• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.44-51
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 파극천 추출물의 수면연장 시간, 항 경련효과 및 시험관내에서 파극천의 각 분획별 활성산소의 소거능을 관찰하여 본 결과 pentobarbital을 투여한 대조군의 수면 유도시간 및 수면시간($3.77{\pm}0.56$분, 수면시간 $68.3{\pm}6.8$분)이 파극천 추출물(200 mg/kg)을 전 처리하고 pentobarbital을 투여함으로써 수면유도 시간($3.95{\pm}0.56$분) 및 수면시간($110.4{\pm}10.3$분)이 연장되었다. PTZ에 의해 유도되는 경련 발작이 대조군 $4.9{\pm}0.98$인데 비해 파극천(200 mg/kg)의 전처리로 경련박작이 $3.2{\pm}0.54$로 현저히 억제되었으며 이 결과는 PTZ의 경련발현시간, 경련유지시간 및 사망시간에 미치는 파극천의 영향과 유사하였다. 뇌중 GABA 함량은 PTZ의 투여로 정상군에 비하여 억제되던 것이 파극천의 전처리로 증가 되었으며, GABA-T의 활성과 지질과산화의 함량은 PTZ의 투여로 각각 증가되던 것이 파극천 추출물의 투여로 억제되었다. 시험관내에서 PTZ로 유도된 뇌조직중의 hydroxy radical의 생성량은 butanol 및 dichlomethane 분획의 첨가($20{\times}10^{-2}g/ml$)에서 약 35%에서 50%까지 감소하였다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제56권4호
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• pp.413-419
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• 2011

This study was conducted to determine the physicochemical properties of a giant embryo rice 'P47JB-4-B-5-B' derived from the cross between 'P47', a mutant of 'Hwayoung' induced by T-DNA insertion, and 'Junam'. The grain appearance and chemical components of the embryo were analyzed and compared with a donor cultivar, 'Hwayoung'. The proportion of embryo weight to grain weight of 'P47 JB-4-B-5-B' was 2.2 times heavier (6.7%) than that (3.1%) of 'Hwayoung'. Total free amino acid content (75.81 mg/100 g) of 'P47JB-4-B-5-B' was 2.1 times higher than that of 'Hwayoung'. The GABA content in brown rice was 14.06 mg/100 g in 'P47JB-4-B-5-B' and 6.8 mg/100 g in 'Hwayoung'. Especially, the GABA content in brown rice of 'P47JB-4-B-5-B' remarkably increased (about 33 times from 1.48 mg to 44.81 mg/100 g) 2 days after germination. Continuous frequency distributions and transgressive segregation in embryo length and width were observed in the $F_2$ population of the cross between 'P47' and 'Cheongcheong', indicating that the giant embryo was controlled by quantitative trait loci. However, embryo length and width demonstrated high broad sense heritability, implying that giant embryonic traits could be selected in earlier generations in comparison with other quantitative traits.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.32-37
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• 2015

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychological characteristics of the Sasang constitutions by using Braverman nature assessment (BNA). Methods: One hundred seventy-four students participated in this study, and among them, the 142 individuals who had clearly identified Sasang constitutional types were used for the analysis. Sasang constitutions and the Braverman temperaments of the subjects were determined by using a questionnaire for the Sasang constitution classification (QSCC) II and BNA, respectively. Body mass index (BMI) was used to compare the inclinations of the Sasang constitutions and Braverman temperament types. Results: Significant differences in Braverman temperament type existed among the Sasang constitutions (P = 0.042), and the relations between Soyangin and the dopamine type and between Taeeumin and the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) type were meaningful. Significant differences were also shown in the comparison with the Yin and the Yang constitutions (P = 0.017), and the post-hoc analysis showed a strong and significant relation between the Yang constitution and the dopamine type and between the Yin constitution and the GABA type. The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the independent t-test were conducted to examine the BMI and the degree of obesity among the Sasang constitutions and the Braverman temperament types. Concerning the BMI, Taeeumin showed a bigger BMI than the other constitutions (P < 0.001), but no significant differences in the BMI were observed between the Braverman temperament types. Conclusion: Soyangin has a close relationship to the dopamine type and Taeeumin has a close relationship to the GABA type. The correlation between two types were more clear when the Yin and the Yang types were compared to Braverman temperaments. These results may serve as a basis for identifying the psychological traits of Sasang constitutional types, especially in regard to the characteristics related to the four Braverman temperament types.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.36-40
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• 2001

In order to study the molecular mechanism of $\gamma$-aminobutyric acid (GABA) production in plants, we cloned and sequenced a partial glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) cDNA from the Arabidopsis thaliana cDNA library, using primers targeted at highly conserved sequences of the petunia GAD gene. The cDNA fragment was inserted into TA cloning vector with T7 promoter and the recombinant plasmid obtained was used to transform E. coli. The plasmid DNA purified from the transformed E. coli was digested with EcoRI and the presence of the insert was confirmed. Nucleotide sequence analysis showed that the fragment is a partial Arabidopsis thaliana GAD gene and that the sequence showed 98% and 78% identity to the region of the putative Arabidopsis thaliana GAD sequences deposited in GenBank, Accession nos: U46665 and U10034, respectively. The amino acid sequence deduced from the partial Arabidopsis thaliana GAD gene showed 99% and 91% identities to the GAD sequences deduced from the genes of the U46665 and U10034, respectively. The partial cDNA sequence determined may facilitate the study of the molecular mechanism of GABA metabolism in plants.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.614-619
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• 2011

Nelumbo nucifera(NN) is a oriental medicinal herb which has been used traditionally for the treatment of antidiarrhea, sedative action and various brain diseases including convulsion and epilepsy. In order to examine the mechanism of anticonvulsive effect, we treated the methanol extract of NN(100, 200 mg/kg, P.0) to the sleeping time and pentylenetetrazole(PTZ)-induced convulsive mice. The methanol extract of NN prolonged sleep time by pentobarbital. Methanol extracts of NN were not effected the concentration of GABA and GABA-T activity in the brain of PTZ-induced mice. Methanol extracts of NN significantly inhibited the convulsion state as well as the level of lipid peroxidation in the brain. The butanol and dichloromethane fraction of methanol extracts among the others effectively inhibited in vitro lipid peroxidation dose dependently($5.0{\times}10^{-6}\sim2.0{\times}10^{-5}\;g/ml$). These results suggest that the anticonvulsive effect of NN is possibly due to the antioxidative effects of the free radical formation at brain for the PTZ-induced convulsion if it were by due to generating system.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.324-329
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• 2004

In order to investigate the molecular mechanism of $\gamma$-aminobutyric acid (GABA) production in lactic acid bacteria, we cloned a glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) gene from Lactobacillus plantarum using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). One PCR product DNA was obtained and inserted into a TA cloning vector with a T7 promoter. The recombinant plasmid was used to transform E. coli. The insertion of the product was con­firmed by EcoRI digestion of the plasmid purified from the transformed E. coli. Nucleotide sequence analysis showed that the insert is a full-length Lactobacillus plantarum GAD and that the sequence is $100\%$ and $72\%$ identical to the regions of Lactobacillus plantarum GAD and Lactococcus lactis GAD sequences deposited in GenBank, accession nos: NP786643 and NP267446, respectively. The amino acid sequence deduced from the cloned Lactobacillus plantarum GAD gene showed $100\%$ and $68\%$ identities to the GAD sequences deduced from the genes of the NP786643 and NP267446, respectively. To express the GAD protein in E. coli, an expression vector with the GAD gene (pkk/GAD) was constructed and used to transform the UT481 E. coli strain and the expression was confirmed by analyzing the enzyme activity. The Lactobacillus plantarum GAD gene obtained may facilitate the study of the molecular mechanisms regulating GABA metabolism in lactic acid bacteria.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.193-199
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• 2005

Gabapentin is an antiepileptic drug that is structurally similar to ${\gamma}-aminobutyric$ acid (GABA), but does not interact with the GABA receptor. It does not bind significantly to plasma proteins, and is excreted to unchanged form in the urine. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two gabapentin capsules, $Neurontin^{TM}$ capsule 300 mg (Pfizer Pharm. Co., Ltd.) and Kuhnil $Gabapentin^{TM}$ capsule 300 mg (Kuhnil Pharm. Co., Ltd), according to the guidelines of the Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). The release of gabapentin from the two gabapentin formulations in vitro was tested using KP VIII Apparatus II method with various dissolution media (pH 1.2, 4.0, 6.8 buffer solution and water). Twenty six healthy male subjects, $22.46{\pm}1.86$ years in age and $67.64{\pm}7.24$ kg in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2{\times}2$ cross-over study was employed. After a single capsule containing 300 mg as gabapentin was orally administered, blood samples were taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of gabapentin in serum were determined using HPLC with fluorescence detector. The dissolution profiles of two formulations were similar at all dissolution media. In addition, the pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$ were calculated and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and untransformed $T_{max}$. The results showed that the differences between two formulations based on the reference drug, $Neurontin^{TM}$ capsule 300 mg, were -2.03, -0.43 and 4.29% for $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$, respectively. There were no sequence effects between two formulations in these parameters. The 90% confidence intervals using logarithmically transformed data were within the acceptance range of log 0.8 to log 1.25 $(e.g.,\;log\;0.89{\sim}log\;1.09\;and\;log\;0.91{\sim}log\;1.09$ for $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$, respectively). Thus, the criteria of the KFDA bioequivalence guideline were satisfied, indicating Kuhnil $Gabapentin^{TM}$ capsule 300 mg was bioequivalent to $Neurontin^{TM}$ capsule 300 mg.

• 약학회지
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• 제52권3호
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• pp.195-200
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• 2008

Gabapentin, [1-(aminomethyl) cyclohexaneacetic acid], a structural analog of $\gamma$-aminobutyric acid (GABA), is being developed for the treatment of epilepsy. Unlike GABA, gabapentin crosses the blood-brain barrier after systemic administration. Gabapentin is an effective antiepileptic drug in patients with partial and secondarily generalized seizures who are uncontrolled with use of existing anticonvulsant drug therapy. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two gabapentin 400 mg capsules, $Neurontin^{(R)}$ capsule 400 mg (Pfizer Inc.) and Gabatin capsule 400 mg (Korean Drug Co. Ltd), according to the guidelines of the Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). The release of gabapentin from the two gabapentin formulations in vitro was tested using KP VIII Apparatus II method with various dissolution media (pH 1.2, 4.0, 6.8 buffer solution and water). Twenty six healthy male subjects, 23.58$\pm$1.50 years in age and 66.74$\pm$8.31 kg in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized 2$\times$2 cross-over study was employed. After one capsule containing 400 mg as gabapentin were orally administered, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of gabapentin in serum were determined using HPLC with fluorescence detector. The dissolution profiles of two formulations were similar at all dissolution media. In addition, the pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$ were calculated and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and untransformed $T_{max}$. The results showed that the differences between two formulations based on the reference drug, $Neurontin^{(R)}$ capsule 400 mg, were 2.04, -3.68 and 16.79% for $AUC_t$, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$, respectively. There were no sequence effects between two formulations in these parameters. The 90% confidence intervals using logarithmically transformed data were within the acceptance range of log 0.8 to log 1.25 (e.g., log 0.91$\sim$log 1.16 and log 0.87$\sim$log 1.11 for $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$, respectively). Thus, the criteria of the KFDA bioequivalence guideline were satisfied, indicating Gabatin capsule 400 mg was bioequivalent to $Neurontin^{(R)}$ capsule 400 mg.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.185-197
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• 2009

포황을 기능성 식품의 소재로 이용하기 위한 가능성을 검토하기 위하여 일반 성분, 유리 당, 유리 아미노산, 지방산 조성, flavonoid 등을 분석하고 생리활성을 측정하였다. 포황의 일반성분은 수분 12.7-13.2%, 조단백질 15.7-17.8%, 조지방 1.3%, 유리당 7.5-7.7%, 조섬유 14.7-18.6%, 회분 3.4-4.9%, 가용성 무질소물 49.7-55.9%이었다. 유리아미노산 함량은 애기부들이 1.923 %, 좀 부들이 0.907 %, 큰 부들이 0.333 %로서 품종 간에 큰 차이를 나타내었고 그 조성은 모든 품종이 GABA alanine, glutamic acid, proline의 순이었다. 면역 활성을 높여주고 혈압강하 활성이 높다고 알려진 GABA함량이 50% 이상을 점하고 있어 매우 유용한 기능성 식품 소재로 판단된다. 지방산 조성은 linoleic, palmitic acid, oleic acid, linolenic acid 순으로서 품종 간에 큰 차이가 없었고 불포화 지방산의 비율이 67.2-76.0%로서 매우 높았다. 무기질 함량은 K이 0.354-0.492% 으로서 가장 높았으며 Mg 0.0516-0.0546 %, Ca 0.045-0.0486 %, Na 0.0101-0.0204 % 이었다. 항산화 물질로 알려진 포황 중의 flavonoid는 quercetin이 0.169-0.186 %로서 대부분을 차지하였고 rutin이 0.0094-0.0147 %이었다. SD계 rats에 4주간 포황과 그 추출물을 식이하면서 rats의 혈청에서 DPPH radical 소거활성을 알아 본 결과 소거활성 효과가 유의하게 나타났고, 혈중 cholesterol 함량을 낮추어 주는 효과와 혈중 glucose 함량을 낮추어 주는 결과로 보아 고지혈증의 예방과 당뇨병 치료에 효과가 있을 것으로 판단되었다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.594-600
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• 2015

단백질-단백질 결합은 다양한 세포내 반응 조절에서 중요한 역할을 한다. Postsynaptic density-95/disks large/ zonula occludens-1 (PDZ) 도메인은 널리 알려진 단백질-단백질 결합 매개 도메인 중 하나이다. PDZ 도메인은 결합 단백질의 카르복실(C)-말단의 특정 motif와 결합한다. Multi-PDZ domain protein 1 (MUPP1)은 13개 PDZ 도메인을 가지는 단백질로서 다양한 구조단백질 및 신호단백질에 대한 scaffold로 작용한다고 알려져 있지만 MUPP1의 세포 내 기능은 아직 명확히 밝혀지지 않았다. 본 연구에서 MUPP1의 PDZ 도메인과 결합하는 단백질을 규명하기 위하여 효모 two-hybrid 방법을 이용하였고 muskelin이 MUPP1과 결합하는 것을 확인하였다. Muskelin은 GAB_AA 수용체(GABA_AR)의 α1 subunit와 결합하며 수용체의 endocytosis와 분해에 관여하는 것으로 알려져 있다. Muskelin은 MUPP1의 3번째 PDZ 도메인과 결합하지만, 다른 PDZ 도메인과는 결합하지 않았다. 또한 MUPP1과의 결합에 muskelin의 C-말단부위가 필수적임을 효모 two-hybrid 방법으로 확인하였다. HEK-293T 세포에 MUPP1과 muskelin을 동시에 발현하여 면역 침강한 결과 두 단백질은 같이 면역 침강하였다. 반면에 C-말단 결손 muskelin은 MUPP1과 같이 면역 침강하지 않았다. 또한 muskelin과 MUPP1은 세포내의 같은 위치에서 발현하였다. 이러한 결과들은, muskelin과의 결합을 통해, MUPP1 혹은 MUPP1과 결합하는 단백질이 GABA_AR의 세포내이동과 회전(turnover)을 조절할 가능성을 시사한다.