• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.11
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• pp.1573-1578
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• 2011

Milk thistle (silybum marianum) is a famous dietary supplement widely used in the United States and Europe. Silbinin is a major biologically active compound of milk thistle and has strong antioxidant and radical scavenger activities. Anticancer activities, as well as chemopreventive effects on various cancer cell lines, including prostate, lung, colon, skin, and bladder, have also been reported in silbinin. In the present study, we investigated the anticancer effects of silibinin and apoptosis through cell cycle arrest on prostate cancer cell PC-3. We performed cell viability by MTT assay and western blotting to confirm cell cycle check point proteins such as cyclin A/D1/E and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 2/4/6. To quantify silibinin-induced apoptotic cell death of PC-3, Annexin V and PI double staining was performed by flow cytometry, by which its cell distribution was determined. As a result, silibinin inhibited the cell growth of PC-3 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner, and its treatment resulted in cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase. Also the level of cell cycle check point proteins (cyclin, CDK) was decreased by silibinin in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, we suggest that apoptosis of prostate cancer cell line PC-3 induced by silibinin is associated with cell cycle arrest through decrease of cell cycle check point proteins, caspase-3 activation and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.281-290
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• 2006

The electronic structure and properties of the 1H-indene and mono-sila-1H-indene series have been investigated using basis set of 6-31G(d, p) and hybrid density functional theory. Basic measures of aromatic character derived from structure, molecular orbitals, a variety of magnetic criteria (magnetic isotropic and anisotropic susceptibilities) are considered. Energetic criteria suggest that In(Si7) enjoy conspicuous stabilization. However, by magnetic susceptibility isotropic this system are among the least aromatic of the family: Within their isomer series, In(Si4) is the most aromatic using this criteria. Natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis method was performed for the investigation of the relative stability and the nature of the 8-9 bonds in 1H-indene and mono-sila-1H-indene compounds. The results explained that how the p character of natural atomic hybrid orbital on X8 and X9 (central bond) is increased by the substitution of the C8 and C9 by Si. Actually, the results suggested that in these compounds, the X8-X9 bond lengths are closely controlled by the p character of these hybrid orbitals and also by the nature of C-Si bonds. The magnitude of the molecular stabilization energy associated to delocalization from X8-X9 and to * X8-X9 bond orbital were also quantitatively determined. Molecular orbital (MO) analysis further reveal that all structure has three delocalized MOs and two delocalized MOs and therefore exhibit the aromaticity.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.41-49
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• 1989

This study was carried out to study influence of antioxidants on serum and tissue of rats fed with thermally oxidized oil. The experimental animals used 30male rats of sprague-dawley weighting $150{\pm}25g$. They are divided into 5 groups and fed to experimental diets which are composed of 15％ thermally oxidized oil in addition to ascorbic acid, Vitamin E, Ethylendintrioteraaceticacid(EDTA) and none added oxidized oil by heat and fresh soybean oil group. Thermally oxidized oil was prepared from the soybean oil by heating at $180^{\circ}C$ for 30 hours. After feeding for 4 weeks, the result are as follows; 1. Body weight gain were lower B diet group than A diet group. 2. Total cholesterol levels in serum of all experimental diet groups except B diet group were higher than that of A diet group. 3. HDL-cholesterol levels of all experimental diet groups except E diet group were lower than that of A diet group. 4. The activities of GOT, GPT in serum of all experimental diet groups except B diet group and D diet group were higher than that of A diet group. 5. Vitamin E levels in serum of E diet group were highest than that of all experimental diet groups, and Vitamin E levels in liver of A diet group were highest than that of all experimental diet groups. 6. Lipid peroxide in Serum were highest B diet group than that of all experimental diet groups and the other experimental diet group significantly lower than that of the A diet group. 7. Lipid peroxide in liver of all experimental diet group except E diet group were significantly higher than that A diet group and lipid peroxide in kidney of all experimental diet group except B diet group were lower than that of A diet group. Four these results, as Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and EDTA added diets have effect of thermally oil by antioxidants, it could be suggested that thermally soybean oil diet has required to add antioxidant because it has not sufficient Vitamin E for antioxidant and intake and overtake level of thermally soybean oil diet should be studied to go ahead.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.212-218
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• 1983

The effect of dietary calcium and magnesium on the 3-Hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A reductase (E.C. 1.1.1.34) in rabbit's liver microsomal protein was studied for a period of 4 weeks using isocalories and isonitro-genous as a basal diet. The experimental rabbits fed the following basal diets, such as crude protein 68.45%, carbohydrates 13.38%, fats 16.17% and added some sorts of calcium and magnesium, according to experimental plan making. The subject rabbits were divided into 9 feeding groups. The results are summarized as follows. Body weight gains per week of the groups fed magnesium and basal diet showed a little bit increase, but the groups fed calcium and basal diet showed a little bit decrease compare with control group. In case of serum magnesium, control group was 9.5mg% groups fed basal diet and magnesium were 8.27mg% in average, groups fed basal diet and calcium were 4.45mg% in average. In case of serum calcium, control group was 15.3mg%, groups fed basal diet and magnesium were 14.6mg% in average, groups fed basal diet and calcium were 14.1mg% in average. There was no great difference between magnesium fed groups in serum calcium. In serum triglyceride, control group was 82.8mg%, groups fed magnesium and basal diet were 60.3mg% in average, groups fed calcium and basal diet were 69.5mg% in average. The calcium fed groups were higher than the magnesium fed groups in serum triglyceride. In serum cholesterol, control group was 80mg%, groups fed magnesium and basal diet were 64.3mg% in average, groups fed calcium and basal diet were 56.3mg% in average. The calcium fed groups were lower than the magnesium fed groups in serum cholesterol. In case of the 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity, control group was 0.998nmol/min/mg protein, groups fed magnesium and basal diet of HMG-CoA were 0.849nmol/min/mg in average.

• Journal of National Security and Military Science
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• s.5
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• pp.241-280
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• 2007

This study examines the relationship of the industry-specific factors that effect innovation of manufacturing technology and the market share within the defense industry. Since the establishment of the basic defense industry framework in 1973, there were numerous interactions of the industry-specific factors of the defense industry structure with the technological innovation and market organization of the defense industry. During last three decades, the domestic defense industry has achieved the considerable level but the framework of the basic system has not developed much in areas of the military science and the defense manufacturing technology. Industry-specific factors were formed in the process and appeared in a variety of behavioral characteristics as subsystems. Currently, there IS a growing trend where the management of defense industry is gradually deteriorating due to limitation of the domestic industry-specific factor (e.g. defense technologies, amount of demand, etc.). If there is a prominent imbalance of the industry-specific factors. it can trigger the potential problem of conflict, lack of cooperation and control, slowing the growth of the manufacturing technology thereby diminishing the market and deteriorating the defense supply/demand relationship. In a research conducted by Joe S. Bain, Bain analyzed the relationship of the traditional industrial organization where industry-specific factor(S) not only impacts the conductor(C). And, conductor(C) influences the shaping of the performance(P) of relationship of the traditional industrial organization. Consequently, the researcher has identified the demand monopoly, barriers to entry, and market competition with comparison of defense industry issues. These defense issues were three industry-specific factors identified, which are 1) The demand monopoly and The entry barriers to new market competition, 2) the industrial technical factor to a production technical competitiveness and a market sharing competitiveness, 3) the probability factor to revolution for military affairs(RMA) and a R&D production. According to baseline with these factors, the following research model is established from the special companies group(Group A), the systematization companies group(Group B), and the general companies group(Group 0. The hypothesis is that if there are more industry-specific factors, then there will be more relationships of defense industry relation statutes. This research is an empirical study on the relationship that the industry specific factors effects the innovation of manufacturing technology and the shaping of the market in the defense industry. Moreover, the existing models to evaluate the industry specific factors of the defense industry IS much to be desired with the controlled statistical analysis of the result. It is vital to study on current situation with suggesting alternative strategy to the efficient strategy. The descriptive analysis approach analysis is conducted with SPSSWIN to conduct reliability test, factor analysis, correlation analysis, cross-tabulation analysis, one-way ANOVA, and multiple regression analysis. However, there were some limitations of the survey such as the rigidity of concept about the technical factors and various market management factors. The wishes is that the decision-maker could be utilized these defence industrial factors to formulate efficient defence policy and strategy in the future.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.122-134
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• 2001

The effects of Cervus elaphus and Cervus elaphus aquapuncuture on body weight, protein efficiency ratio, body length, serum growth hormone and intellectual development were studied for thirty-four days. The results were summarized as follows. 1. Body weight significantly increased in Cervus elaphus aquapuncture oral administration group compared to GH groups. 2. Protein efficiency ratio had no significant difference within all groups. 3. Body length significantly increased in Cervus elaphus aquapuncture group compared to GH injection group on 3rd day, tail length significantly increased in Cervus elaphus aquapuncture group and Cervus elaphus aquapuncture oral administration group compared to GH injection group but, body length has no significant difference within all groups. 4. Serum GH significantly increased in Cervus elaphus aquapuncture oral administration group compared to that of GH injection group. 5. As results of observing memory acquisition using Morris water maze system, there was no significant difference within all groups. 6. As results of observing retention using Morris water maze system, staying times significantly increased in Cervus elaphus aquapuncture oral administration group compared to that of GH injection group at Ist trial and 3rd trial. 7. As results of observing staining intensity of NADPH-d-positive neurons in tissue of hippocampal part, significant increasing of staining intensity were observed in septum and VDB of hippocampus in Cervus elaphus aquapuncture oral administration group compared to that of GH injection group. According to the above results, it is concluded that Cervus elaphus oral administration and Cervus elaphus aquapuncture on acupoint G39 showed effects on growth and intellectual development of animals.

• Solar Energy
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.3-11
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• 1997

Because grain boundaries in polycrystalline silicon act as potential barriers and recombination centers for the photo-generated charge carriers, these defects degrade conversion effiency of solar cell. To reduce these effects of grain boundaries, we investigated various influencing factors such as thermal treatment, various grid pattern, selective wet etching for grain boundaries, buried contact metallization along grain boundaries, grid on metallic thin film. Pretreatment above $900^{\circ}C$ in $N_2$ atmosphere, gettering by $POCl_3$ and Al treatment for back surface field contributed to obtain a high quality poly-Si. To prevent carrier losses at the grain boundaries, we carried out surface treatment using Schimmel etchant. This etchant delineated grain boundaries of $10{\mu}m$ depth as well as surface texturing effect. A metal AI diffusion into grain boundaries on rear side reduced back surface recombination effects at grain boundaries. A combination of fine grid with finger spacing of 0.4mm and buried electrode along grain boundaries improved short circuit current density of solar cell. A ultra-thin Chromium layer of 20nm with transmittance of 80% reduced series resistance. This paper focused on the grain boundary effect for terrestrial applications of solar cells with low cost, large area, and high efficiency.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.25-28
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• 2004

To determine lethal temperature of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L. cv. Janbeol 102) developed in Korea at heat-stressed conditions, seedlings grown in a amall pots for 4 weeks were treated at $45^{\circ}C$, $50^{\circ}C$ or $55^{\circ}C$ for 1 h. Heat treatments at $60^{\circ}C$ and $65^{\circ}C$ for 1 h, several plants were withered and showed damage symptom on their leaves. When the plants were exposed to $70^{\circ}C$ for 1 h, most of leaves were severely withered, but it was not lethal conditions for the whole plants. By contrast, most of plants were died within one day after heat treatment at $80^{\circ}C$ for 1h. Furthermore, plants exposed to $80^{\circ}C$ for 55 min were also died within 7 days. It was found that new shoots were regenerated from the plants that had been treated at $80^{\circ}C$ within 50 min. These results indicate that heat treatment at $80^{\circ}C$ for 55 min is an optimum condition to distinguish the lethality of orchardgrass plants. Simple viability assay system established in this study will be useful for selection and characterization of heat-tolerant transgenic orchardgrass plants.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.109-114
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• 2003

To investigate ecophysiological characteristics of plants species adapted to moor habitat, we selected 22 species plants and analyzed inorganic cations (K, Ca, Mg), heavy metals (Al, Fe, Mn) and total nitrogen and phosphorus quantitatively. Moojechi moor indicated typical acidic and oligotrophic conditions with pH of 5.0∼5.6 (pH 4.3∼5.1 in soil) and EC of 15∼30μ S/cm, and contained very low contents of soil divalent cation such as Ca and Mg but high contents of heavy metals (esp. Al). With respect to inorganic cation contents, investigated plants species showed remarkable interspecific difference. Plant species belonging to J. effusus var. decipiens, M. japonica, I. globosa, M. sacchariflorus, R. mucronulatum, R. yedoense var. poukhanense, H. micrantha, D. rotundifolia showed very low contents of inorganic cation below 400 μ M/g DW, but plant species of C. palustris var. spontanea, L. sessilifolia, P. mandarinorum, C. lineare, S. austriaca sub. glabra, V. mandshurica, A. decursiva showed high cation contents in leaves. Especially, S. austriaca sub. glabra (Compositae) and V. mandshurica (Violaceae) showed pattern accumulating Ca and Mg with plant growth, but I. ensata var. spontanea (Iridaceae) and S. officinalis (Rosaceae) showed decreasing tendency. Meanwhile, most plant species showed low contents of soluble metal ions in leaves in spite of high heavy metal contents on soil, and indicated remarkable interspecific differences in the total contents and composition of heavy metals accumulated. Despite low contents of N and P on soil, most plant species indicated relatively high contents of N and P in leaves at the early stage of growth, and showed slowly decreasing pattern according to growth. Consequently, it seems that plant species inhabited on Moojechi moor cope with acidic-oligotrophic conditions, accumulating inorganic cations and nitrogen at the early growing stage and reutilizing them in the course of growth, and developing heavy metal excluding mechanism.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.33-48
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• 2009

Capsule endoscopy is one of the most remarkable inventions in last ten years. Causing less pain for patients, diagnosis for entire digestive system has been considered as a most convenience method over a normal endoscope. However, it is known that the diagnosis process typically requires very long inspection time for clinical experts because of considerably many duplicate images of same areas in human digestive system due to uncontrollable movement of a capsule endoscope. In this paper, we propose a method for clinical diagnosticians to get highly valuable information from capsule-endoscopy video. Our software system consists of three global maps, such as movement map, characteristic map, and brightness map, in temporal domain for entire sequence of the input video. The movement map can be used for effectively removing duplicated adjacent images. The characteristic and brightness maps provide frame content analyses that can be quickly used for segmenting regions or locating some features(such as blood) in the stream. Our experiments show the results of four patients having different health conditions. The result maps clearly capture the movements and characteristics from the image frames. Our method may help the diagnosticians quickly search the locations of lesion, bleeding, or some other interesting areas.