• 제목/요약/키워드: GG

검색결과 983건 처리시간 0.028초

CHRNA5 rs16969968 Polymorphism Association with Risk of Lung Cancer - Evidence from 17,962 Lung Cancer Cases and 77,216 Control Subjects

  • Xu, Zhi-Wei;Wang, Guan-Nan;Dong, Zhou-Zhou;Li, Tao-Hong;Cao, Chao;Jin, Yu-Hong
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • 제16권15호
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    • pp.6685-6690
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    • 2015
  • Background: Genetic studies have shown a possible relationship between the rs16969968 polymorphism in CHRNA5 and the risk of lung cancer. However, the results have been conflicting. Thus we rigorously conducted a meta-analysis to clarify any association. Materials and Methods: A total of 10 case-control studies involving 17,962 lung cancer cases and 77,216 control subjects were analysed. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to measure the strength of the association. Results: We found the CHRNA5 rs16969968 polymorphism to be associated with the risk of lung cancer (AA vs GG: OR=1.60, 95%CI=1.51-1.71). On stratified analysis by smoking status, a statistically significant increased risk was observed in the smoking group (AA vs GG: OR=1.80, 95%CI=1.61-2.01). However, this polymorphism was not associated with lung cancer risk in Asians (AA vs GG: OR=0.95, 95%CI=0.35-2.59), whereas it was linked to increased risk of lung cancer among Caucasians (AA vs GG: OR=1.65, 95%CI=1.55-1.76). Conclusions: Our meta-analysis provided statistical evidence for a strong association between rs16969968 polymorphism and the risk of lung cancer, especially in smokers and Caucasians. Application of this relationship may contribute to identification of individuals at high risk of lung cancer and indicate a chemoprevention target.

EU ETS 탄소시장에서 EUA 선물의 가격발견에 관한 연구 (An Empirical Study on Price discovery between Emission Spot and Futures Markets in EU ETS Emission Markets)

  • 김수경
    • 경영과정보연구
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    • 제33권3호
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    • pp.93-104
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    • 2014
  • 본 연구는 탄소배출권거래제가 국내에서 시행되기 전에 EU ETS에서 거래되고 있는 탄소배출권 선물시장이 현물시장에 대해 가격발견기능이 존재하는 지에 대해 실증분석을 수행하였다. 동시에 서로 다른 거래소에서 거래되고 있는 선물시장과 현물시장 간의 정보교환이 효율적으로 이뤄지고 있는 지에 대해서도 알아보았다. 실증분석에 사용된 자료는 2009년 4월 1일부터 2012년 11월 30일까지 총 899개의 일일 자료이다. VECM의 오차수정계수를 이용하여 분석했을 때 탄소배출권 EUA 선물시장은 BlueNext 현물시장에 대해 가격발견기능이 존재하는 것으로 나타났다. 추가적인 검정에서도 GG와 Hasbrouck의 정보비율이 0.5보다 높은 값을 가지는 것으로 나타나서 EUA 선물시장은 현물시장에 대해 가격발견기능이 존재한다는 결론을 얻었다. 그리고 이러한 결과는 서로 다른 거래소에서 거래되더라도 탄소배출권과 관련된 정보 교환이 효율적으로 이뤄지고 있음을 알 수 있다.

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공학인 대상 ${\ll}$공적 말하기${\gg}$ 교육의 만족도와 학습자 요구 분석 사례 연구 (A Case Study on Learning Satisfaction and Learners' Needs Towards ${\ll}$Public Speaking${\gg}$ Course at Pusan National University)

  • 황순희
    • 공학교육연구
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    • 제15권3호
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    • pp.47-58
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    • 2012
  • The purpose of this paper is to verify the education effects of program for engineering students and extract the essential components to be included in the learning contents. For this, we investigated the lecture contents critically and analyzed the evaluation result of questionnaire to examine the students' learning satisfaction and learners' needs concerning the effectiveness of course. The survey using two types of questionnaires was conducted with 210 junior and senior students taking lectures of ${\ll}$Presentation and Debate Skills${\gg}$ in the college of engineering at Pusan National University. According to the evaluation result, students experienced various speech education's effects concerning (1) verbal components, (2) non-verbal components, (3) problem solving competence, (4) teamwork skills, etc. On the other side there have been pointed out as problems in the ${\ll}$Presentation and Debate Skills${\gg}$ class, such as (1) a large number of assignments, (2) insufficiency of more refined evaluation method for the individuals and (3) a well-balanced arrangement between 'theory' and 'practice' was needed. However more importantly, the individual students can not do practice sufficiently owing to the large scale of class. Therefore the various and effective ways to help students improve their communicative competence have to be developed further. Finally, there have been extracted several essential components to be included in the class and implications for ameliorating the class were discussed and suggested in detail.

척도형용사의 의미적 불확정성에 대한 연구 (Semantische Unbestimmtheit der Skalaradjektiven)

  • 정동규
    • 한국독어학회지:독어학
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    • 제10집
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    • pp.277-296
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    • 2004
  • Ein sprachlicher Ausdruck ist in verschiedenen Situationen in einer Vielzahl unterschiedlicher Lesarten oder $Pr\"{a}zisierungen$ verwendbar, und zwar mil dom Grad an $Pr\"{a}zision$, der den jeweiligen kormmunikativen Erfordernissen angemessen ist. Sokommt Vagheit/$Ambiguit\"{a}t$ in sprachlichen Ausdrucken fast $durchg\"{a}ngig$ vol. In der vorliegenden Albeit wird die $M\"{o}glichkeit$ der semantischen $\"{U}bersetzung$ der Skalaradjektiven($gro{\ss}$, klein, $hei{\ss}$, kalt, schwer, leicht, schnell, langsam usw.) untersucht, die eigentlich die Vagheit als eine der konstitutiven Eigenschaften haben. Den Schwerpunkt $daf\"{u}r$ bildet die semantische Analyse $\"{u}ber$ die Graduierbarkeit und Vergleichbarkeit der Positivformen der Adjektiven, die vol allem M.J.Cresswell 1976 in seiner Albeit formuliert hat. V(pos) is the function $\eta$ in $D_{{\lll}{0,1}>,<{0,1}{\gg}.{\ll}{0,1,1},>,<{0.1}{\ggg}$ such that where ${\xi}{\in}D_{{\ll}{0,1,1},><{0,1}{\gg}$,$\eta({\xi})$ is the following function: For any ${\omega}{\in}D_{<0,1>$and a ${\in}D_1$ and w$\in$W, w${\in}{\eta}({\xi})({\omega})$(a) iff w ${\in}{\omega}$(a) and there is exactly one b such that ${\xi}({\omega})$(a,b); and for that b, b=$\gg$(for some > and u ${\in}{ \scr}{Z}(>))$ and u is toward the top of the scale determined by > when restricted to those v such that for some c, w${\in} {\xi}({\omega})$$(c,{\;} and w${\in}{\omega}(c)$. (Cresswell, 1976: 272) Obwohl sein Verfahren anhnd von dem semantischen Symbol eine methodische und theoretische $Ad\"{a}quatheit$ erf\"{u}llt$, bleibt der Vergleichwert noch unterspezifiziert. Fur die Behandlung dieser semantischen Unterspezifikation ist eine neue Semantik erforderlich, die den Wahrheitwert fur die $Zugeh\"{o}rigkeitsgrade$ der Skalaradjektive $einschlie{\ss}t$.

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국내 자생 엉겅퀴추출물의 항산화 성분 및 활성 (Antioxidative Components and Activity of Domestic Cirsium japonicum Extract)

  • 장미란;홍은영;정재훈;김건희
    • 한국식품영양과학회지
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    • 제41권6호
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    • pp.739-744
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    • 2012
  • 본 연구는 자생분포가 높은 4가지 지역(경기, 강원, 전남 및 제주)에서 채집한 엉겅퀴를 에탄올 추출하여 총 폴리페놀과 총 플라보노이드 함량, DPPH 및 ABTS radical 소거능, 2가지 방법에 의한 환원력을 분석하여 새로운 자생식물 유래의 항산화제 소재개발에 있어 원물 최적화를 위하여 시행하였다. 총 폴리페놀 및 플라보노이드를 많이 함유하고 있을수록 4가지 항산화능의 평가 역시 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 이는 총 폴리페놀 및 플라보노이드 함량과 항산화 활성의 유의적인 상관성이 있음을 확인할 수 있는 결과라 사료된 다. 엉겅퀴는 현재 잘 소비되는 식물자원은 아니지만 다양한 효능이 확인되고 있는 엉겅퀴를 이용한 소재 및 제품 개발을 위해서는 본 연구결과를 활용한 최적의 재배지역을 선정하고, 향후 재배기술 및 원물의 규격화를 위한 연구는 반드시 수행되어야 할 것으로 판단된다.

Role of +405C>G and +936C>T Polymorphisms of the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Gene and Risk of Esophageal Cancer in the Kashmiri Population

  • Qasim, Iqbal;Bhat, Imtiyaz Ahmad;Masoodi, Khalid Zafar;Shah, Zafar Amin
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • 제16권1호
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    • pp.97-101
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    • 2015
  • Background: The gene for the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which promotes angiogenesis and permeability, is polymorphic. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between +936C>T and +404C>G polymorphism of VEGF with risk of esophageal cancer in the Kashmiri population in India. Materials and Methods: 150 esophageal cancer patients and 150 unrelated healthy controls were genotyped for two VGEF SNPs (+405C/G, and +936C/T) using DNA extracted from prospectively collected blood samples by the PCR-RFLP method. Results: For the VEGF +936C>T polymorphism a significant association of CT and combined CT+TT genotypes was observed with increased risk of esophageal cancer (p=0.021; 0.024). For the +405C>G polymorphism we observed significantly increased frequency of GG genotype in cases as compared to controls and also the +405 GG Genotype was observed to have a two fold risk(OR=2.7356; 95%CI=1.1409-6.5593; p=0.020). The combined genotypes of GG-CC and GG-CT of +405C>G and +936C>T were found to be significantly associated with increased risk of esophageal cancer (p=0.0376; 0.0099). Conclusions: From the results of the present study a significant association of +936C>T and +405C>G polymorphisms with increased esophageal cancer risk exists in the Kashmiri population.

Association between Polymorphisms of Interleukin-17A and Interleukin-17F Genes and Silicosis Susceptibility in Chinese Han People

  • Chen, Ying;Fan, Xue-Yun;Jin, Yu-Lan;Yao, San-Qiao;Yun, Xiang;Hua, Zheng-Bing;Shen, Fu-Hai
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • 제15권20호
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    • pp.8775-8778
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    • 2014
  • Background: To explore the relationship between polymorphisms of interleukin17 (IL-17) gene(A-832G 7488A/G) and the susceptibility to silicosis, a risk factor for lung cancer. Materials and Methods: A total of 113 silicosis patients and 116 workers without silicosis were enrolled in the case-control study. IL-17A A-832G and IL-17F 7488A/G polymorphisms were evaluated by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Results: The frequencies of AA,GG and AG of IL-17A A-832G locus in the case and control groups were 46.9%, 8.0%, 45.1%, and 49.2%, 7.6%, 43.2%, respectively, with no significant differences (p>0.05).The GG genotype in the IL-17F (7488A/G) locus was not found. The frequencies of AA and GA of IL-17F 7488A/G locus in the case and control groups were 84.1%, 15.9% and 66.4%, 33.6%, respectively (p<0.05). Analysis of combined effects showed that the individuals with GG+AG genotype of IL-17A and GG+GA genotype of IL-17F are protected against silicosis (OR=0.469). Conclusions: IL-17F 7488A/G is associated with susceptibility to silicosis, and G allele may have a protective effect. No relationship was found between IL-17A gene polymorphisms at A-832G and silicosis.

The CCND1 G870A Gene Polymorphism and Brain Tumor Risk: a Meta-analysis

  • Qin, Ling-Yan;Zhao, Li-Gang;Chen, Xu;Li, Ping;Yang, Zheng;Mo, Wu-Ning
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • 제15권8호
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    • pp.3607-3612
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    • 2014
  • Background: In recent years, numerous studies have been performed to investigate the CCND1 G870A gene polymorphism impact on brain tumors susceptibility. Unfortunately, the results of previous studies were inconsistent. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to derive a more precise estimation of any association. Materials and Methods: We conducted a search in PubMed, Embase and CNKI covering all published papers up to November, 2013. Odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were applied to assess associations. Results: A total of 6 publications including 9 case-control studies met the inclusion criteria. The pooled ORs for the total included studies showed significant association among comparison A vs G (OR= 1.246, 95%CI= 1.092-1.423, p= 0.001), homozygote comparison AA vs GG (OR= 1.566, 95%CI= 1.194-2.054, p= 0.001), heterozygote comparison AG vs GG (OR= 1.290, 95%CI= 0.934-1.782, p= 0.122), dominant model AA/GA vs GG (OR= 1.381, 95%CI= 1.048-1.821, p= 0.022) and recessive model AA vs GA/GG (OR= 1.323, 95%CI= 1.057-1.657, p= 0.015) especially in glioma. Conclusions: CCND1 G870A polymorphism may increase brain tumor risk, especially for gliomas. However, more primary large scale and well-designed studies are still required to evaluate the interaction of CCND1 G870A polymorphism with brain tumor risk.

Methionine Synthase Reductase A66G Polymorphism is not Associated with Breast Cancer Susceptibility - a Meta-analysis

  • Hu, Shu;Liu, Hong-Chao;Xi, Shou-Ming
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • 제15권7호
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    • pp.3267-3271
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    • 2014
  • Background: Several studies have investigated the association between methionine synthase reductase (MTRR) A66G polymorphism and breast cancer risk, but controversial results were yielded. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to provide a more robust estimate of the effect of this polymorphism on susceptibility to breast cancer. Materials and Methods:Case-control studies investigating the relationship between MTRR A66G polymorphism and breast cancer risk were included by searching PubMed, EMBASE, China National Knowledge Infrastructure and Wanfang Database. Either fixed-effects or random-effects models were applied to calculate odds ratios(ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) by RevMan5.2 software. Results: A total of 9 studies bearing 7,097 cases and 7,710 controls were included in the meta-analysis. The results were that the combined ORs and 95%CIs of MTRR 66AG, GG, (AG+GG) genotypes were 0.98(0.91-1.05), 1.06(0.97-1.16) and 1.02(0.94-1.10), respectively with p=0.52, 0.19 and 0.65. We also performed subgroup analysis by specific ethnicity. The results of the combined analysis of MTRR 66AG, GG, (AG+GG) genotypes and breast cancer in Asian descent were Z=0.50, 0.53 and 0.21, with p all>0.05; for breast cancer in Caucasian descent, the results were Z=1.14, 1.65 and 0.43, with p all>0.05. Conclusions: Our findings suggested that MTRR A66G polymorphism was not associated with breast cancer susceptibility.

Applying Conventional and Saturated Generalized Gamma Distributions in Parametric Survival Analysis of Breast Cancer

  • Yavari, Parvin;Abadi, Alireza;Amanpour, Farzaneh;Bajdik, Chris
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • 제13권5호
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    • pp.1829-1831
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    • 2012
  • Background: The generalized gamma distribution statistics constitute an extensive family that contains nearly all of the most commonly used distributions including the exponential, Weibull and log normal. A saturated version of the model allows covariates having effects through all the parameters of survival time distribution. Accelerated failure-time models assume that only one parameter of the distribution depends on the covariates. Methods: We fitted both the conventional GG model and the saturated form for each of its members including the Weibull and lognormal distribution; and compared them using likelihood ratios. To compare the selected parameter distribution with log logistic distribution which is a famous distribution in survival analysis that is not included in generalized gamma family, we used the Akaike information criterion (AIC; r=l(b)-2p). All models were fitted using data for 369 women age 50 years or more, diagnosed with stage IV breast cancer in BC during 1990-1999 and followed to 2010. Results: In both conventional and saturated parametric models, the lognormal was the best candidate among the GG family members; also, the lognormal fitted better than log-logistic distribution. By the conventional GG model, the variables "surgery", "radiotherapy", "hormone therapy", "erposneg" and interaction between "hormone therapy" and "erposneg" are significant. In the AFT model, we estimated the relative time for these variables. By the saturated GG model, similar significant variables are selected. Estimating the relative times in different percentiles of extended model illustrate the pattern in which the relative survival time change during the time. Conclusions: The advantage of using the generalized gamma distribution is that it facilitates estimating a model with improved fit over the standard Weibull or lognormal distributions. Alternatively, the generalized F family of distributions might be considered, of which the generalized gamma distribution is a member and also includes the commonly used log-logistic distribution.