• Title/Summary/Keyword: GF(2$^n$)

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LOCAL PERMUTATION POLYNOMIALS OVER FINITE FIELDS

  • Lee, Jung-Bok;Ko, Hyoung-June
    • Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
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    • v.9 no.3
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    • pp.539-545
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    • 1994
  • Let $q = p^r$, where p is a prime. A polynomial $f(x) \in GF(q)[x]$ is called a permutation polynomial (PP) over GF(q) if the numbers f(a) where $a \in GF(Q)$ are a permutation of the a's. In other words, the equation f(x) = a has a unique solution in GF(q) for each $a \in GF(q)$. More generally, $f(x_1, \cdots, x_n)$ is a PP in n variables if $f(x_1,\cdots,x_n) = \alpha$ has exactly $q^{n-1}$ solutions in $GF(q)^n$ for each $\alpha \in GF(q)$. Mullen ([3], [4], [5]) has studied the concepts of local permutation polynomials (LPP's) over finite fields. A polynomial $f(x_i, x_2, \cdots, x_n) \in GF(q)[x_i, \codts,x_n]$ is called a LPP if for each i = 1,\cdots, n, f(a_i,\cdots,x_n]$ is a PP in $x_i$ for all $a_j \in GF(q), j \neq 1$.Mullen ([3],[4]) found a set of necessary and three variables over GF(q) in order that f be a LPP. As examples, there are 12 LPP's over GF(3) in two indeterminates ; $f(x_1, x_2) = a_{10}x_1 + a_{10}x_2 + a_{00}$ where $a_{10} = 1$ or 2, $a_{01} = 1$ or x, $a_{00} = 0,1$, or 2. There are 24 LPP's over GF(3) of three indeterminates ; $F(x_1, x_2, x_3) = ax_1 + bx_2 +cx_3 +d$ where a,b and c = 1 or 2, d = 0,1, or 2.

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Design of an Operator Architecture for Finite Fields in Constrained Environments (제약적인 환경에 적합한 유한체 연산기 구조 설계)

  • Jung, Seok-Won
    • Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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    • v.18 no.3
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    • pp.45-50
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    • 2008
  • The choice of an irreducible polynomial and the representation of elements have influence on the efficiency of operators for finite fields. This paper suggests two serial multiplier for the extention field GF$(p^n)$ where p is odd prime. A serial multiplier using an irreducible binomial consists of (2n+5) resisters, 2 MUXs, 2 multipliers of GF(p), and 1 adder of GF(p). It obtains the mulitplication result after $n^2+n$ clock cycles. A serial multiplier using an AOP consists of (2n+5) resisters, 1 MUX, 1 multiplier of CF(p), and 1 adder of GF(p). It obtains the mulitplication result after $n^2$+3n+2 clock cycles.

FAST OPERATION METHOD IN GF$(2^n)$

  • Park, Il-Whan;Jung, Seok-Won;Kim, Hee-Jean;Lim, Jong-In
    • Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
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    • v.12 no.3
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    • pp.531-538
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    • 1997
  • In this paper, we show how to construct an optimal normal basis over finite field of high degree and compare two methods for fast operations in some finite field $GF(2^n)$. The first method is to use an optimal normal basis of $GF(2^n)$ over $GF(2)$. In case of n = st where s and t are relatively primes, the second method which regards the finite field $GF(2^n)$ as an extension field of $GF(2^s)$ and $GF(2^t)$ is to use an optimal normal basis of $GF(2^t)$ over $GF(2)$. In section 4, we tabulate implementation result of two methods.

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Classification of Exponent Permutations over finite fields GF($2^n$) and its applications (유한체 상의 지수 함수의 분류와 암호학에의 응용)

  • Park, Sang-Woo;Kim, Kwang-Jo
    • Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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    • v.6 no.4
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    • pp.97-106
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    • 1996
  • In this paper, we define an equivalence relation on the group of all permutations over the finite field GF($2^n$) and show each equivalence class has common cryptographic properties. And, we classify all exponent permutations over GF($2^7$) and GF($2^8$). Then, three applications of our results are described. We suggest a method for designing $n\;{\times}\;2n$ S(ubstitution)-boxes by the concatenation of two exponent permutations over GF($2^n$) and study the differential and linear resistance of them. And we can easily indicate that the conjecture of Beth in Eurocrypt '93 is wrong, and discuss the security of S-box in LOKI encryption algorithm.

Glucosamine Hydrochloride and N-Acetylglucosamine Influence the Response of Bovine Chondrocytes to TGF-β3 and IGF in Monolayer and Three-Dimensional Tissue Culture

  • Pizzolatti, Andre Luiz A.;Gaudig, Florian;Seitz, Daniel;Roesler, Carlos R.M.;Salmoria, Gean Vitor
    • Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
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    • v.15 no.6
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    • pp.781-791
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    • 2018
  • BACKGROUND: Glucosamine hydrochloride (GlcN HCl) has been shown to inhibit cell growth and matrix synthesis, but not with N-acetyl-glucosamine (GlcNAc) supplementation. This effect might be related to an inhibition of critical growth factors (GF), or to a different metabolization of the two glucosamine derivatives. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the synergy between GlcN HCl, GlcNAc, and GF on proliferation and cartilage matrix synthesis. METHOD: Bovine chondrocytes were cultivated in monolayers for 48 h and in three-dimensional (3D) chitosan scaffolds for 30 days in perfusion bioreactors. Serum-free (SF) medium was supplemented with either growth factors (GF) $TGF-{\beta}$ ($5ng\;mL^{-1}$) and IGF-I ($10ng\;mL^{-1}$), GlcN HCl or GlcNAc at 1mM each or both. Six groups were compared according to medium supplementation: (a) SF control; (b) SF + GlcN HCl; (c) SF + GlcNAc; (d) SF + GF; (e) SF + GF + GlcN HCl; and (f) SF + GF + GlcNAc. Cell proliferation, proteoglycan, collagen I (COL1), and collagen II (COL2) synthesis were evaluated. RESULTS: The two glucosamines showed opposite effects in monolayer culture: GlcN HCl significantly reduced proliferation and GlcNAc significantly augmented cellular metabolism. In the 30 days 3D culture, the GlcN HCl added to GF stimulated cell proliferation more than when compared to GF only, but the proteoglycan synthesis was smaller than GF. However, GlcNAc added to GF improved the cell proliferation and proteoglycan synthesis more than when compared to GF and GF/GlcN HCl. The synthesis of COL1 and COL2 was observed in all groups containing GF. CONCLUSION: GlcN HCl and GlcNAc increased cell growth and stimulated COL2 synthesis in long-time 3D culture. However, only GlcNAc added to GF improved proteoglycan synthesis.

The Improved Processer Bound for Parallel Exponentiation in GF(2^n) (GF(2^n)상에서 병렬 멱승 연산의 프로세서 바운드 향상 기법)

  • 김윤정;박근수;조유근
    • Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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    • 2000.04a
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    • pp.701-703
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    • 2000
  • 본 논문에서는 정규 기저 표현(normal bases repersentation)을 갖는 GF(2n)상에서의 병렬 멱승 연산에 있어서 2 가지의 개선 사항을 기술한다. 첫째는,k를 윈도우 길이로 할 때 라운드가 [log k]+[log[n/k]]로 고정된 경우에 현재까지 알려진 방법보다 더 작은 수의 프로세서를 갖는 방안이다. 둘째는 점근적인(asymptotic)분석을 통하여 GF(2n)상에서의 병렬 멱승 연산이 O(n/log2n)개의 프로세서로 O(logn)라운드에 수행될 수 있음을 보인다. 이것은 m로세서 $\times$라운드의 바운드를 O(n/logn)으로 하는 것으로 이전까지 알려졌던 O(n)을 개선한 것이다.

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Type II Optimal Normal Basis Multipliers in GF(2n) (타입 II 최적 정규기저를 갖는 GF(2n)의 곱셈기)

  • Kim, Chang Han;Chang, Nam Su
    • Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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    • v.25 no.5
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    • pp.979-984
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    • 2015
  • In this paper, we proposed a Semi-Systolic multiplier of $GF(2^n)$ with Type II optimal Normal Basis. Comparing the complexity of the proposed multiplier with Chiou's multiplier proposed in 2012, it is saved $2n^2+44n+26$ in total transistor numbers and decrease 4 clocks in time delay. This means that, for $GF(2^{333})$ of the field recommended by NIST for ECDSA, the space complexity is 6.4% less and the time complexity of the 2% decrease. In addition, this structure has an advantage as applied to Chiou's method of concurrent error detection and correction in multiplication of $GF(2^n)$.

A Study on Irreducible Polynomial for Construction of Parallel Multiplier Over GF(q$^{n}$ ) (GF($q^n$)상의 병렬 승산기 설계를 위한 기약다항식에 관한 연구)

  • 오진영;김상완;황종학;박승용;김홍수
    • Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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    • 1999.06a
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    • pp.741-744
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    • 1999
  • In this paper, We represent a low complexity of parallel canonical basis multiplier for GF( q$^{n}$ ), ( q> 2). The Mastrovito multiplier is investigated and applied to multiplication in GF(q$^{n}$ ), GF(q$^{n}$ ) is different with GF(2$^{n}$ ), when MVL is applied to finite field. If q is larger than 2, inverse should be considered. Optimized irreducible polynomial can reduce number of operation. In this paper we describe a method for choosing optimized irreducible polynomial and modularizing recursive polynomial operation. A optimized irreducible polynomial is provided which perform modulo reduction with low complexity. As a result, multiplier for fields GF(q$^{n}$ ) with low gate counts. and low delays are constructed. The architectures are highly modular and thus well suited for VLSI implementation.

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A fast inversion algorithm in $GF((2^n)^m)$ using normal basis (정규 기저를 이용한 $GF((2^n)^m)$에서의 효율적인 역원 알고리즘)

  • 장구영;김호원;강주성
    • Proceedings of the Korea Institutes of Information Security and Cryptology Conference
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    • 2003.12a
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    • pp.174-178
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    • 2003
  • 본 논문은 기존의 정규 기저를 이용한 역원 알고리즘인 IT 알고리즘과 TYT 알고리즘을 개선한 GF(q$^{m}$ )*(q = 2$^n$)에서의 효율적인 역원 알고리즘을 제안한다. 제안된 알고리즘은 작은 n에 대해 GF(q)*의 원소에 대한 역원을 선행 계산으로 저장하고, m-1을 몇 개의 인수와 나머지로 분해함으로써 역원 알고리즘에 필요한 곱셈의 수를 줄일 수 있는 방법이다. 즉, 작은 양의 데이터에 대한 메모리 저장 공간을 이용하여, GF(q$^{m}$ )*에서의 역원을 계산하는 데 필요한 곱셈의 수를 줄일 수 있음을 보여준다.

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The polynomial factorization over GF($2^n$) (GF($2^n$) 위에서의 다항식 일수분해)

  • 김창한
    • Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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    • v.9 no.3
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    • pp.3-12
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    • 1999
  • The public key crytptosystem is represented by RSA based on the difficulty of integer factorization and ElGamal cryptosystem based on the intractability of the discrete logarithm problem in a cyclic group G. The index-calculus algorithm for discrete logarithms in GF${$q^n$}^+$ requires an polynomial factorization. The Niederreiter recently developed deterministic facorization algorithm for polynomial over GF$q^n$ In this paper we implemented the arithmetic of finite field with c-language and gibe an implementation of the Niederreiter's algorithm over GF$2^n$ using normal bases.