• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.95-100
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• 1996

The effect of the extracellular protease of Salmonella schottmulleri on human serum constituents such as immunoglobulins, hemoglobin and lysozyme and tissue constituents such as fibronectin and collagens was investigated. This protease degraded collagens (type I and III), fibronectin and serum proteins such as human hemoglobin and lysozyme. Bovine serum albumin was degraded slightly. Thus, the present study suggested the possibility that this protease is not only played an important role in invasion of S. schottmulleri by degrading the constituent proteins such as collagens and fibronectin but also induced complications observed in septicemia and chronic infections by degrading the serum proteins. This protease is also capable of degrading defence-oriented humoral proteins, immunoglobulins (IgG and IgM). Furthermore, it is toxic to HEp-2 cells. These findings clarified the possible role of Salmonella protease as a virulence factor in the pathogenesis of Salmonella infections.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.111-121
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• 2009

Cell membrane proteins play crucial roles in the cell's molecular interaction with its environment and within itself. They consist of membrane-bound proteins and many types of transmembrane (TM) proteins such as receptors, transporters, channel proteins, and enzymes. Membrane proteomes of cellular organisms reveal some characteristics in their global topological distribution according to their evolutionary positions, and show their own information transfer complexity. Predicted transmembrane segments (TMSs) in membrane proteomes with HMMTOP showed near power-law distribution and frequency characteristics in 6-TMS and 7-TMS proteins in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, respectively. This reaffirms the important roles of membrane receptors in cellular communication and biological evolutionary history.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.807-810
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• 1993

Extracellular proteins of Bacillus sp. WY-60 were obtained, and then the properties of the isolated proteins were characterized. The proteins were composed of two kinds of protein in size. The molecular weight of the major protein was around 21,000 according to the gel filtration chromatography and SDS-polyacryamide gel electrophoresis. The amino acid composition showed that glutamic acid was a major amino acid with the concentration of 26.16mg/g. The isoelectric point of the proteins was about pH 7.5.

• Mycobiology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.47-53
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• 2004

Pseudomonas fluorescens 1-94 induced systemic resistance in chickpea against Fusarium wilt of chickpea caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri by the synthesis and accumulation of phenolic compounds, phenylalanine ammonia lyase(PAL) and pathogenesis related(PR) proteins(chitinase, $\beta$-1,3-glucanase and peroxidase). Time-course accumulation of these enzymes in chickpea plants inoculated with P. fluorescens was significantly(LSD, P=0.05) higher than control. Maximum activities of PR-proteins were recorded at 3 days after inoculation in all induced plants; thereafter, the activity decreased progressively. Five PR peroxidases detected in induced chickpea plants. Molecular mass of these purified peroxidases was 20, 29, 43, 66 and 97 kDa. Purified peroxidases showed antifungal activity against plant pathogenic fungi.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.320-324
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• 2002

To establish a rapidly immunochemical identification on a dinoflagellate, Cochlodinium polykrikoides, a specific antigenic protein as a maker on the cell membrane was isolated. The cell membranes of C. polykrikoides and Gymnodinium sangineum were harvested by centrifugation after osmotic shock. The membrane proteins of both cells were solubilized in 50 mM Na-carbonate contained 1 mM DTT, and separated the proteins on SDS-PACE. Immune-blot on the solubilized membrane proteins of the both cells was performed with antiserum against the solubilized membrane proteins of C. polykrikoides. A 120 kDa membrane protein of C. polykrikoides had remarkablely different antigenicity from that of G. sangineum.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.233-240
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• 2015

Some virulence proteins of Helicobacter pylori, such as vacuolating cytotoxic protein A (VacA) and cytotoxin-associated gene protein A (CagA) have been reported to be causative agents of various gastric diseases including chronic gastritis, gastric ulcer or gastric adenocarcinoma. The expression level of these virulence proteins can be regulated when H. pylori is exposed to the antibacterial agent, cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (C3G) as previously reported. In this study, we analyzed the quantitative change of various virulence proteins including CagA and VacA by C3G treatment. We used 2-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) to analyze the quantitative change of representative ten proteome components of H. pylori 60190 ($VacA^+/CagA^+$; standard strain of Eastern type). After 2-DE analysis, spot intensities were analyzed using ImageMaster$^{TM}$ 2-DE Platinum software then each spot was identified using matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) or peptide sequencing using Finnigan LCQ ion trap mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS). Next, we selected major virulence proteins of H. pylori among quantitatively meaningful ten spots and confirmed the 2-DE results by Western blot analysis. These results suggest that cyanidin 3-O-glucoside can modulate a variety of H. pylori pathogenic determinants.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.256-260
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• 1993

DNA subfragments, sopA, sopB and sopC which help to maintain the stability of an ori C plasmid, were derived from a mini-F plasmid DNA (EcoRI restriction fragment f5) after digestion with restriction endonuclease, and cloned in the vector plasmid pBR322. The recombinant plasmids obtained were introduced into E. coli KY7231 and E. coli CSR603 strains, and proteins specified by the mini-F fragments were analysed by SDS-PAGE. Two proteins encoded by the F fragments were detected, and their molecular weights were 41,000 and 37,000 daltons. Fluorography after one and two dimensional gel electrophoresis of the lysates showed that these two proteins had been overproduced in the cells which were allowed to incorporate radioactive amino acid after plasmid amplification by chloramphenicol treatment. The isoelectric points of sopA and sopB proteins were 6.6 and 7.0, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.693-698
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• 1996

Haemaphysalis longiscornis is the common cattle tick of great economic importance in Korea. Chemical control using dips or sprays has been the traditional method of attempting to kill these ticks during the infestation period. However, the presence of resistant forms to chemical, the rising costs of acaricides and environmental problems have made it almost impossible to use these chemicals on a regular basis according to the pest problem. For this reason, vaccination against ticks and breeding for host resistance against ticks are being studied. In order to determine the common proteins and antigens according to developmental stages, SDS-PAGE and western blotting were performed. In SDS-PAGE 103.3kD and 98.3kD proteins were observed as common proteins, and these proteins were observed as common antigens in western blotting. Unimmunized rabbits were infestated three times with H longicornis. The weight of the second and the third engorged ticks were 0.153g and 0.104g respectively. This weight is 69% and 47% of the first engorged ticks weight respectively. Immunized rabbits by adult ticks antigen and control were infested with H longicornis. The control taked 3-4 days to fully engorge, but the immunized rabbits taked about 7 days. So adult tick antigen may be effective to render the immunity to host.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.12-25
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• 2017

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a family of cell-surface proteins that play critical roles in regulating a variety of pathophysiological processes and thus are targeted by almost a third of currently available therapeutics. It was originally thought that GPCRs convert extracellular stimuli into intracellular signals through activating G proteins, whereas ${\beta}$-arrestins have important roles in internalization and desensitization of the receptor. Over the past decade, several novel functional aspects of ${\beta}$-arrestins in regulating GPCR signaling have been discovered. These previously unanticipated roles of ${\beta}$-arrestins to act as signal transducers and mediators of G protein-independent signaling have led to the concept of biased agonism. Biased GPCR ligands are able to engage with their target receptors in a manner that preferentially activates only G protein- or ${\beta}$-arrestin-mediated downstream signaling. This offers the potential for next generation drugs with high selectivity to therapeutically relevant GPCR signaling pathways. In this review, we provide a summary of the recent studies highlighting G protein- or ${\beta}$-arrestin-biased GPCR signaling and the effects of biased ligands on disease pathogenesis and regulation.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.160-164
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• 2012

The baculovirus/insect cell expression system is of great value for the large-scale production of normal and mutant mammalian passive glucose-transport proteins heterologously for structural and functional studies. In most mammalian cells that express HepG2, this transporter isoform is predominantly located at the cell surface. However, it had been reported that heterologous expression of other membrane proteins using the baculovirus system induced highly vacuolated cytoplasmic membranes. Therefore, how a cell responds to the synthesis of large amounts of a glycoprotein could be an interesting area for investigation. In order to examine the subcellular location of the human HepG2 transport proteins when expressed in insect cells, immunofluorescence studies were carried out. Insect cells were infected with the recombinant baculovirus AcNPVHIS-GT or with wild-type virus at a MOI of 5, or were not exposed to viral infection. A high level of fluorescence displayed in cells infected with the recombinant virus indicated that transporters are expressed abundantly and present on the surface of infected Sf21 cells. The evidence for the specificity of the immunostaining was strengthened by the negative results shown in the negative controls. Distribution of the transporter protein expressed in insect cells was further revealed by making a series of optical sections through an AcNPVHIS-GT-infected cell using a confocal microscope, which permits optical sectioning of cell sample. These sections displayed intense cytoplasmic immunofluorecence surrounding the region occupied by the enlarged nucleus, indicating that the expressed protein was present not only at the cell surface but also throughout the cytoplasmic membranous structures.