• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.215-222
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• 1999

Platycodon root contains abundant pharmaceutical substances and is widely used as a food and a medicinal herb. This study was conducted to determine the cultural environment and soil morphological characteristics of platycodon. Sampling sites were Keochang 4, Kimhae 7, Haman 6, Chinju 6 and Koseong 3 fields in Kyongnam province and Hongcheong 6 fields in Kangwon province. The average continious cropping year was highest Chinju 8.0-years old, whereas lowest Hongcheon 2.3-years old. The average cropping area and compost application were highest Hongcheon 1.3ha and $108Mg\;ha^{-1}$ respectively than other areas. The slope was in order to Koseong steep slope with 35%. Koechang 28%, Flaman 16%, Chinju 11.7%, Kimhae 11% and Hongcheon 7.5%. The drainage classes was well drained in Koechang. Kimhae, Chinju and Koseong, while it s poorly drained in Hongcheon and Haman. Distribution of topography was highest rolling 37.9% and drainage classes was highest well drained 48.3%. The root disease incidence rate was in the order of Haman 56.8%, Hongcheon 52.5%, Kimhae 36.7%, Koechang 35.3%, Chinju 32.3% and Koseong 30.0%. The yield at the Chinju $36.17Mg\;ha^{-1}$ was higher than that of Koseong $25.00Mg\;ha^{-1}$, Kimhae $13.57Mg\;ha^{-1}$, Koechang $11.75Mg\;ha^{-1}$, Haman $9.50Mg\;ha^{-1}$ and Hongcheon $5.24Mg\;ha^{-1}$. The average temperature was correlated with the disease incidence rate by $Y=3.07X^2-87.16X+649.26(R^2=0.947^{**})$ and yield by $Y=-478.68X^2+13403X-90836(R^2=0.763^*)$. The root disease incidence rate was correlated with drainage classes Y=19.1X-5.26($R^2=0.592{***}$), topography Y=9.68X+10.77($R^2=0.205^{**}$) and slope Y=0.85X+-27.88 ($R^2=0.143^*$). The yield was correlated with drainage classes Y=-10X+42($R^2=0.348^{**}$), topography Y=-5.34X+34.5 ($R^2=0.134^*$) and slope Y=-0.68X+25.48($R^2=0.129^*$). The optimum cultivated land of perennial platycodon was average temperature $14^{\circ}C$, direction of southeast, topography of flat or undulating, slope of 0-6%, well drained.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.489-493
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• 2008

In 2004, Jorgensen and coworkers proposed the MUC4 gene as a candidate gene of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) F4ab/ac receptor in piglets and a mutation of $G{\rightarrow}C$ in intron 7 of MUC4 was identified to be associated with the ETEC F4ab/ac adhesion phenotypes. In this study, we used 310 piglets of three breeds (Landrace, Large White and Chinese Songliao Black) to analyze the relationship between this mutation and the F4ab/ac adhesion phenotype. The results show that the genotypes at this site and the ETEC F4ab/ac adhesion phenotypes were not completely consistent, although they are very strongly associated. Among the individuals with genotype CC, which was identified as a resistant genotype to F4ab/ac adhesion, only 72.1% (124/172) were non-adhesive to ETEC F4ab and 77.9% (134/172) were non-adhesive to ETEC F4ac infections. This suggests that this mutation may not be the causative mutation for ETEC F4ab/ac adhesion, rather, the actual causative mutation may be in another gene closely linked to MUC4, or at aother site within the MUC4 gene. Our results also suggest that the receptors of F4ab and F4ac may be determined by two different but closely linked loci. In order to screen other genes related to F4ab/ac adhesion in piglets, the mRNA profiles from six full sib piglets, of which three were adhesive to ETEC F4ab/ac and three non-adhesive, were analyzed by suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH). One up-regulated gene, Ep-CAM, was selected for further analysis based on its role in the intestinal epithelial cells adhesion. Using real-time RT-PCR, we found that the Ep-CAM gene was significantly up-regulated in the piglets adhesive to F4ab/ac. It was mapped to SSC3q11-q14 by radiation hybrid mapping.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.16-23
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• 1978

This study was carried out for the purpose of observing the effect of Korean Acanthopanax Radicis Cortex on renal hypertension and to clarify the mechanism of this effect, making use of its ethanol extract. Adult male or female rats, weighing 180-250g, were divided into 3 groups; the first for normotensive control, the second for hypertensive control and the third for hypertensive Acantopanax-treatment. Rats in the normotensive and hypertensive control group were administered 0.9% saline subcutaneously only, whereas those in the Acanthopanax-treated hypertensive group were administered 50mg/kg Acanthopanax ethanol extract subcutanously once a day. Changes of original blood pressure, and responses of blood pressure to various 4gents(norepinephrine, angiotensin, acetylcholine, serotonin and histamine) were recorded for each group on the initial, 18th, 32nd and 46th days of the experiment. The results obtained in this experiment are as follows: 1) The initial blood pressure was $102.6{\pm}7.6mmHg$ on the average. The blood pressures of the normotensive control group were not observed to alter significantly at any period in the course of the experiment. 2) The mean blood pressures in the hypertensive control group were recorded at $120.3{\pm}10.4mmHg$ on the 18th day, at $134.5{\pm}9.2$ on the 32nd day and at $138.8{\pm}8.3$ on the 46th day, thus revealing significant elevation in comparison with the corresponding normotensive control group blood pressures. On the other hand, the mean blood pressures in Acanthopanax-treated hypertensive group on the 18th, 32nd and 46th days were $118.3{\pm}9.7,\;129.9{\pm}8.3\;and\;120.2{\pm}8.3mmHg$ respectively. The blood pressures of the hypertensive-Acanthopanax group recorded. on the 46th day revealed a significant difference as compared with those of the corresponding hypertensive control group. 3) On the 46th day of this experiment, the responses of blood pressure to acetylcholine in the hypertensive-Acanthopanax group were suppressed significantly as compared with those of the hypertensive control group, and in the latter group, angiotensin was decreased markedly as compared with the corresponding normotensive control group. In contrast, pressor action of norepinephrine and depressor action of serotonin and histamine did not differ significantly among the three groups. These results suggest that Acanthopanax ethanol extract suppresses the induction of renal hypertension by means of a cholinergic action such as that caused by acetylcholine.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.219-224
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of feldspar on laying Performance and e99 qualify in hens. A total of 96 'Tetra Brown' layers were assigned to 4 treatments in a completely randomized design. Each treatment consisted 4 replicates accommodating 6 layers per replication. Experiment diets were a control diet without feldspar and supplemented 0.5, 1.0 and $1.5\%$ feldspar. The egg Production rate was significantly increased in layers 134 diets supplemented 0.5 and $1.0\%$ feldspar compared to that of control (P<0.05). Egg weight, egg mass, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, egg shell strength and egg yolk color were not significantly different among the treatments (P>0.05). The haugh unit and blood spot of the eggs were significantly increased in $1.5\%$ feldspa. diets compared to that of control (p<0.05). However, the albumen index and meat spot in the eggs were not statistically different among treatments (P>0.05). Sensory evaluation traits were not significantly differed in terms of appearance, color, texture flavor and overall acceptability of eggs (P>0.05). The juiciness of boiled eggs was significantly increased in eggs of birds fed $1.0\%$ feldspar diets(P>0.05).

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.29 no.1 s.52
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• pp.113-131
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• 1996

This study was carried out to evaluate the relations among workers' general characteristics, work-related behaviors and health related behaviors in a steel industry with 1,134 workers in Pohang. The results were as follows; 1. The mean age of workers was 50 years old and working duration was 15 years and over. Most of them were married(94.5%) and had studied beyond high school (53.0%). They performed three shift work and most of them(63.0%) had experienced industial accidents. The frequency of noise and dust exposure was defined by a minimum of 6 hours per day, and workers complained about noise exposure(62.9%) and dust(55.6%). There were current smokers(67.7%), current drinkers(74.3%) and current exercising workers(32.3%) in the industry. The number of cigarette consumption in current drinkers was significantly high $(13.6{\pm}8.4\;pieces/day)$ and the alcohol consumption in current smokers was significantly high$(104.5{\pm}113.5\;g/wk)$. And the number of cigarette consumption of exercisers was significantly low and the alcohol consumption of exercisers was higher than non-exercisers. 3. The ratio of current smokers on frequent noise in exposed workers versus non-exposed workers was not significantly high but the current drinkers in frequent noise and dust exposed workers was significantly higher than non-exposed. 4. The normal levels of SGOT workers in non-smokers were significantly higher than in current smokers, and the normal levels of LFT (SGOT, SGPT, $\gamma-GTP$ workers in nondrinkers were significantly high. The normal levels of SBP and DBP workers in current smokers were not significantly high but were significantly high in non-drinkers. 5. The ratio of current smokers in voters unsatisfied with their job and working condition was higher than non-smokers, but the ratio of current drinkers in workers satisfied with their job and working condition were higher. 6. The significant factors for SGOT and $\gamma-GTP$ were age, the drinking amount and BMI. But the only significant factor for r-GTP was BMI. The significant factors for DBP were age, the alcohol consumption and BMI. And the significant factors for SBP were age, BMI.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.312-318
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• 1995

To investigate the effect of N split application on the increasing ratio of yield and the yield of rice, urea and slow-releasing complex for sideband placement of fertilizer were applied in Jeonbuk series of Honam plain area. Increasing ratio of yield by N split application was higher in puddled drill seeding (PDS) than flooded direct seeding surface (FDSS) under split application of 40-0-30-30% and 70-0-0-30% at basal, 3 leaf, 5 leaf and panicle initiation stage, respectively. It was also higher in LCU application of 70 % of total urea amount than urea application but was not different between two methods of seeding in urea application. Nitrogen ratio transfered to rough grain of rice was higher in FDSS than PDS, errespective of methed of split application, except for the split application of 0, 40, 30 and 30% N fertilizer at basal, 3 leaf, 5 leaf and panicle initiation stage, respectively. Nitrogen amount outflowed by artificial drainage for paddy field drying in a day after application of fertilizer was 1,134g/10a in PDS. $NH_4-N$ incerased higher in PDS than FDSS under split application of urea, while was versa under LCU application.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.129-134
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• 2015

Hybrid strains was selected by crossing between dikaryotic strain ASI 0628 (Dagul) bred from ASI 2596 (Suhan No.3) and ASI 2782(Black pileus mutant) and monokaryotic strain ASI 2344-84. The strain 84 that shown the best cultural characteristics was selected to be a new cytoplasmic hybrid variety and named as 'Chunhwashim'. The 'Chunhwashim' shown incompatibility among them forming the confrontation growth line against parental strains ASI 0628 (Dagul) and ASI 2344 (chunchu 2ho). Fruiting body produced about $161.4{\pm}4.8g$ per bottle. And also the individual generation of fruit body is multiple than chunchu2ho as 40.9. The 'Chunhwashim' was cytoplasmic hybrid included hybrid DNA bands of parental strains ASI 0628 (Dagul) and ASI 2344 (chunchu 2ho) by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primer, and mitochondria DNA band of monokaryotic ASI 2344 (chunchu 2ho) using mitochondria microsatellite DNA marker. This new cytoplasmic hybrid variety 'Chunhwashim' of oyster mushroom is characterized by multiple of individual generation and deeply grey color of pileus.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.1055-1064
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• 2009

Enteroviruses were identified and characterized from patients with aseptic meningitis and other enterovirus-related diseases in Chungnam, Korea from 2005 to 2006. Enteroviruses were isolated from 79 of 519 cases (15.2%) in 2005, and 37 of 386 cases (9.6%) in 2006. Based on partial VP1 sequencing, a total of 116 enterovirus isolates were resolved into 13 types. Prevalent among the Chungnam isolates were echovirus 18 and coxsackievirus B5 in 2005, and echoviruses 5 and 25 in 2006. This is the first time echoviruses 5 and 18 have been identified in Korea since enterovirus surveillance began there in 1993. The temporal distribution of enterovirus epidemics in Chungnam showed a remarkable seasonal pattern, with cases occurring during most of the three months of the summer from June to August. The highest rate of enterovirus-positive cases occurred in patients less than 1 year of age. The ratio of male to female enterovirus-positive patients was approximately 1.8:1. Comparison of the VP1 amino acid sequences of the 15 coxsackievirus B5 isolates with reference strains revealed that all Chungnam isolates are substituted at positions 23 (V231), 19 (S19G), 75 (Y75F), and 95 (N95S). Upon comparing the nine ECV5 isolates with foreign strains, it was found that only the Chungnam isolates, with the exception of Kor06-ECV5-239cn, have P at position 153 and F at position 146. The three ECV9 isolates from 2006 show alterations at amino acids 36, 148, and 154 outside of the BC-loop and at position 84 in the BC-loop, whereas the seven isolates from 2005 and the other ECV9 strains in the database only show the alteration at position 84 (D, I, N, S). The five ECV25 isolates have an S residue at position 134, whereas most of the foreign strains have an N residue.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.127-134
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• 2012

We investigated the effects of fadrozol, an aromatase inhibitor (AI), and $17{\alpha}$-methyltestosterone (MT) on the induction of sex change in juvenile longtooth grouper $Epinephelus$ $bruneus$, via histological observation of gonads. Changes in the mRNA expression of GtH subunits (FSH-${\beta}$ and LH-${\beta}$) in the pituitary, and estradiol-$17{\beta}$ (E2) and 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) levels in the blood were also surveyed after AI and MT treatment. Juvenile longtooth groupers ($113{\pm}17g\;body\;weight$; $16.2{\pm}1.2cm\;body\;length$) received intramuscular injections of AI at 3 (3-AI) and 5 (5-AI) mg/kg BWdoses and MT at a 5 mg/kg BW (5-MT) dose. At week 7 post-injection, 3-AI and 5-MT oocytes were degenerated, and gonads of the 5-AI group initiated spermatogenesis. At week 21 post-injection, 3-AI- and 5-MT-treated gonads contained spermatogonia and spermatocytes, while 5-AI treatment induced advanced stages of spermatogenesis. The serum E2 level showed no significant differences throughout the experimental period, whereas that of 11-KT was significantly elevated in the 5-AI group at weeks 7 and 21 post-injection. A significant increase in the expression of FSH-${\beta}$ mRNA was evident in the 5-AI group at week 21 post-injection. In contrast, LH-${\beta}$ mRNA expression did not significantly differ among groups during the experimental period. These results imply that sex change has two stages in the longtooth grouper. In the first stage, oocytes are degenerated by the stimulation by 11-KT, and in the second stage spermatogenesis occurs, owing to the co-effects of 11-KT and FSH-${\beta}$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.68-77
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• 2006

This study was peformed to document the association between nutrient intakes, body mass index (BMI), waist/hip ratio (WHR), and a major risk factor for chronic diseases. A three-day dietary intake survey, using a 24 hour recall method, was obtained from 187 subjects aged 46 to 84 (mean age 65.3) living in Wando island area. The average daily mean energy intakes were 1869.0 kcal for male and 1943.9 kcal for female, respectively. Daily intakes of protein for male and female were 28.0 and 30.4 g, and those of fat were 31.5 and 28.51 g, respectively Carbohydrate dependency was decreased with age. Protein dependency was increased with age. The mean intakes of energy, protein, Vit. A, Vit. D, Vit. E, Ca, Zn did not meet Korean RDA for elderly. The level of serum triglyceride was higher in males than in females and showed the tendency to increase with age in both sexes, whereas HDL-cholesterol tended to decrease with age in both sexes. The levels of serum total-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were significantly higher in males than in females, particularly in the age of $46\~59$ (p<0.05). The level of atherogenic index (AI) was significantly higher in females than in males, particularly in the age of 80 and over (p<0.05) Based on these results, it is evident that people in island area did not consume enough nutrient. Specially, dietary intake of protein was not adequate. This study implies that triglyceride, total-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, AI were increased with increasing age, BMI and WHR.