• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.89-94
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• 2011

Objective : D-dimer is a breakdown product of fibrin mesh after factor XIII stabilization. Previously, many authors have demonstrated a relationship between D-dimer level and stroke progression or type. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between D-dimer level and stroke volume. Methods : Between January 2008 and December 2009, we analyzed the D-dimer levels of 59 acute ischemic stroke patients in our neurosurgical department both upon admission and after seven days of initial treatment. Each patient's National Institute of Health Stroke Scale score, modified Rankin Scales score, Glasgow outcome score, and infarction volume were also evaluated. Results : Mean D-dimer level at admission was 626.6 ${\mu}g/L$ (range, 77-4,752 ${\mu}g/L$) and the mean level measured after seven days of treatment was 238.3 ${\mu}g/L$ (range, 50-924 ${\mu}g/L$). Mean D-dimer level at admission was 215.3 ${\mu}g/L$ in patients with focal infarctions, 385.7 ${\mu}g/L$ in patients with multiple embolic infarctions, 566.2 ${\mu}g/L$ in those with 1-19 cc infarctions, 668.8 ${\mu}g/L$ in 20-49 cc infarctions, 702.5 ${\mu}g/L$ in 50-199 cc infarctions, and 844.0 ${\mu}g/L$ in >200 cc infarctions (p=0.044). On the 7th day of treatment, the D-dimer levels had fallen to 201.0 ${\mu}g/L$, 293.2 ${\mu}g/L$, 272.0 ${\mu}g/L$, 232.8 ${\mu}g/L$, 336.6 ${\mu}g/L$, and 180.0 ${\mu}g/L$, respectively (p=0.530). Conclusion : Our study shows that D-dimer level has the positive correlation with infarction volume and can be use to predict infarction-volume.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.534-546
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• 1991

Three-day dietary records data from 237 college students(male 65, female 172) were used as the basis to estimate total dietary fiber(DF) intake of Korean adults & to investigate the major food sources of fiber. Mean daily DF intake of the subjects was 15.2$\pm$3.7g range being 7.5-34g When related to energy intake women consume more DF(7.7$\pm$1.5/1000kcal) than men(6.8$\pm$1.7g/1000kcal) Mean daily crude fiber(CF) intake of the subjects was 6.2$\pm$2.4g The mean DF:CF ratio for the subjects was 2.5$\pm$0.5 indicating that DF intake is 2-3 times of CF intakes The intakes of the two measures of fiber were highly correlated(r=0.791) The major food sources for DF in Korean are vegetables cereals and fruits and 14.3% respectively In comparision with limited international data on the DF intake by adults DF intake by the subjects was similar to those of developed countries. Present study indicates that DF intakes of the subjects are considerably lower than recommended level and they need to consume more DF than the present level.

• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.101-108
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• 2001

Polybrominated diphenylether (PBDEs) congeners, 2,4,4'-TrBDE, 2,2',4,4'-TeBDE, 2,2',4,4',5-PeBDE, 2,2',4,4',5,5'-HXBDE, and 2,2',4,4',5,6-HxBDE, were measured in sediments from 52 stations in the southeastern coastal areas of Korea. Sediment samples were analyzed using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometer detector (GC/MSD) with positive electron impact (PEI) mode. New analytical methodology for PBDEs by the isotope dilution method was established using a multi-layer silica gel column chromatography. Total PBDEs levels in sediments for Pohang coast ranged from 1,1 to 33.8 ng/g dry weight (mean 5.3 ng/g dry), from 1.6 to 36.4 ng/g dry weight (mean 5.7 ng/g dry) for Ulsan coast, from 0.8 to 20.3 ng/g dry weight (mean 4.9 ng/g dry) for Busan coast, and from 0.8 to 10.3 ng/g dry weight (mean 4.4 ng/g dry) for Jinhae Bay. PBDEs contamination in surface sediments from Korean southeastern coasts was relatively moderate in comparison to that of other marine environment in the world. The predominant PBDE congeners were 2,2',4,4'-TeBDE and 2,2',4,4',5-PeBDE.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.2 no.3 s.3
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• pp.39-47
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• 1987

Breast milk samples collected from 8 areas of 59 lactating women were analysed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry for copper, zinc and manganese concentrations. The results were as follows; 1. The mean levels of Cu, Zn and Mn in the total samples were $342.6\pm138.9{\mu}g/l$ of Cu, $2.01\pm1.44mg/l$ of Zn and $8.67\pm5.12{\mu}g/l$ of Mn. 2. The mean Cu levels by lactation periods were $504.5\pm166.2{\mu}g/l$ in 1-4 weeks, $345.0\pm100.0{\mu}g/l$ in 5-12 weeks, $276.4\pm84.8{\mu}g/l$ in 13-36 weeks and indicated decreasing concentrations by the post-partus period progressed. (p<0.01) 3. The mean Zn levels were $3.50\pm2.10mg/1$ in 1-4 weeks, $2.08\pm0.79mg/1$ in 5-12 weeks, $1.38\pm0.91mg/l$ and showed the decline trend by the lactation periods. (p< 0.01) 4. The mean levels of Mn were $8.964\pm3.313{\mu}g/l$ in 1-4 weeks, $7.971\pm6.066{\mu}g/l$ in 5-12 weeks, $8.357\pm4.966{\mu}g/$ in 13-36 weeks and didn't indicate significant decreasing concentrations by the lactation periods.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.69-77
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• 2009

The maximum and mean acceleration rates of vehicles estimated from the stopping conditions at signalized intersections provided an important clue to analyze traffic accident investigation when there was a dispute about legal liability such as first entering vehicle at the intersection, etc. This paper provided the maximum and mean acceleration rates of vehicles reflecting current traffic conditions in Korea through field studies. The mean acceleration rates of vehicles at stopline were measured up to 50m at the intervals of 5m. Results showed that the mean acceleration rate for bus was found to be $1.011^m/s^2{\sim}1.314^m/s^2$(0.1g~0.13g), and for passenger car was $1.548^m/s^2{\sim}1.818^m/s^2$(0.16g~0.19g). Statistical test results indicated that the observed differences from vehicle types and vehicle positions were statistically significant for the all ranges tested. It is expected that the accuracy of accident investigation practice will be improved by applying the acceleration rate values presented in this paper.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.93-103
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• 2009

To measure the mineral contents of marine invertebrates, we collected 239 individuals from 52 species from the east (Pohang), west (Gunsan), and south (Tongyeong) coasts of Korea: 34 species of molluscan shellfish (Gastropoda and Bivalvia), 6 species of Cephalopoda, 8 species of Crustacea, and 4 other species. The mean contents of the macro mineral in the 100g edible portion of molluscan shellfish were high in the oder of Na (355.1 mg), P (128.1 mg), K (110.8 mg), Mg (83.8 mg) and Ca (57.5 mg). And the mean contents of the micro mineral in the molluscan shellfish were high in the oder of Fe ($41.12{\mu}g/g$), Zn ($30.48{\mu}g/g$), Mn ($3.81{\mu}g/g$), Cu ($3.49{\mu}g/g$) and Ni ($0.35{\mu}g/g$). We could not observe clear regional variation in the mineral content of the molluscan shellfish species. The mean contents of the macro mineral in the 100g edible portion of other marine invertebrates (Cephalopoda, Crustacea, etc.) were high in the oder of Na (400.7 mg), P (145.1 mg), K (105.0 mg), Mg (63.2 mg) and Ca (49.0 mg). And the mean contents of the micro mineral in other marine invertebrates were high in the oder of Zn ($24.4{\mu}g/g$), Fe ($13.8{\mu}g/g$), Cu ($4.88{\mu}g/g$), Mn ($2.14{\mu}g/g$) and Ni ($0.12{\mu}g/g$). The daily average intakes of the macro mineral through fisheries products consisted of P (125.9 mg), Na (119.3 mg), K (101.8 mg), Ca (31.0 mg), Mg (27.6 mg). And the daily average intakes of the micro mineral through fisheries products consisted of Zn (0.92 mg), Fe (0.68 mg), Cu (0.12 mg) and Mn (0.07 mg). The respective intakes of the minerals (P, Mg, Na, Ca, K) from fish were about 18.0, 7.9, 8.0, 4.4 and 2.2% of the dietary reference intakes for Koreans (KDRIs) set by the Korean Nutrition Society. And the respective intakes of micro mineral (Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn) from fish were about 14.6, 9.2, 6.7, and 2.1% of the dietary reference intakes for Koreans (KDRIs). Therefore, fisheries products play a very important role as a source of mineral.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.9-17
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• 2015

In order to elucidate the current state of marine pollution of heavy metals around major shipyards in Korea, seawater samples were collected at eleven sampling stations and four control stations around 4 major shipyards located in the southeastern coast of Korea in summer 2010, and 6 kinds of metals such as copper(Cu), zinc(Zn), iron(Fe), cadmium(Cd), lead(Pb) and mercury(Hg) in seawater samples were analyzed. The analyses of heavy metals in seawater showed that the mean Cu concentrations in seawater around 4 major shipyards were in the range of $0.817{\sim}1.638{\mu}g/L$ which were lower than Korean environmental standards of $20{\mu}g/L$ for the protection of human health(PHH) and of $3{\mu}g/L$ for short-term protection of marine ecosystem(SPME) but higher than Cu concentration at control station by a factor of up to 2.75. The mean Zn concentrations were in the range of $0.228{\sim}0.567{\mu}g/L$ which were lower than Korean environmental standards of $100{\mu}g/L$ for PHH and $34{\mu}g/L$ for SPME but higher than Zn concentration at control station by a factor of up to 5.91. The mean Fe concentrations were in the range of $3.332{\sim}7.410{\mu}g/L$ which were higher than Fe concentration at control station by a factor of up to 6.75. The mean Cd concentrations were in the range of $0.013{\sim}0.028{\mu}g/L$ which were lower than Korean environmental standards of $10{\mu}g/L$ for PHH and $19{\mu}g/L$ for SPME but higher than Cd concentration at control station by a factor of up to 2.33. The mean Pb concentrations were in the range of $0.007{\sim}0.126{\mu}g/L$ which were lower than Korean environmental standards of $50{\mu}g/L$ for PHH and $7.6{\mu}g/L$ for SPME. The mean Hg concentrations were in the range of $0.002{\sim}0.004{\mu}g/L$ which were lower than Korean environmental standards of $0.5{\mu}g/L$ for PHH and $1.8{\mu}g/L$ for SPME. Although the concentrations of metals such as Cu, Zn and Fe which were used in shipbuilding works were lower than Korean environmental standards for PHH and SPME, the fact that the concentrations of Cu, Zn and Fe at sampling stations around major shipyards were higher than those at control stations implies that the works in shipyards had some effects on marine water quality around shipyards. Therefore, marine environment management such as the prevention and control of the discharge of various pollutants from shipyards is required on national level.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.330-336
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• 1984

These studies were aimed to find out the representative values of physico-chemical properties in Korean soils and to serve the basic informations to improve the soil properties for increasing the soil productivity. By the results of detailed soil survey, 14 physico-chemical properties (soil texture, moisture characteristics, organic matter content etc) were collected from 315 series of soils except Cheju soils, computerized the simple mean and the distributed area by weighted mean values with grouping of land use, drainage class and soil type. The results were as follows; 1. Simple mean values within the efficient soil depth in whole country soils were clay 20.0%, organic matter 2.03% and CEC 10.3me/100g. But weighted mean values with land area belonged to the same soil series were clay 18.0%, OM 1.85% and CEC 8.6me/100g. 2. Mean values of paddy soils weighted by area were clay 19.7%, OM 2.0% and CEC 9.1me/100g but those of upland soils were 17.9%, 1.8% and 8.1me/100g and forest soils were 16.7%, 1.8% and 8.6me/100g respectively. 3. Weighted mean values of moderately well soils with covered area were clay 18.9%, organic matter 1.7%, CEC 8.4me/100g but those of imperfectly drained soils were 21.3%, 2.2% and 9.5me/100g, and those of poorly drained soils were 15.1%, 1.8% and 9.9me/100g respectivcly. 4. Simple mean and area weighted mean values of clay content, pH, organic matter contents, cation exchange capacity and base saturation were calculated by the types of paddy and upland.

• Journal of the Korean Operations Research and Management Science Society
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.164-176
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• 1991

This paper considers the model of a k-out-of-n :G system with non-identical components which are subject to both forced and planned outages. For the forced outages, it assumes that there are the independent and common-cause outage events causing component failures. Then, the objective is to derive the upper and lower bounds on the mean operating time between system failures in the ample-server model. In addtion, the mean system failure times are also considered.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.267-271
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• 1992

Present study was undertaken in order to evaluate the cadmium contents of various feedstuffs produced in Chonbuk area. Fifty-five samples were collected from 5 regions. All of the samples were dry-ashed and analyzed for cadmium content using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results obtained were summarized as followed : 1. The cadmium content in $\mu\textrm{g}$/g of agriculture by-products were measured with the following mean values and ranges : soybean pod 3.15${\pm}$0.51(2.40∼3.81), rice bran 2.87${\pm}$0.23(2.50∼3.09), rice straw 1.66${\pm}$0.85(1.08∼3.14), rice hull 0.86${\pm}$0.45(0.41∼1.35). 2. The cadmium content in $\mu\textrm{g}$/g of pasture plants were measured with the following mean values and ranges : kudzu 5.65${\pm}$1.00(4.87∼7.29), sagebrush 4.86${\pm}$1.24(2.89∼6.24), clove, 4.28${\pm}$0.75(2.99∼4.86), lespedeza 3.99${\pm}$1.21(2.38∼4.94), Korean lawn grass 2.24${\pm}$1.04(1.33∼3.44), reed 1.99${\pm}$0.95(0.88∼2.91), cornstalk 1.61${\pm}$0.99(0.38∼3.12). 3. The regional mean values for all kinds of samples were Okgu-gun 3.19${\pm}$2.09$\mu\textrm{g}$/g, Mooju-gun 3.15${\pm}$1.73$\mu\textrm{g}$/g, Wanju-gun 3.05${\pm}$1.76$\mu\textrm{g}$/g, Namwon-gun 2.85${\pm}$1.70$\mu\textrm{g}$/g, Jeongup-gun 2.85${\pm}$1.25$\mu\textrm{g}$/g.