• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.141-150
• /
• 1985

Lipid and fatty acid compositions of free lipids and bound lipids from fresh ginseng, red ginseng and white ginseng were studied by means of silicic acid column chromatography, thin-layer chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography. Free lipid and bound lipid contents in those three samples were 1.21 to 1.45% and 0.32 to 0.45%. Neutral lipid fractions in free lipids from the samples were 76.6 to 79.7%, while glycolipid and phospholipid fractions were 11.6 to 14.7% and 8.5 to 8.7%, respectively. The major lipids were triglycerides, sterol esters and hydrocarbons, diglycerides and free sterols in neutral lipids, sterol glucoside, monogalactosyl diglyceride, esterified steryl glycoside, digalactosyl diglyceride in glycolipids and phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl inositol in phospholipids. Fourteen kinds of even numbered and four kinds of odd numbered fatty acids were identified in the four lipid fractions (TL, NL, GL and PL) by GLC, and the main fatty acids were linoleic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid and linolenic acid.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Inherited Metabolic disease
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.65-75
• /
• 2005

Purpose: To understand genetic differences and similarities between mucolipidosis and control. Methods: Using the fibroblast of the mucolipidosis II and control, forward and reverse subtracted libraries were constructed. Among these clones, we investigated mutations in the GNPTA (MGC4170) gene, which codes for the ${\alpha}/{\beta}$ subunits of phosphotransferase, and in the GNPTAG gene, which codes for the ${\gamma}$ subunits in 5 Korean patients with mucolipidosis type II or IIIA. Result: Several differentially expressed cDNAs were cloned and their sequences were determined. Mutation analysis of the interested gene, GNPTA was performed and we identified 7 mutations in the GNPTA gene, but none in the GNPTAG gene. The mutations in type II patients included p.Q104X(c.310C>T), p.R1189X(c.3565C>T), p.S1058X(c.3173C>G), p.W894X(c.2681G>A) and p.H1158fsX15(c.3474_3475delTA), all of which are non-sense or frame shift mutations. However, a splicing site mutation, IVS13+1G>A (c.2715+1G>A) was detected along with a non-sense or a frame shift mutation (p.R1189X or p.E858fsX3(c.2574_2575delGA)) in two mucolipidosis type IIIA patients. Conclusion: This report shows that mutations in the GNPTA gene coding for the ${\alpha}{\beta}$subunits of phosphotransferase, and not mutations in the GNPTAG gene, account for most of mutations found in Korean patients with mucolipidosis type II or IIIA.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.67-77
• /
• 2001

In search for several fatty acid with unusual structure in vegetable oils, we have found that unknown peaks were shown on GLC in the analysis of fatty acids of the lipids from the pulp of ripened jujube (Zizypus jujuba var. inermis) fruits. These fatty acids were identified as a series of cis-monoenoic acids with ${\omega}-5$ double bond system such as $C_{14:1{\omega}5}$, $C_{16:1{\omega}5}$ and $C_{18:1{\omega}5}$, including ${\omega}-7$ fatty acid as $C_{16:1{\omega}7}$ and $C_{18:1{\omega}7}$, by GLC, solid-phase extraction silver ion-column chromatographic, GLC-mass spectrometric and IR techniques. First of all, total fatty acid methyl esters were resolved into saturated and branched fatty acid, monoenoic acid, dienoic acid, and trienoic acid fraction, respectively, with 100% dichloromethane (DCM), DCM/acetone (9:1, v/v) 100% acetone, and acetone/ acetonitrile (97:3, v/v) solvent system. Unknown fatty acids were included in the monoenoic fraction and were confirmed to have cis-configuration by IR. Picolinyl esters of monoenoic fatty acids gave distinct molecular ion peak and dominant diagnostic peaks, for example, m/z 317, 220 and 260 fragment for $cis-C_{14:1{\omega}5}$, m/z 345, m/z 248 and 288 fragment for $cis-C_{16:1{\omega}5}$ and m/z 373, m/z 276 and 316 fragment for $cis-C_{18:1{\omega}5}$. In this way the occurrence of $cis-C_{16:1{\omega}7}$ and $cis-C_{18:1{\omega}7}$ could be deduced from the appearance of prominent fragments as m/z 345, 220 and 260, and m/z 373, 248 and 280. Level of total ${\omega}-5$ fatty acids amounted to about 30% in the fatty acid composition with the predominance of $C_{16:1{\omega}5}$ $ (18.7{\sim}25.0%)$, in the semi-ripened and/or ripened samples collected in September 14 ($C_{16:1{\omega}5}$ ; 18.7%, $C_{14:1{\omega}5}$ ; 3.6% and $C_{18:1{\omega}5}$ ; 3.0%), September 22 ($C_{16:1{\omega}5}$ ; 25.0%, $C_{14:1{\omega}5}$ ; 1.4% and $C_{18:1{\omega}5}$ ; 2.6%), and October $7 (C_{16:1{\omega}5}$ ; 24.7%, $C_{14:1{\omega}5}$ ; 7.7% and $C_{18:1{\omega}5}$ ; 2.5%). However, the lipids extracted from unripened jujube in July and August contain these unusual fatty acids as low as negligible. It could be observed that the level of ${\omega}-5$ fatty acids in the pulps increased sharply with an elapse of ripening time of jujube fruits. Other monoenoic fatty acids with ${\omega}-7$ series, $C_{16:1{\omega}7}$ (palmitoleic acid) and $C_{18:1{\omega}7}$ (cis-vaccenic acid) could be detected. And in the lipids of the kernel and leaf of jujube, none of ${\omega}-5$ fatty acids could be detected.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.16 no.16
• /
• pp.7179-7188
• /
• 2015

Cancer is a major health obstacle around the world, with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and colorectal cancer (CRC) as major causes of morbidity and mortality. Nowadays, there isgrowing interest in the therapeutic use of natural products for HCC and CRC, owing to the anticancer activity of their bioactive constituents. Boswellia serrata oleo gum resin has long been used in Ayurvedic and traditional Chinese medicine to alleviate a variety of health problems such as inflammatory and arthritic diseases. The current study aimed to identify and explore the in vitro anticancer effect of B. Serrata bioactive constituents on HepG2 and HCT 116 cell lines. Phytochemical analysis of volatile oils of B. Serrata oleo gum resin was carried out using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Oleo-gum-resin of B. Serrata was then successively extracted with petroleum ether (extract 1) and methanol (extract 2). Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) analysis of the lipoidal matter was also performed. In addition, a methanol extract of B. Serrata oleo gum resin was phytochemically studied using column chromatography (CC) and thin layer chromatography (TLC) to obtain four fractions (I, II, III and IV). Sephadex columns were used to isolate ${\beta}$-boswellic acid and identification of the pure compound was done using UV, mass spectra, $^1H$ NMR and $^{13}C$ NMR analysis. Total extracts, fractions and volatile oils of B. Serrata oleo-gum resin were subsequently applied to HCC cells (HepG2 cell line) and CRC cells (HCT 116 cell line) to assess their cytotoxic effects. GLC analysis of the lipoidal matter resulted in identification of tricosane (75.32%) as a major compound with the presence of cholesterol, stigmasterol and ${\beta}$-sitosterol. Twenty two fatty acids were identified of which saturated fatty acids represented 25.6% and unsaturated fatty acids 74.4% of the total saponifiable fraction. GC/MS analysis of three chromatographic fractions (I,II and III) of B. Serrata oleo gum resin revealed the presence of pent-2-ene-1,4-dione, 2-methyl- levulinic acid methyl ester, 3,5- dimethyl- 1-hexane, methyl-1-methylpentadecanoate, 1,1- dimethoxy cyclohexane, 1-methoxy-4-(1-propenyl)benzene and 17a-hydroxy-17a-cyano, preg-4-en-3-one. GC/MS analysis of volatile oils of B. Serrata oleo gum resin revealed the presence of sabinene (19.11%), terpinen-4-ol (14.64%) and terpinyl acetate (13.01%) as major constituents. The anti-cancer effect of two extracts (1 and 2) and four fractions (I, II, III and IV) as well as volatile oils of B. Serrata oleo gum resin on HepG2 and HCT 116 cell lines was investigated using SRB assay. Regarding HepG2 cell line, extracts 1 and 2 elicited the most pronounced cytotoxic activity with $IC_{50}$ values equal 1.58 and $5.82{\mu}g/mL$ at 48 h, respectively which were comparable to doxorubicin with an $IC_{50}$ equal $4.68{\mu}g/mL$ at 48 h. With respect to HCT 116 cells, extracts 1 and 2 exhibited the most obvious cytotoxic effect; with $IC_{50}$ values equal 0.12 and $6.59{\mu}g/mL$ at 48 h, respectively which were comparable to 5-fluorouracil with an $IC_{50}$ equal $3.43{\mu}g/mL$ at 48 h. In conclusion, total extracts, fractions and volatile oils of B. Serrata oleo gum resin proved their usefulness as cytotoxic mediators against HepG2 and HCT 116 cell lines with different potentiality (extracts > fractions > volatile oil). In the two studied cell lines the cytotoxic acivity of each of extract 1 and 2 was comparable to doxorubicin and 5-fluorouracil, respectively. Extensive in vivo research is warranted to explore the precise molecular mechanisms of these bioactive natural products in cytotoxicity against HCC and CRC cells.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.29 no.5
• /
• pp.496-502
• /
• 1985

The solvent extraction and cleanup processes for the simultaneous gas-liquid cliromatographic determination of 16 kinds of organochlorine pesticide residues were investigated. The pesticides were extracted out from-various crops with the aqueous acetone solution acidified (pH < 1.5) by adding conc. $H_3PO_4$. Most of the pesticides were partitioned from the solution with petroleum ether. Evaporated the extracting solvent, the residues were dissolved in ethylether-petroleum ether (6 : 94) eluent and eluted through the Florisil column activated at 650$^{\circ}$C for 2.5hrs. The extraction efficiency was over 94% and impurities were effectively removed by the column chromatography.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.29 no.2
• /
• pp.165-175
• /
• 2010

A gas chromatographic (GC) method was developed to determine residues of captan, folpet, captafol, and chlorothalonil, known as broad-spectrum protective fungicides for the official purpose. All the fungicide residues were extracted with acetone containing 3% phosphoric acid from representative samples of five agricultural products which comprised rice, soybean, apple, pepper, and cabbage. The extract was diluted with saline, and dichloromethane partition was followed to recover the fungicides from the aqueous phase. Florisil column chromatography was additionally employed for final cleanup of the extracts. The analytes were then determined by gas chromatography using a DB-1 capillary column with electron capture detection. Reproducibility in quantitation was largely enhanced by minimization of adsorption or thermal degradation of analytes during GLC analysis. Mean recoveries generated from each crop sample fortified at two levels in triplicate ranged from 89.0~113.7%. Relative standard deviations (RSD) were all less than 10%, irrespective sample types and fortification levels. As no interference was found in any samples, limit of quantitation (LOQ) was estimated to be 0.008 mg/kg for the analytes except showing higher sensitivity of 0.002 mg/kg for chlorothalonil. GC/Mass spectrometric method using selected-ion monitoring technique was also provided to confirm the suspected residues. The proposed method was reproducible and sensitive enough to determine the residues of captan, folpet, captafol, and chlorothalonil in agricultural commodities for routine analysis.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.1-10
• /
• 2002

This study was performed to analyze the physical attributes of the faces and affective words on the fares. For analyzing physical attributes inside of a face, 36 facial features were selected and almost of them were the lengths or distance values. For analyzing facial contour 14 points were selected and the lengths from nose-end to them were measured. The values of these features except ratio values normalized by facial vortical length or facial horizontal length because the face size of each person is different. The principal component analysis (PCA) was performed and four major factors were extracted: 'facial contour' component, 'vortical length of eye' component, 'facial width' component, 'eyebrow region' component. We supposed the five-dimensional imaginary space of faces using factor scores of PCA, and selected representative faces evenly in this space. On the other hand, the affective words on faces were collected from magazines and through surveys. The factor analysis and multidimensional scaling method were performed and two orthogonal dimensions for the affections on faces were suggested: babyish-mature and sharp-soft.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.262-270
• /
• 1994

The established methods in the residue analysis of endosulfan require an extensive sample clean-up prior to quantification by relatively complex equipment. A radioimmunoassay(RIA) provides a simple procedure with theoretically higher sensitivity and specificity necessitating only a minimum of sample clean-up. Endosulfan-specific antibodies were developed in rabbits by using a bovine serum albumin(BSA) conjugate wherein the alcohol form of endosulfan was multiply bound to the protein via succinylation. Produced antibodies showed the high titers to endosulfan-BSA(1 : 32,000). An RIA method was developed in water and carp by using $^{14}C-labeled$ endosulfan as a tracer. The lowest detection amount of endosulfan was 1 ng in the liver, kidneys, gut and water samples, and 3 ng in the whole body sample of carp without any clean-up, corresponding to 0.1 ppb of endosulfan.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.23 no.1
• /
• pp.58-63
• /
• 1980

Present investigation is undertaken to evaluate residues of organochlorine pesticides and PCBs in river sediments and cultivated soils by GLC. Main sampling areas chosen were three industrial estates, Suwon, Iri and Kumi. Samples consist of river sediments and cultivated soils, in Suwon, Iri and Chilgok, which are likely to be accumulated with PCBs from nearby factories. Organochlorine pesticide residues were found in all sediments and soil samples while no PCBs residue was detected in all samples analyzed. The pesticide residues were greatest in the Suwon and least in Chilgok soils. p,p'-DDT and BHC isomers $({\alpha}-,\;and\;{\gamma}-)$ were found in all soil samples. p,p'-DDT, at the range of 0.006-0.840 ppm, was the most abundant residues among organochlorine insecticides.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Inherited Metabolic disease
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.85-91
• /
• 2017

Purpose: The aim of this study was to describe the clinical and biochemical features as well as the molecular analysis of a newly diagnosed illustrative case with ML II and to analyze the clinical features of 11 Korean patients with ML II/III. Method: Including a newly diagnosed patient, total 11 patients in 10 families were diagnosed as ML II (n=7) or ML III (n=4) were enrolled in the study. A diagnosis of ML II or III was made by demonstrating increased lysosomal enzyme activities in the plasma and sequence analysis of GNPTAB with characteristic clinical features. Result: A illustrative case of ML II patient was a 17 month-old boy showing characteristic facial appearance, multiple joint contractures with cardiac involvements. The enzyme assay showed increased lysosomal enzyme activities in the plasma. We identified compound heterozygous mutations in GNPTAB sequence analysis, including a frameshift (c.3428dupA [pAsn1143Lysfs*3]) and a nonsense variant c.673C>T (p.Gln225*). In total 11 patients with ML II/III, the patients with ML II showed severe growth retardation (height standard deviation score -3.2 [${\pm}1.5$]), compare to patients with ML III. Furthermore, patients with ML II patients had serious cardiac problem (n=4), hepatomegaly (n=3) and underwent tracheostomy (n=3) with further respiratory support due to respiratory distress. To improve osteoporosis and bone pain, all patients with ML III and four of 7 patients with ML II treated with intravenous pamidronate. Conclusion: Here we showed a newly diagnosed case of ML II and clinical features of 11 Korean patients with ML II or III. These data could be helpful for further diagnosis of mucolipidosis, a rare inherited metabolic disease, in Korea.