bacteria to respond appropriately towards heat shock, oxidative stress, and starvation. This is the first identification of RelA and RelQ involvement in response to oxidative, heat shock, and starvation stresses in D. radiodurans, which further elucidates the remarkable resistance of this bacterium to stresses.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.305-312
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• 2007

This study focused on the involvement of the unusual nucleotide (p)ppGpp, a stringent factor, during the morphological and physiological differentiation of Streptomyces coelicolor. Two genes, relA and rshA, were disrupted to demonstrate the roles of the stringent factor in the differentiation. The intracellular concentration of (p)ppGpp in the wild-type (M600) and disrupted mutants was measured in relation to the intentional starvation of a specific nutrient, such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphate or the in situ depletion of nutrients in a batch culture. As a result, it was found that the morphological characteristic of the ${\Delta}relA$ mutant was a bld phenotype forming condensed mycelia, whereas the ${\Delta}rshA$ mutant grew fast-forming spores and straightforward mycelia. In both mutants, the production of actinorhodin (Act) was completely abolished, yet the undecylprodigiosin (Red) production was increased. Intracellular (p)ppGpp was detected in the ${\Delta}relA$ mutant in the case of limited phosphate, yet not with limited carbon or nitrogen sources. In contrast, (p)ppGpp was produced in the ${\Delta}rshA$ mutant under limited carbon and nitrogen conditions. Therefore, (p)ppGpp in S. coelicolor was found to be selectively regulated by either the RelA or RshA protein, which was differentially expressed in response to the specific nutrient limitation. These results were also supported by the in situ ppGpp production during a batch culture. Furthermore, it is suggested that RelA and RshA are bifunctional proteins that possess the ability to both synthesize and hydrolyze (p)ppGpp.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2019.10a
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• pp.8-8
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• 2019

The stringent response (SR) is characterized as a bacterial defense mechanism in response to various growth-inhibiting stresses. It is activated by accumulation of a small nucleotide regulator, (p)ppGpp, and induces global changes in bacterial transcription and translation. Recent work from our group has shown that (p)ppGpp plays a critical role in virulence and survival in Vibrio cholerae. The genes, relA and relV, are involved in the production of (p)ppGpp, while the spoT gene encodes an enzyme that hydrolyzes it in V. cholerae. A mutant strain defective in (p)ppGpp production (i.e. ${\Delta}relA{\Delta}relV{\Delta}spoT$ mutant) lost the ability to produce cholera toxin (CT) and lost their viability due to uncontrolled production of organic acids, when grown with extra glucose. In contrast, the ${\Delta}relA{\Delta}spoT$ mutant, a (p)ppGpp overproducer strain, produced enhanced level of CT and exhibited better growth in glucose supplemented media via glucose metabolic switch from organic fermentation to acetoin, a neutral fermentation end product, fermentation. These findings indicates that (p)ppGpp, in addition to its well-known role as a SR mediator, positively regulates CT production and maintenance of growth fitness in V. cholerae. This implicates SR as a promising drug target, inhibition of which may possibly downregulate V. cholerae virulence and survival fitness. Therefore, we screened a chemical library and identified a compound that induces medium acidification (termed iMAC) and thereby loss of wild type V. cholerae viability under glucose-rich conditions. Further, we present a potential mechanism by which the compound inhibits (p)ppGpp accumulation. Together, these results indicate that iMAC treatment causes V. cholerae cells to produce significantly less (p)ppGpp, an important regulator of the bacterial virulence and survival response, and further suggesting that it has a therapeutic potential to be developed as a novel antibacterial agent against cholera.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.93-103
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• 2009

In this paper, we propose a USIM-based Authentication Scheme for 3GPP Network Access. The proposed scheme improves the problems of existing authentication protocol in 3GPP Network such as sequence number synchronization problem, the storage overhead of authentication data, and bandwidth consumption between Serving Network and Home Network. Our proposal is based on the USIM-based Authentication and Key Agreement Protocol that is defined in 3GPP Specification. In our scheme, mobile nodes share a SK with Serving Network and use a time stamp when mobile nodes are performing an authentication procedure with Serving Network. By using time stamp, there is no reason for using sequence number to match the authentication vector between mobile nodes and networks. So, synchronization problem can be solved in our scheme. As well as our scheme uses an authentication vector, the storage overhead of authentication data in Serving Network and bandwidth consumption between networks can be improved.