• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.351-360
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• 1992

In order to improve the qualities of Doenjang were investigated on the enzyme activity in the koji and changes in chemical composition, flavors and sensory envaluation of Doenjang which were prepared with Rh. delemar koji, Asp. oryzae koji and traditional Meju with mixed koji and soybean as the ratio of optimum mixture. Asp. oryzae koji was indicated highest activities ${\alpha}$ and ${\beta}-amylase$ as 312 mg/ml, 235 mg/ml while Rh. delemar the lowest activities as 16 mg/ml, 38 mg/ml in aging for 40 days amino type ntrogen was the highest in the Asp. oryzae and Rh. delmear mixture koji(D group), Asp. oryzae(A group), and Asp. oryzae koji and Rh. delemar koji(C group) as 460 mg%, 440 mg% and 426 mg% in aging for 40 days. The main flavor components of Doenjang were detected as fellows phenol-2-kmethoxy, 4H-pyran-4-one-3-hydroxy-2-methyl, benzenthanol, 1-octan-3-ol, tetra-methyl pryrazine, 1,3,6 cyclooctatrien. Asp. oryzae(A) and Asp. oryzae koji with Rh. delemar koji mixture(C), group were the most excellent in taste, flavor color for fermented Doenjang at 40 days.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.15-24
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• 2007

Purpose: This study was designed to investigate the effects of treadmill exercise on functional recovery after rat with experimental SCI. Methods: SCI was induced by the NYU-spinal cord impactor(NYU, USA) dropped a weight of 10 gm after laminectomy. Experimental groups were divided into the Group I (normal), Group II (control) and Group III(treadmill exercise). After 2 days of the operation, 24 rats(group II, III) were trained to walk on treadmill for 21 days twice/day, 15 min/session. After operation, rats were tested at modified Tarlov scale at 1, 2, 3, 4 days with divided into 2 groups, and Motor behavior test(BBB locomotor rating scale, Grid walking test, Narrow beam crossing test, Modified inclined plane test) was examined at 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21 days. Histopathological study were performed at 1. 3, 7, 14 and 21 days by H&E, Luxol Fast Blue staining were same times. Results: After SCI an improvement of motor behavior was shown group II, III. The motor behavior test of group Ill showed considerable improvement until 14 days. Conclusion: These results suggest that treadmill exercise treatment can playa role in facilitating recovery of locomotion following spinal cord injury.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.531-535
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• 1998

In 1964, Abbott and Colleagues published the world's first heterotopic heart transplantation technique in the rat. Their method established circulation by end-to-end anastomoses of the graft's aorta and pulmonary artery to the recipient's abdominal aorta and Inferior Vena Cava(IVC), respectively. In 1966, Tomita et al altered Abbott's technique by employing end-to-side rather than end-to-end anastomoses, thus eliminating the hind leg paralysis that sometimes resulted from Abbott's technique. In order to prevent postsuture hemorrhage (since 7-0 silk suture was the finest available at that time), Tomita's aortic anastomosis was done with double up-and-down continuous suture technique. A single layer continuous anstomosis effected the pulmonary artery-IVC anastomosis. The availability of Nylon monofilament suture made it possible for Ono and Lindsey to use a single layer suture technique for the aortic end-to-side anastomosis in their modified rat heart transplantation. We observed survival time between control group and Immunosuppression(Cyclosporine administration, 10mg/Kg${\times}$4 times postoperatively) group after heterotopic heart transplantation in the rat model. The cyclosporine adminstration group survived longer than the control group, thus we concluded that cyclosporine was based on Immunosuppressive drugs.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.143-150
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• 1997

Total viable cells and lactose non-fermenting cells were counted from animal feedstuffs (n=65). And isolation of Gram negative lactose nonfermenting enterobacteria and antibiotics susceptibility of isolates were performed. 1. The ranges of total viable cells / lactose non-fermenters in animal feedstuffs from Korean cattle were counted as 9$\times$$10^4$-1$\times$$10^7$ / 1$\times$$10^2$-6$\times$$10^3$, milking cow as 1$\times$$10^4$-2$\times$$10^8$ / 2$\times$$10^2$-8$\times$$10^3$, pig as 1$\times$$10^4$-1$\times$$10^6$ / 2$\times$$10^2$-6$\times$$10^3$, and chicken as 7$\times$$10^4$-1$\times$$10^9$ / 4$\times$$10^2$-1$\times$$10^5$ cfu/g, respectively. 2. Among the 214 isolates from feedstufs, 87 from Chinan(n=23), 66 from Changsu (n=23) and 61 from Mooju(n=19) were isolated. Of these isolates, 60 from pigs (n: 19), 51 from milking cows(n=15), 45 from chikens(n=11) and 58 from Korean cattle(20) were isolated. 3. Among the 6 genuses of Gram negative lactose nonfermenting enterobacili, Salmonella sp, Y pseudotuberculosis, Ent agglomerans and Sal choleraesuis were frequently encountered. 4. A majority of isolates were sensitive to 19 antibiotics, singly or in combination. These isolates were completely susceptible to Cp, Gm, Imp and Pi, 93% to Ak and To, 73% to Cax and Ts, 66% to Cft and Tim, 46-53% to Caz, Cf and Cz, 33-40% to Am, Azt, Cfz and Ti, and 6% to Cfx, in order, but not susceptible to Crm. 5. Among the antibiotic resistant strains, a total of 23 resistant patterns was noted, and of these Crm 40(18.7%), Am Cf Cfx Cfz Crm Ti 27(12.6%), each of Azt Ctx Crm and Azt Cax Caz Cft Cfx Crm 22(10.3% ) were frequently encountered.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.279-288
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• 2012

Rats were administered zearalenone (ZEA) via gavage at dosages of 0, 1, 5, and 30 mg/kg for 36 days. On treatment day 8, inactivated porcine parvovirus vaccine (Vac) was injected intraperitoneally. Antibody production against porcine parvovirus was then measured as a function of ZEA treatment. Compared to the vaccine alone, ZEA treatment, with or without Vac, decreased the serum level of IgG. The level of IgM decreased in all ZEA groups at day 22, but the decrease was sustained only in the medium-dose ZEA group at day 36. The level of IgA was unchanged in the Vac only and ZEA groups at day 22, but was decreased in the 5 mg/kg ZEA plus Vac group compared to the Vac only group at day 36. The level of IgE was decreased by all doses of ZEA at day 22, but was unaffected in ZEA plus Vac groups compared to the Vac only group. The levels of IL-1 in the thymus and spleen; INF-${\gamma}$ in serum; IL-2, IL-6, and IL-10 in the thymus; and IL-10 and IFN-${\gamma}$ in the spleen decreased after ZEA administration. Furthermore, the levels of IL-$1{\beta}$ in the spleen and mesenteric lymph node, IL-$1{\beta}$ in the thymus, IL-2 in the thymus and spleen, IL-6 in the thymus, IL-10 and IFN-${\gamma}$ in the spleen, and GM-CSF and TNF-${\alpha}$ in the thymus decreased after vaccination in rats exposed to ZEA. In conclusion, these results suggest that ZEA exposure via drinking water can cause an immunosuppressive effect by decreasing immunoglobulins in serum and cytokines in lymphoid organs.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.3 s.83
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• pp.427-434
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• 2007

Dendritic cells (DCs) play a pivotal roles in the initiation of T cell-mediated immune responses, making them an attractive in immuno vaccines. Angelica gigas and Cnidium officinale were a medicinal herb widely used in Asian countries. In this study, we examined the effects of A. gigas and C. officinale extracts on the DCs functional maturation and phono-type. Immature DCs were cultured in the presence of GM-CSF and IL-4, and the generated immature DCs were stimulated with OVA in the presence or absence A. gigas and C. officinale extracts, respectively, for 24 hours. The antigen-presenting capacity of A. gigas and C. officinale extracts-treated DCs as analyzed by $CD4^+$ helper T cell clone (OVA-specific) proliferation and cytokines (IL-2 and $IFN-{\gamma}$) production were significantly increased. But A. gigas and C. officinale extracts were not directly effected $CD4^+$ helper T cell clone function. Also, the expression of surface co-stimulatory molecules, including major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II, CD86 and CD11c, is increased on DCs that were stimulated with A. gigas and C. officinale extracts. These results indicate the immunomodulatory properties of A. gigas and C. officinale extracts, which might be medical supplies or health foods.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.37-51
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• 1974

This Study was carried out to observe the effect of nutritional condition on the change of protein metabolism in the animal body by feeding on imbalanced protein diet. A total 242 growing male albino rats, weighing $115{\sim}120$ gm, were used for the experimental animals. The rats were fed on the standard diet(st), protein flee diet(pf) and imbalanced protein diet(ib) for twelve weeks respectively. Hemoglobin, packed cell volume in blood, and total nitrogen, amino acid nitrogen, urea-nitrogen, creatinine, transaminases(GPT, GOT) in liver and serum, and total nitrogen in small intestine, and total nitrogen, urea-nitrogen In small intestine, and total nitrogen, urea-nitrogen, creatinine, urea-nitrogen/creatinine ratio in urine were measured. The results obtained are as follows; 1. The gained body weight were lower in pf group and ib group than those of st group. The gained body weight fed for 12 weeks, were 80% lower in pf group than those of st group, and the body weight of pf group for $50{\sim}75$ days feeding were $40{\sim}60%$ decreased, compared with the stating weight, and then all of them died. 2. The change of the brain, liver, kidney, spleen and small intestine by feeding on imbalanced diet for 12 weeks were no remarkable difference with the starting weight, but those of protein free diet group were half or more decrease and those were significantly lower in spleen and small intestine especially than the other organ 3. The contents of hemoglobin in pf group for 8 weeks feeding, and the packed cell volume in pf group for 8 weeks feeding and in ib group for 12 weeks feeding were decreased. but those of the other feeding group were almost same value. 4. The total nitrogen in the liver, small intestine and serum of each diet group were no remarkable difference respectively. The contents of amino acid nitrogen in pf group for 2 and 6 weeks feeding were increased. 5. On transaminases: a) The cycle of increase and decrease of GPT activities were come periodically and the interval of cycle were fast in the early stage of feeding and slow there-after. b) The GPT activities were decreased gradually in pf group after feeding and those were increased in ib group for 6 weeks feeding but decreased there-after. The frequency of cycle were more GPT than GOT and specially those of GPT in early stage of feeding were two or three times while GOT was one. c) The interval of increase and decrease in GOT and amino acid nitrogen cycle were similar tendency. 6. The contents of total nitrogen, creatinine and urea-nitrogen of pf group in urine were decreased very sharply from sharting feeding to one week but increased dully from six weeks to eight weeks feeding. The contents of urea-nitrogen of ib group were increased dully by feeding on ten weeks but decreased by feeding on twelve weeks. From the above results, it is concluded that the trend of the metabolic change is maintained equally by homeostatic mechanism using the endogenous protein source during a certain period by imbalanced protein diet feeding. The homeostatic mechanism is come peridically, very fast in early stage of feeing and than slow there-after.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.91-103
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• 1972

Zinc is one of the essential trace elements in the living organism for growth and health. The first identified metalloenzyme, carbonic anhydrase, is a zinc compound and several others have been described since. Among zinc deficiency syndromes in animals porcine parakeratosis has been successfully treated with zinc supplements, and in man a syndrome of anemia, hypogonadism, hepatosplenomegaly, and dwarfism, prevalent in parts of Iran and Egypt, has been ascribed to lack of zinc in the diet. Dietary zinc excess in the rat is manifested by a hypochromic, microcytic anemia, poor growth, reduction in liver catalase and cytochrome oxidase. The present study is an attempt to delineate the changes of tissue contents of trace elements, especially of iron, copper and zinc in liver and kidneys of the rats. Weanling albino rats, weighing 60 to 80gm. were used in this experiments. The rats were housed in cages with aluminum floors and received feed and distilled water ad libitum. Animals were divided into three groups, control, low zinc diet and high zinc diet groups. The high zinc diet group was subdivided into 0.5% Zn and 0.7%Zn groups. The supplementary copper or iron was added to the high dietary zinc groups. The animals were sacrificed and the tissues were washed several times with deionized water. The wet digested samples were analyzed by Hitachi Model 207 atomic absorption spectro-photometer for the determination of iron, copper and zinc in the liver and kidney. Hemoglobin level in the blood was measured by cyanmethemoglobin method. The results of this study are as follows: 1) All rats fed high zinc diets and low zinc diets gained less weight than control. Weight gain was not improved by the supplementary copper or iron and both. 2) Hemoglobin concentration was decreased significantly in the rats fed high zinc diets and less in the low zinc diet. Supplementary copper and iron to the higher zinc diet appeared to give some improvement of anemia. 3) The iron contents of the liver and kidneys were significantly decreased in the high zinc groups and the reduction was more significantly in the rats receiving higher zinc diet (0.7%). The supplementary copper caused a further depression of liver iron. On the other hand, the iron, added to the high zinc diet lessoned the severity of the decrease in liver iron and caused kidney iron to be maintained almost at the level found in the rats fed by zinc and supplementary copper diet. 4) High zinc diets did not change copper content of the liver and kidney. Supplementary copper elevated the concentration in the liver and kidney and added iron had no effect on the accumulation of copper in the liver and kidneys. 5) The high zinc diets caused marked increases of zinc content in the liver and kidney. Supplementary iron to the high zinc diet caused increases of zinc contents of liver and kidneys.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.461-470
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• 2000

Objective : Many investigators have demonstrated the protective effects of hypothermia following traumatic brain injury(TBI) in both animals and humans. It has long been recognized that mild to moderate hypothermia improves neurologic outcomes as well as reduces histologic and biochemical sequelae after TBI. In this study, two immunohistochemical staining using terminal deoxynucleotidyl-transferase-mediated biotin dUTP nick end labeling(TUNEL), staining of apoptosis, and ${\beta}$-amyloid precursor protein(${\beta}$-APP), a marker of axonal injury, were done and the authors evaluated the protective effects of hypothermia on axonal and neuronal injury after TBI in rats. Material and Method : The animals were prepared for the delivery of impact-acceleration brain injury as described by Marmarou and colleagues. TBI is achieved by allowing of a weight drop of 450gm, 1 m height to fall onto a metallic disc fixed on the intact skull of the rats. Fourty Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 400 to 450g were subjected to experimental TBI induced by an impact-acceleration device. Twenty rats were subjected to hypothermia after injury, with their rectal temperatures maintained at $32^{\circ}C$ for 1 hour. After this 1-hour period of hypothermia, rewarming to normothermic levels was accomplished over 30-minute period. Following 12 hours, 24 hours, 1 week and 2 weeks later the animals were killed and semiserial sagittal sections of the brain were reacted for visualization of the apoptosis and ${\beta}$-APP. Results : The density of ${\beta}$-APP marked damaged axons within the corticospinal tract at the pontomedullary junction and apoptotic cells at the contused cerebral cortex were calculated for each animal. In comparison with the untreated controls, a significant reduction in ${\beta}$-APP marked damaged axonal density and apoptotic cells were found in all hypothermic animals(p<0.05). Conclusion : This study shows that the posttraumatic hypothermia result in substantial protection in TBI, at least in terms of the injured axons and neurons.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.170-179
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• 2000

The rh-BMP-4 is a subgroup of TGF-${\beta}$ superfamily. The application of rh-BMP in alveolar bony defect was reported to new alveolar bone and new cementum formation. For minimized complications following tooth replantation, a operator must replant a tooth fast at the pertinent position. This study was to evaluate the effect of rh-BMP-4 on periodontal regeneration and root resorption following tooth replantation in rats. The 50 Sprague-Dawley rats weighting about 130gm were used in this study. The animals were divided into three groups. Group 1 ; immediate replantation after extraction : Group 2 ; replantation stored teeth extraction of first molar, the removal of periodontal ligament with collagenase, and etching with citric acid : Group 3 ; replantation stored teeth with treated rh-BMP-4 in mesial root. Experimental animals were sacrificed 3, 7, 14 days after replantation by heart infusion. The maxillae were removed, fixed, demineralized, dehydrated, infiltrated and embedded with JB-4 mixture. For light microscopic observation, 5 micron sections were cut and stained with toluidine blue. The results of this study were as follows : 1. After experimental 3 days, all groups were observed dead space between periodontum and root. 2. After experimental 7 days, group 1 and group 3 were observed filling periodontal fibers between alveolar bone and root but group 2 were not. 3. After experimental 7 days, group 3 were observed appearance of attached cementoblast like cell on root surface. Group 1 were observed regular arrangement of fibroblasts and collagen fibers at ${\times}400$ observation. 4. After experimental 14 days, all group were observed filling periodontal fibers between alveolar bone and root. Group 1 were observed normal arrangement of periodontal fibers. Group 3 were observed less abnormal arrangement of periodontal fibers. Group 2 were not observed functional normal arrangement of periodontal fibers. 5. After experimental 14 days, group 2 and 3 were observed several root resorption and irregular root surface but group 1 were not. These results suggest that the rh-BMP-4 can stimulate cementogenesis and enhance to attach collagen fibers.