• Title/Summary/Keyword: GC and GC-MS method

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Biological Effects of Volatile Organic Compounds from Carpet Materials as Assessed by the Tradescantia Assay (자주달개비 분석법을 이용한 카펫 방출 휘발성 유기화합물의 생물학적 영향 평가)

  • Kim, Jin-Kyu;Shin, Hae-Shick;Lee, Young-Yup;Lee, Jin-Hong
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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    • v.25 no.3
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    • pp.191-196
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    • 2007
  • Indoor air differs from outdoor atmosphere since it contains chemical and physical contaminants from building materials. This study deals with the biological effects of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released from synthetic fiber carpet materials. One group of Tradescantia inflorescence was exposed to VOCs from the carpet sample in the environmental test chamber, while the other inflorescence group was exposed to a TO-14 standard gas mixture (1 ppm) for comparison. After the exposure, VOCs from the carpet were analysed by the desorber/GC/MS method, and micronuclei in the pollen mother cells of Tradescantia were scored under a microscope $({\times}400)$ to evaluate the genotocixicity induced by the exposure to VOCs. The chemical analysis confirmed that a total of 12 VOCs were released from the carpet materials, among which stylene $(71.9{\mu}g\;m^{-3})$ and toluene $(49.6{\mu}g\;m^{-3})$ were in the highest concentration. Twenty four hours of exposure to VOCs from the carpet in the environmental test chamber resulted in a micronucleus frequency as high as $7.73{\pm}0.75MCN$ per 100 tetrads, which was similar to that induced after exposure to the TO-14 standard gas mixture (1 ppm) for 4 hours. Meanwhile, two hours of exposure to the standard gas mixture did not cause a significant increase in the genotoxicity compared to the spontaneous micronucleus frequency. This result indicates that exposure for a long time to the air contaminated with VOCs from the carpet materials causes a genotoxic effect. The biological-chemical combination analyses in the study proved to be an effective tool for monitoring the indoor air contaminants.

Application of the Extract of Zanthoxylum piperitum DC to Manufacturing Eco-friendly Antimicrobial Interior Fabric Blind Materials (초피 추출물을 이용한 친환경 항균 실내 직물 블라인드 소재 개발)

  • Xie, Li Rui;Jun, Do Youn;Park, Ju Eun;Kwon, Gi Hyun;Cho, Bonggeun;Park, Hyun Woo;Lee, Chang Woo;Kim, Chang Young;Jung, Hyo-Il;Kim, Young Ho
    • Journal of Life Science
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    • v.26 no.8
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    • pp.936-942
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    • 2016
  • As the incidence of environmental diseases is increasing due to harmful environmental factors, there is a rising interest in developing eco-friendly materials for housing. In this study, we sought to develop antimicrobial interior fabric blind materials by employing ethanol extract of a medicinal plant Zanthoxylum piperitum DC. As determined by the disc diffusion method, the zones of inhibition of the pericarp ethanol extract at a concentration of 5 mg/disc against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus mutans were 13.5±1.5 mm, 14.0±0.5 mm and 15.0±0.1 mm, respectively, whereas the leaf ethanol extract (5 mg/disc) against K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, and S. mutans were 12.8± 0.3 mm, 13.5±1.0 mm, and 12.0±0.1 mm, respectively. The IC50 of the leaf ethanol extract against K. pneumoniae, S. aureus and S. mutans were about 0.5 mg/ml, 0.1 mg/ml and 1.0 mg/ml respectively. To examine whether the leaf ethanol extract possessing antibacterial activity of Z. piperitum DC can be applicable to production of antimicrobial fabric blind materials, the fabrics treated with either 1.0% or 2.0% of the leaf ethanol extract were tested for antibacterial activity against K. pneumoniae and S. aureus using International Standard Fabrics Test Method. The results indicate that the fabric treated with the ethanol extract of Z. piperitum DC possesses an excellent antimicrobial activity against both pathogenic bacteria. These results suggest that Z. piperitum DC may be applicable to producing functional fabrics which are effective in reducing the harmful bacterial factors in indoor environments.

Study of Surfactant Enhanced Remediation Methods for Organic Pollutant(NAPL) Distributed over the Heterogeneous Medium (계면활성제를 이용한 불균질 매질에서 유기오염물(NAPL)의 정화효율에 관한 실험)

  • 서형기;이민희;정상용
    • Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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    • v.6 no.4
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    • pp.51-59
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    • 2001
  • Column and box tests were performed to investigate the removal efficiency of NAPL using the surfactant enhanced flushing In heterogeneous medium. Homogeneous Ottawa sand and heterogeneous soil were used to verify the increase of remediation efficiency for the surfactant enhanced flushing in column test. Box tests with two different heterogeneous sub-structure were performed to quantify the capability of the surfactant enhanced flushing as a remediation method to remove NAPL from the heterogeneous medium. Two different grain size sand layers were repeated in the box to simulate the heterogeneous layer formation and the modified fault structure was built to simulate the fault system in the box. O-xylene as a LNAPL and PCE as a DNAPL were used and oleamide as a non-ionic surfactant. The maximum NAPL effluent concentration with 1% oleamide flushing in the homogeneous column test increased about 460 times compared to that with only water flushing and about 250 times increased in the real soil column test. In heterogeneous medium, the maximum effluent concentration increased about 150 times in 1% oleamide flushing and most of NAPL were removed from the box within 8 pore volume flushing, suggesting that the removal efficiency increased very much compared to in only water flushing. Results investigated the capability of the surfactant enhanced remediation method to remove NAPL even in heterogeneous medium.

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Residual evaluation of ethyl formate in soil and crops after fumigation in green house (에틸포메이트의 하우스 농작물 훈증처리 후 토양 및 작물 중 잔류양상)

  • Hwang-Ju Jeon;Kyeongnam Kim;Chaeeun Kim;Yerin Cho;Tae-Hyung Kwon;Byung-Ho Lee;Sung-Eun Lee
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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    • v.40 no.3
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    • pp.316-324
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    • 2022
  • Ethyl formate (EF) is a potent fumigant replacing methyl bromide. The use of EF is limited to a quarantine process. Appling EF to agricultural field as a safe insecticide in greenhouse give us valuable benefits including less residual concern. In this regard, residual pattern after EF fumigation in greenhouse should be undertaken. In the previous study, we have established agricultural control concentration of EF to control pests in a greenhouse. EF was fumigated at 5 g m-3 level for 2 h. The concentration of EF inside a greenhouse was analyzed to be 4.1-4.3 g m-3 at 30 min after fumigation. To prepare an analytical method for residues in cucumber crops and soil in the greenhouse, the limit of detection(LOD) of the method was 100ng g-1 and the limit of quantitation(LOQ) of this method was 300 ng g-1. R2 values of calibration curves for crops and soil were 0.991-0.997. In samples collected immediately after ventilation, EF concentration was determined to be below LOQ level. In addition, EF level was below LOQ in samples collected at 3 h after ventilation except that leaf samples of melon during the flowering period showed a level of 1,068.9 ng g-1. Taken together, these results indicate that EF used in quarantine can be applied to agricultural fields without residual issue as an effective fumigant for insect pest control.

Effect of Heating Methods on the Oxidative Stability of Deep-fat Fried Instant Noodles in Cooking (조리시 가열방법이 유탕면의 산화안정성에 미치는 영향)

  • Chung, Soo-Yeon;Lee, Jin-Won;Han, Sung-Hee;Lee, Seog-Won;Rhee, Chul
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.39 no.5
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    • pp.500-505
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    • 2007
  • The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of cooking methods (cooking apparatus and reaction level of oxygen) on the rancidity, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and furans produced while cooking deep-fired instant noodles. The sample rancidities showed a decreasing trend regardless of the cooking apparatus, as the available oxygen content in the cooking pot was reduced. In particular, soaking and then cooking using a microwave oven was found to be the most effective method to retard rancidity development. The ROS concentration after cooking had a similar trend to the rancidity. The furan concentrations of the samples significantly decreased under all cooking conditions as compared to the control, and the lowest value was 10.69 ppb for the sample cooked in a microwave oven without a cooking pot lid after soaking. The results indicate that cooking in a microwave oven with soaking was the most effective method for the oxidative stability of deep-fried instant noodles.

Radiosynthesis of $[^{11}C]6-OH-BTA-1$ in Different Media and Confirmation of Reaction By-products. ($[^{11}C]6-OH-BTA-1$ 조제 시 생성되는 부산물 규명과 반응용매에 따른 표지 효율 비교)

  • Lee, Hak-Jeong;Jeong, Jae-Min;Lee, Yun-Sang;Kim, Hyung-Woo;Lee, Eun-Kyoung;Lee, Dong-Soo;Chung, June-Key;Lee, Myung-Chul
    • Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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    • v.41 no.3
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    • pp.241-246
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    • 2007
  • Purpose: $[^{11}C]6-OH-BTA-1$ ([N-methyl-$^{11}C$]2-(4'-methylaminophenyl)-6-hydroxybenzothiazole, 1), a -amyloid imaging agent for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease in PET, can be labeled with higher yield by a simple loop method. During the synthesis of $[^{11}C]1$, we found the formation of by-products in various solvents, e.g., methylethylketone (MEK), cyclohexanone (CHO), diethylketone (DEK), and dimethylformamide (DMF). Materials and Methods: In Automated radiosynthesis module, 1 mg of 4-aminophenyl-6-hydroxybenzothiazole (4) in 100 l of each solvent was reacted with $[^{11}C]methyl$ triflate in HPLC loop at room temperature (RT). The reaction mixture was separated by semi-preparative HPLC. Aliquots eluted at 14.4, 16.3 and 17.6 min were collected and analyzed by analytical HPLC and LC/MS spectrometer. Results: The labeling efficiencies of $[^{11}C]1$ were $86.0{\pm}5.5%$, $59.7{\pm}2.4%$, $29.9{\pm}1.8%$, and $7.6{\pm}0.5%$ in MEK, CHO, DEK and DMF, respectively. The LC/MS spectra of three products eluted at 14.4, 16.3 and 17.6 mins showed m/z peaks at 257.3 (M+1), 257.3 (M+1) and 271.3 (M+1), respectively, indicating their structures as 1, 2-(4'-aminophenyl)-6-methoxybenzothiazole (2) and by-product (3), respectively. Ratios of labeling efficiencies for the three products $([^{11}C]1:[^{11}C]2:[^{11}C]3)$ were $86.0{\pm}5.5%:5.0{\pm}3.4%:1.5{\pm}1.3%$ in MEK, $59.7{\pm}2.4%:4.7{\pm}3.2%:1.3{\pm}0.5%$ in CHO, $9.9{\pm}1.8%:2.0{\pm}0.7%:0.3{\pm}0.1%$ in DEK and $7.6{\pm}0.5%:0.0%:0.0%$ in DMF, respectively. Conclusion: The labeling efficiency of $[^{11}C]1$ was the highest when MEK was used as a reaction solvent. As results of mass spectrometry, 1 and 2 were conformed. 3 was presumed.

Dissipation of Bifenthrin and Chlorothalonil in Crown Daisy during Cultivation and their Biological Half-lives (쑥갓 중 bifenthrin과 chlorothalonil의 경시적 잔류량 변화 및 생물학적 반감기)

  • Kang, Min-Seong;Park, Po-Hyun;Kim, Ki-Yu;Lim, Bu-Geon;Ryu, Kyong-Shin;Lee, You-Jin;Lim, Jeong-Hwa;Kang, Choong-Won;Kim, Youn-Ho;Lee, Sun-Young;Seo, Jeong-Hwa;Park, Yong-Bae;Yoon, Mi-Hye
    • Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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    • v.34 no.2
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    • pp.191-198
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    • 2019
  • This study investigated the residual characteristics of bifenthrin and chlorothalonil in crown daisy and suggested pre-harvest residue limits (PHRLs) based on their dissipation patterns and biological half-lives. The samples for residue analysis were harvested at 0 (3 hr), 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 18, 22 and 26 days after treatment, and analyzed by $GC/{\mu}-ECD$ and TOF/MS. The limit of quantitation (LOQs) of bifenthrin and chlorothalonil were 0.0046 mg/kg and 0.0007 mg/kg, respectively. Recoveries ranged from $88.67{\pm}7.97%$ and $99.90{\pm}16.03%$, showing that this method is appropriate for the analysis of the pesticide residues in crown daisy. Being well within first order kinetics, the biological half-lives of the pesticide residues in crown daisy were 9.63 days for bifenthrin and 6.54 days for chlorothalonil. The PHRLs of bifenthrin and chlorothalonil were recommended as 11.70 mg/kg and 24.10 mg/kg for 26 days before harvest, respectively.

The Study on the Methylmercury Analysis and the Monitoring of Total Mercury and Methylmercury in Fish (어류 중 메틸수은 분석법 확립 및 모니터링)

  • Kim, Hee-Yun;Chung, So-Young;Sho, You-Sub;Oh, Geum-Soon;Park, Seong-Soo;Suh, Jung-Hyuk;Lee, Eun-Ju;Lee, Yoon-Dong;Choi, Woo-Jeong;Eom, Ji-Yoon;Song, Min-Soo;Lee, Jong-Ok;Woo, Gun-Jo
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.37 no.6
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    • pp.882-888
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    • 2005
  • Procedure for analysis of methylmercury in fish was developed, involving addition of HCl, extraction with toluene, and clean-up using L-cystein solution. Obtained extract is analyzed by gas chromatography with electron capture detector using Ulbon HR-Thermon-Hg column. Detection limit and recovery of the method were 0.005mg/kg (expressed as Hg), 98-107 (103%), respectively. Total mercury and methylmercury concentrations in 175 commercial fish samples ranged from [mean-max (mean), unit: mg/kg]: 0.014-1.200 (0.270) and 0.006-0.901 (0.168) in tuna-fish, 0.020-0.934 (0.323) and 0.012-0.553 (0.149) in martin-fish, 0.082-0.782 (0.391) and 0.040-0.436(0.201) in shark, 0,023-0.031 (0.026) and 0,013-0.018 (0.015) in salmon, 0.098-0.193 (0.133) and 0.031-0.015(0.090) in tilefish, and 0,031-0.214 (0.089) and 0.016-0.093 (0.042) in canned tuna respectively. No sample of analyzed fish exceeded 1.0mg/kg wet wt., limit for methylmercury established by Codex. In all species examined, estimated weekly intake was lower than Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake recommended by the JECFA (the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives).