• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.72-77
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• 2003

The six-year old fresh ginseng collected at earlier October was stored for 10 weeks in the condition of 4$^{\circ}C$${\pm}$1$^{\circ}C$ and RH 87∼92%, and the chemical components were investigated in an interval oi one week by taking sample of it after making it to the freeze-dryed ginseng and the red ginseng. The total sugar content of the red ginseng was a little reduced as the period of storage elapsed, and the reducing sugar content was 1.48eic before it was stored and was increased to 23.33% after 10 weeks of storage. For the free sugar of the red ginseng, the content of the fructose was increased, bit the contents of the glucose and the sucrose were gradually decreased after it was a little increased. The content of the maltese was 6.62% before storage and it was gradually decreased. For the free sugar of the freeze-dryed ginseng, the contents of the fructose, the glucose and the sucrose were increased. Especially the content of the sucrose was 10.96% before it was stored and was a increased to 24.38% after 7 weeks of storage, and the content of maltose was not detected. The yield of water extract was a little high at 7-8 weeks of storage and the pH was a little high at 3-4 weeks of storage. The turbidity was not changed for the freeze-dryed ginseng but was decreased for the red ginseng The water non-soluble protein was not detected in the red ginseng, and for the freeze-dryed ginseng the water non-soluble protein was reduced and the water soluble protein was increased as the period of storage was elapsed. The contents of the phenolic compounds for the red ginseng and the freeze-dryed ginseng and have their peak values after 7 and 9 weeks of storage respectively, and the amount of phenolic compounds was larger for the red ginseng. For the content of the non-volatile organic acids, the content of the citric acid was decreased both for the red ginseng and the freeze-dryed ginseng, and the contents of the glut-matic acid and the pyruvic acid were very small for the freeze-dryed ginseng, but were detected in the red ginseng at a maximum value of 37 ${\mu}$g/g and 592 ${\mu}$g/g respectively.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.91-96
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of days open on subsequent reproductive performance following to estrus synchronization in the 114 lactating dairy cows. The animals were divided into two groups according to the time of estrus synchronization; viz, ${\leq}$ 85 days, and > 85 days postpartum, respectively. The estrus synchronization protocol consisted of insertion of a controlled internal drug release (CIDR) device containing 1.9 g progesterone with an injection of 250 ${\mu}g$ gonadorelin (Day 0), an injection of $PGF_2{\alpha}$ and removal of the device on Day 7, an injection of 250 ${\mu}g$ GnRH on Day 9, and TAI 17 h later. Pregnancy diagnosis was determined at 30 to 60 days after TAI using both ultrasonography and rectal palpation. The body condition score (BCS) gradually increased over the postpartum period. In estrus synchronized cows until 85 days, conception rate on first service, number of service per conception, interval from estrus synchronization to conception, and interval from calving to conception were not significantly different among two farms (P>0.05). In estrus synchronized cows after 85 days postpartum, conception rate on first service, number of service per conception and interval from calving to conception were significantly different ($P{\leq}0.05$) between herds A and B (26.8 vs 50.0%; $2.1{\pm}1.35$ vs $1.37{\pm}0.54$ times, $237.3{\pm}97.8$ vs $164.7{\pm}69.3$ days, respectively). In estrus synchronized cows after 85 days postpartum interval from estrus synchronization to conception was greater (P<0.01) in herd B than in herd A ($63.6{\pm}57.4$ vs $26.1{\pm}24.9$). These results indicate that the time of estrus synchronization for maximized the reproductive performance is before 85 days postpartum and feeding and management is important factor for high reproductive performance.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.2425-2430
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• 2015

Clinical resistance to chemotherapeutic agents is one of the major hindrances in the treatment of human cancers. EHZ2 is involved in drug resistance and is overexpressed in drug-resistant cancer cell lines. In this study, we investigated the effects of EHZ2 on cisplatin -resistance in A549/DDP and AGS/DDP cells. EHZ2 mRNA and protein were found to be significantly overexpressed in A549/DDP and AGS/DDP cells, compared to parental cells. EHZ2 siRNA successfully silenced EHZ2 mRNA and protein expression. Proliferation was inhibited and drug resistance to cisplatin was improved. Flow cytometry showed that silencing of EHZ2 arrested A549/DDP and AGS/DDP cells in the G0/G1 phase, increasing apoptosis, rh-123 fluorescence intensity and caspase-3/8 activities. Silencing of EHZ2 also significantly reduced the mRNA and protein expression levels of cyclin D1 and MDR1,while up-regulating p15, p21, p27 and miR-218 in A549/DPP cells. Furthermore, silencing of EHZ2 also significantly increased the expression level of tumor suppressor factor miR-218. We also found down-regulating EHZ2 expression increased methylation in A549/DDP and AGS/DDP cells. This study demonstrates that drug resistance can be effectively reversed in human cisplatin-resistant lung and gastric cancer cells through delivery of siRNAs targeting EHZ2.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.23-28
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• 1999

Commercial red ginseng, which was manufactured for the past 6 years, showed a microbial level of 2.0${\times}$10\ulcorner to 7.2${\times}$10\ulcorner CFU/g of total aerobic bacteria and molds. The moisture content of commercial products was ranged from 13.54 to 17.26%, which were higher than that of the product standard, 14%. Irradiation of red ginseng at 2.5 kGy resulted in the reduction of microorganisms contaminated to below the detectable level. Irradiation prevented mold growth on red ginseng during storage at RH 90% and 25$^{\circ}C$; molds were found at the 72nd day after storage in 2.5 kGy-irradiated sample, while 41st day in the nonirradiated control. At this point of time, irradiated samples showed an increased level of moisture content required for mold growth, 22.2% in 2.5 kGy group and 21.5% in control group. Based on the above results, microbiological qualities of red ginseng could be effectively improved by the optimum dose of irradiation, which was expected to secure the quality stability of red ginseng during distribution under the high-moistured conditions.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.99-111
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• 1998

Chemical composition of the insoluble residue in a simulated spent PWR fuel(SIMRJEL) were studied. SIMFUELS were prepared by adding calculated amount of FP(fission product) elements with a burnup of 3.6% FIMA(fission per initial metal atom) to uranium in nitrate solution, evaporating the mixed solution to dryness, calcining at 90$0^{\circ}C$ in a stream of 4% H$_2$ + 96% He, and heating the pellet at 140$0^{\circ}C$ under high and low oxygen potentials. Insoluble residue was obtained from the dissolution of the SIMFUEL with HNO$_3$(1 : 1). The chemical composition of the SIMFUELs and the insoluble residues was determined by EPMA(electron probe microanalysis), XPS(X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) and by XRD (X-ray diffraction) measurements. All of the insoluble residues suspended and precipitated were composed mainly of Mo, Ru with a small amount of Zr, Rh, Pd and Cd. The amount of insoluble residue(<1 wt.%) and a Mo/Ru ratio decreased with increasing oxygen potential. Formation of the zirconium molybdate precipitate, ZrMo$_2$O$_{7}$(OH)$_2$($H_2O$)$_2$, was observed in the residues. The possible role of Mo on the phase formation was discussed in regard to oxygen potential.l.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.291-299
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• 2020

Background: Ginseng (G) and Ligustrum lucidum Ait (LLA) are core traditional Chinese medicines in treating myelosuppression formula. The present study was designed to profile effect of G and LLA herb pair (G-LLA) on myelosuppressed mice. Methods: The mice myelosuppression model was established by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of cyclophosphamide (Cy). Hematopoietic function of bone marrow was measured by hemopoietic progenitor cell culture and peripheral blood count, and serum hemopoietic factors were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Bone marrow cell cycle was performed by flow cytometry. HPLC was used to measure 20 potential chemical components related to myelosuppression, including ginsenoside Rg₁, Re, Rb₁, Rc, Rb₂, Rb₃, Rd, Rk₃, Rh₄, 20 (S)-Rg₃, 20 (R)-Rg₃, Rk₁, Rg₅, salidroside, and so on. Results: G, LLA, and G-LLA improved the amount of peripheral blood cells and bone marrow cells of myelosuppressed mice (P < 0.01). They significantly increased the colony quantity of colony-forming unit-granulocyte macrophage, burst-forming unit-erythroid, colony-forming unit-erythroid, and colony-forming unit-megakaryocyte and amount of G₂/M and S phase cells (P < 0.01). They also significantly decreased the amount of hematopoiesis-related cytokines (P < 0.01). The content of chemical components in G-LLA changed, and the change of rare saponin was the most obvious. Conclusion: These results show that G-LLA herb pair might produce synergistic or complementary compatibility effects on bone marrow suppression after chemotherapy. It suggests that the substance basis of G-LLA for treating bone marrow suppression may be effective chemical components.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2009

This study was conducted to determine the effects of processed tobacco leaves on the development, adult emergence and body weight of the cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Anobiidae) is serious insect pest of tobacco leaves and cigarette during storage. Developmental time, adult emergence rate and adult weight of the cigarette beetle, were evaluated on the cured tobacco and burley tobacco leaves at $30{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ with $70{\pm}5$ % RH under 12L:12D. The developmental time on all of the flue-cured tobacco leaves was about 61 days, but in the only CD3W and CD4TR grade burley tobacco, the developmental times ranged from 70 days to 74 days. Among the flue-cured tobacco leaves, the highest beetle emergence rate was 123 % on the CD3L grade, and the lowest was on the AB4OR grade. Adult body weights of the cigarette beetle reared on flue-cured tobacco were about 2.11~2.46 mg, and on the only CD3W and CD4TR grade burley tobacco were about 1.86~1.96 mg. Among the flue-cured tobacco leaves, the highest adult body weight(2.46 mg) of cigarette beetle was observed on the B1O grade flue-cured tobacco, whereas the lowest adult weight(2.11 mg) was observed on the CD4L grade flue-cured tobacco. The adult weight of cigarette beetle reared on whole meal was 2.04mg.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.10a
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• pp.899-901
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• 2009

The magnesium fluoride ($MgF_2$) has very higher optical transmission than oxide or nitride material applied for gas barrier, so we manufactured Mg-Zn-F films with Mg-Zn-F target mixed in the various ratio of $MgF_2$ to Zn and characterized films' properties. Zn is used to increase packing density of barrier film. Thickness and optical transmission of Mg-Zn-F are 200 nm and over 90 %, respectively. The result of water vapor transmission rate at 38, RH 90 ~ 100% of the Mg-Zn-F film deposited with 4 : 6 ($MgF_2$ : Zn) ratio target reached below $1{\times}10^{-3}g$/($m^2{\cdot}day$), measuring limit of instrument.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.725-729
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• 1999

In order to utilize large size anchor effectively, fermented and powdered anchovy seasoning for extractives was manufactured, Fermented anchovy saesoning was fabricated by adding $10\%$ koji of Aspergillus oryzae and mixing with $5\%$ Laminalia. The optimum fermentation temperature, humidity and time for manufacture of anchovy saesoning were $40^{\circ}C$, RH $80\%$ and 48 hrs, respectively. The amount of total free amino acids in anchovy seasoning with $5\%$ Lansinaria was 6,486.9 mg/100 g, while that of commercial product was 444.4 mg/100 g. The principal taste compounds in anchovy seasoning material were IMP and amino acids such as leucine, glutamic acid, histidine, alanine and valine. Extractive nitrogen and organoleptic quality of the extractives in anchovy seasoning packed in tea bag with air permeability, 100 $m^3/m^2/min$, were better than those of commercial product.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.268-273
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• 2002

Mutagenic potential of HM10411 (recombinant human granulocyte colony stimulating factor) was evaluated by bacterial reverse mutation test, in vitro chromosome aberration test and in vivo micronucleus test. The bacterial reverse mutation test was performed using the histidine auxotroph strains of Salmonella typhimurium TA100, TA1535, TA98, TA1537 and tryptophan auxotroph strain of Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA. The negative results of the bacterial reverse mutation test suggest that HM10411 does not induce mutation, in the genome of Salmonella typhimurium and E. coli under the conditions used. In addition, it has little clastogenicity either in vitro chromosome aberration test or in vivo micronucleus test. For in vitro chromosomal aberration test, Chinese hamster lung(CHL) cells were exposed to HM10411 of 23, 46 or 92 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml for 6 or 24 hours in the absence and for 6 hours in the presence of metabolic activation system. There was no significant increase in the number of aberrant metaphase in HM 10411-treated groups at any dose levels both in the presence and absence of metabolic activation system. The micronucleus test was carried out using specific pathogen free(SPF) 7-week old male ICR mice, The test item, HM10411 was intraperitoneally administered at 1150, 2300 or 4600 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg once a day for 2 consecutive days. There was no significant increase in the frequencies of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes(PCEs) at any treated groups compared with negative control group. Therefore, these results demonstrate that the test item, HM10411, was not mutagenic under the condition of these studies.