• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.221-232
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• 2012

We analyzed the manufacturing procedure, specifications, repair history, and details of celestial movements of the water-hammering type $Honsang$ (celestial globe). Results from our study on the remaining $Honsangs$ in China and Japan and on the reconstruction models in Korea were applied to our conceptual design of the water-hammering type $Honsang$. A $Honui$ (armillary sphere) and $Honsang$ using the water-hammering method were manufactured in $Joseon$ in 1435 (the 17th year of King $Sejong$). $Jang$ $Yeong-Sil$ developed the $Honsang$ system based on the water-operation method of $Shui$ $y{\ddot{u}}n$ $i$ $hsiang$ $t'ai$ in China. Water-operation means driving water wheels using a water flow. The most important factor in this type of operation is the precision of the water clock and the control of the water wheel movement. The water-hammering type $Honsang$ in $Joseon$ probably adopted the $Cheonhyeong$ (天衡; oriental escapement device) system of $Shui$ $y{\ddot{u}}n$ $i$ $hsiang$ $t'ai$ in China and the overflow mechanism of $Jagyeongnu$ (striking clepsydra) in $Joseon$, etc. In addition to the $Cheonryun$ system, more gear instruments were needed to stage the rotation of the $Honsang$ globe and the sun's movement. In this study, the water-hammering mechanism is analyzed in the structure of a water clock, a water wheel, the $Cheonhyeong$ system, and the $Giryun$ system, as an organically working operation mechanism. We expect that this study will serve as an essential basis for studies on $Heumgyeonggaknu$, the water-operating astronomical clock, and other astronomical clocks in the middle and latter parts of the $Joseon$ dynasty.

• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.33-46
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• 1998

This study researched the concepts that elementary school students have after having learned volcano and earthquake. The reacher collected and adjusted the journals related to this study, and sampled the concepts included in Chap. One "Moving Earth", the first term of the elementary school sixth year. The students' descriptive responses were analyzed after subjective questions on the basis of above were developed and put into. After the contents described in the answer sheets were categorized by key words and the types of concept were made out by qualitative analysis, it was showed what was differences between the sexual, regional and achievement levels. The results of this study were as follows; first, though the types of concept about volcano and earthquake were found variably, it was showed that wrong preconception was not corrected, especially the exact understanding about terms not attained to, which led to the trouble in conceptual readjustment of students. Second, though the response rate about the types of scientific concept was found high that volcano was made out of explosion and eruption of magma and lava, there were also children who described not the interior factor of globe but the surface factor. Third, according to the results divided into the interior factor of globe and the surface factor and analyzed about earthquake, there were a great number of children who responded as the surface factor though most of the students responded to the interior factor of globe. Fourth, through some types of concept, it was found that the formation of concept was much influenced by experience of children's life, curriculum, and the method of study. Fifth, In the most test question, the scientific concept was found that boys were higher than girls in the distinction of sex, the children of cities than those of town and island, and the upper group than the lower group in the achievement levels.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.447-454
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• 2018

Background: The leaf temperature ($T_{LEAF}$) is one of the most important physical parameters governing water and carbon flux, including evapotranspiration, photosynthesis and respiration. Cnidium officinale is one of the important folk medicines for counteracting a variety of diseases, and is particularly used as a traditional medicinal crop in the treatment of female genital inflammatory diseases. In this study, we developed a model to estimate $T_{Leaf}$ of Cnidium officinale Makino based on black globe temperature ($T_{BGT}$). Methods and Results: This study was performed from April to July 2018 in field characterized by a valley and alluvial fan topography. Databases of $T_{LEAF}$ were curated by infrared thermometry, along with meteorological instruments, including a thermometer, a pyranometer, and an anemometer. Linear regression analysis and Student's t-test were performed to evaluate the performance of the model and significance of the parameters. The correlation coefficient between observed $T_{LEAF}$ and calculated $T_{BGT}$ obtained using an equation, developed to predict $T_{LEAF}$ based on $T_{BGT}$ was very high ($r^2=0.9500$, p < 0.0001). There was a positive relationship between $T_{BGT}$ and solar radiation ($r^2=0.8556$, p < 0.0001), but a negative relationship between $T_{BGT}$ and wind speed ($r^2=0.9707$, p < 0.0001). These results imply that heat exchange in leaves seems to be mainly controlled by solar radiation and wind speed. The correlation coefficient between actual and estimated $T_{BGT}$ was 0.9710 (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: The developed model can be used to accurately estimate the $T_{Leaf}$ of Cnidium officinale Makino and has the potential to become a practical alternative to assessing cold and heat stress.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제11권3로
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• pp.177-188
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• 2005

In this study, the thermal environmental factors in a layer f(arm such as dry bulb temperature, relative humidity, black globe temperature and illumination intensity were measured and analyzed to serve as basis for effective design and plan of poultry houses. The correlation analysis between the different factors was also done. Heat Index as measure of the thermal stress was also calculated and analyzed. A $1,000m^2$ laying house, 4 meters high with 52,000 layers in six-stage type cages was used in the measurement of the different environmental parameters. The results were as follows; 1. The temperature of the inside air and materials was directly related to the increase in aerial temperature based on the dry-bulb, black globe temperature reading. The correlation factor of the outside to inside air based on dry bulb setting was very significant at 0.927 The dry bulb temperature for inside temperature ranged from $19.9\~28.8^{\circ}C\;with\;SD+2.2^{\circ}C$ while that of the outside air was $16.2\~33.1^{\circ}C,\;SD+3.5^{\circ}C$. In addition, the temperature of the inside air was very stable. 2. The black globe temperature of the inside air ranged from $20.1\~28.8^{\circ}C,\;SD+2.3^{\circ}C$ while that of the outside air was $16.2\~47.5^{\circ}C,\;SD+6.0^{\circ}C$. 3. The relative humidity of the outside and inside air was $72.4\~100\;and\;50.2\~85.6\%$ with an average of $89.2\;and\;71.7\%$, respectively. 4. The illumination intensity in the laying house was less than 7 lux, with an average of $1.2\~2.5lux$ relative to height indicating that the laying house was well isolated from outside radiation. 5. The heat index of the inside air of the laying house had a high variation from $20.5^{\circ}C,\;SD+2.5^{\circ}C$ while that of the outside air was $13.1\~45.5^{\circ}C$, with an average of $21.6^{\circ}C,\;SD+6.3^{\circ}C$.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.209-213
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• 2013

아티초크는 가을에 정식하여 겨울철 월동 중에 화아분화가 이듬해 5월경에 수확이 가능하다. 본 시험은 아티초크 육묘 중 저온처리를 하여 생산시기를 7월로 늦추고자 수행하였다. 시험품종은 '그린글로브' 및 '임페리얼스타'를 이용하였다. 파종은 72공 플러그 트레이를 이용하여 2월 10일에 파종하였고 4주간 $17^{\circ}C$에서 육묘한 후 3, 6, 9, $12^{\circ}C$에서 4주간 육묘하였으며 4월 8일에 노지 포장에 정식하였다. 재식거리는 이랑폭 150cm에 주간거리 50cm(1,523주/10a), 1조식으로 하였다. 온도 처리별로는 $6^{\circ}C$ 처리에서 화뢰 발생이 63%로 가장 많았고 $12^{\circ}C$에서는 33%로 가장 낮았으며 무처리의 경우는 5%의 화뢰가 형성되어 저온에 민감한 품종임을 알 수 있었다. '그린글로브' 품종의 경우 $9^{\circ}C$에서 화뢰 형성율이 가장 높아 28%였고 $12^{\circ}C$에서는 10%로 가장 낮았으며 무처리의 경우는 화뢰가 전혀 형성되지 않았다. 화뢰중은 '임페리얼스타' 품종이 97g 내외였고 '그린글로브' 86g 내외로 자랐다. 수량은 '임페리얼스타'에서 215kg, '그린글로브'에서는 108kg을 보였다.

• Gut and Liver
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.714-721
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• 2018

Background/Aims: Recently reported prognostic models for primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) have been shown to be effective in Western populations but have not been well-validated in Asian patients. This study aimed to compare the performance of prognostic models in Korean patients and to investigate whether inflammation-based scores can further help in prognosis prediction. Methods: This study included 271 consecutive patients diagnosed with PBC in Korea. The following prognostic models were evaluated: the Barcelona model, the Paris-I/II model, the Rotterdam criteria, the GLOBE score and the UK-PBC score. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was analyzed with reference to its association with prognosis. Results: For predicting liver transplant or death at the 5-year and 10-year follow-up examinations, the UK-PBC score (areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUCs], 0.88 and 0.82) and GLOBE score (AUCs, 0.85 and 0.83) were significantly more accurate in predicting prognosis than the other scoring systems (all p<0.05). There was no significant difference between the performance of the UK-PBC and GLOBE scores. In addition to the prognostic models, a high NLR (>2.46) at baseline was an independent predictor of reduced transplant-free survival in the multivariate analysis (adjusted hazard ratio, 3.74; p<0.01). When the NLR was applied to the prognostic models, it significantly differentiated the prognosis of patients. Conclusions: The UK-PBC and GLOBE scores showed good prognostic performance in Korean patients with PBC. In addition, a high NLR was associated with a poorer prognosis. Including the NLR in prognostic models may further help to stratify patients with PBC.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.402-413
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• 2022

Objectives: In this study, the scale of exceeding the extreme heat exposure standard at the construction site was estimated using the nationally approved statistical data and wet bulb globe temperature modeling method. By comparing and analyzing the modeling results with the existing work environment monitoring results, the risk of heat exposure at outdoor construction sites was considered. Methods: Using the coordinates of second level administrative districts and meteorological observatories as the key, the automated synoptic observing system data and building permit data for 2021 were matched. The wet-bulb temperature was obtained using Stull's formula, and the globe temperature was obtained using the Tg_KMA2006 model. WBGT was calculated using these. Excess rates were obtained compared to exposure limits for heavy work-continuous work and moderate work-25% rest. It was compared with the results of the work environment monitoring in 2020. Results: As a result, 1,827,536 cases were estimated for 11,052 workplaces in one year. This is much higher than the 5,116 cases of 3818 workplaces of the existing work environment monitoring results. It is confirmed that the exposure limit was exceeded in 10.6~24.0% of the entire period and 70.2~84.1% of the peak period of the heat wave. It is very high compared to 0.9% of the existing work environment monitoring result. Conclusions: It is necessary to improve the system of monitoring and statistics related to extreme heat. Additional considerations are needed regarding WBGT estimation methods, meteorological data, and evaluation time. Various follow-up risk assessment studies for other industries and time series need to be continued.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.24-31
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• 2007

본 연구에서는 다매체 환경모델인 Globe-POP(persistent organic pollutant)을 이용하여, 1930년대부터 대기 중으로 배출된 polychlorinated biphenyl(PCB)의 전 지구적 환경거동에 대해서 살펴보고, 다매체 환경모델의 보완사항을 논의하였다. 각 환경매체의 PCB 축적은 대기 중으로의 배출패턴에 직접적인 영향을 받는 것이 확인되었으며, 이 외에도 환경매체의 면적, 분배계수, 분해율 등에 따라서 결정되었다. 지난 70년 동안 각 기후대의 배출량 분포는 일정하게 유지되었으나, 고위도 환경매체로의 축적량이 시간에 따라 증가하는 저온응축 현상을 확인하였다. 북반구 온대지역은 PCB 배출량과 환경매체로의 축적량에 있어서 가장 중요한 지역으로 평가되었으며, 대부분의 PCB는 토양과 해양으로 축적되는 것으로 예측되었다. 한편, 남극에는 중요한 오염원이 없음에도 불구하고, 매우 낮은 온도로 인해 전 지구적인 오염원 위치와는 크게 상관없이 POPs가 축적되는 것으로 추정되었다. 남극을 포함한 극지와 계절적 강설이 있는 북반구 고위도 지역의 POPs 거동을 신뢰성 있게 파악하기 위하여, 설빙을 포함한 water balance의 작성을 제안하였다. 이와 같이 개선된 다매체 환경모델은 미래의 기후변화에 따른 전 지구적 POPs 거동을 예측하는데 유용하게 사용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국전자거래학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전자거래학회 1998년도 학술대회지 vol.2
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• pp.375-389
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• 1998

o Projects/Subprojects/Tasks Distributed over Teams, Departments, Enterprises and the Globe o Virtual Teaming/Enterprises o Limitations/Barriers on Distributed Work - Geographical - Communication(omitted)

• 한국대기환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국대기환경학회 2008년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.151-153
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• 2008