• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.177-201
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• 2011

Myanmar had fallen behind other southeast asian nations since Burmese way to Socialism settled down. However, historically second election in Myanmar hold in 2011 and dramatic changes in areas such as Special Economic Zone announcement, the very huge inflows of foreign direct investment in a year of 2009, the infrastructure building projects, a permit of the right to strike for Labour Organization in Myanmar etc. Particularly, Foreign investments and trade with neighbouring countries are actively growing and also with Korea. But investments of Korea in Myanmar relatively are not diversity, with limited sectors such as mining and sewing manufacturing. In this point of view, this paper is trying to make implications for strategies of entry and investments of Korea in Myanmar by using previous papers related to Myanmar economies, trade and foreign investments with updated statistical data. The implications for Korea is that recently Myanmar economy is in its early stages of development. Although it can occur huge demand of railway, road, communications and constructions related to social infrastructures essentially needed for development of a country, these sectors relatively need huge investments. On the other hands, textile and sewing industry relatively need smaller investments in which investors can utilize low labour cost and a position for export to third countries. But those firms which set up for those purpose in Myanmar might have trouble creating domestic markets in future. Moreover, due to demand which occur in the early stage of growth in Myanmar, trade volume tend to increase and trading is also possible to invest but Myanmar still have lots of problems with infrastructure such as road and logistics and we need to make pre-survey for the costs and benefits of our products Finally, Myanmar government is trying to promote and encourage some of industries such as export-oriented industry, import substitution industry and labour-intensive industry. It can also means they will accumulate capital which can be sources for Myanmar economic growth.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.167-183
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• 2022

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to show the need to use the past long-term returns for investment decisions in U.S. equity funds and to suggest an investment strategy using long-term returns. Design/methodology/approach - This study solves the problem of high return volatility in long-term returns and proposes new investment portfolios based on the behavior of fund investors according to past returns. For the investment portfolio of this study, 60 months are divided into several periods and the average of the performance ranks for each period is used. Findings - First, funds with high average returns over multiple periods have lower future outflows and higher future returns than funds with high 60-month cumulative returns. Second, funds with low average returns over multiple periods have lower future inflows and lower future returns than funds with low 60-month cumulative returns. The findings mean that when making decisions based on past long-term returns, it is a smarter investment choice to buy funds with high average returns over multiple periods and sell funds with low average returns over multiple periods. Research implications or Originality - This study shows that it is necessary to use long-term returns in fund investment by analyzing the characteristics of the portfolio based on past returns. In addition, the study is meaningful in that it suggests a way to use long-term returns more efficiently based on the behavior of fund investors and shows that such investments lead to higher returns in the future.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.399-422
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• 2010

Global expansion of regulation for carbon emission has brought new industrial regulations and trade barriers while the global economy is promoting economic stimulus through a variety of green investments such as renewable energy development, energy efficiency increase, and environmental improvement simultaneously. Korean government is trying to seek a new opportunity to grow through green investment in this change of business environment and businesses are facing the transition to low-carbon and eco-friendly structure for their survival. It is promoting not only industry structure changes and conversion but also demanding changes of workforce composition and requirement skills. In response to convergence of green economy, manpower development for future skills needs is provided the main impetus for response as well as promotion green growth. This study will analyze human resource development plan due to future skills needs emphasizing on automative industry. Also the study will be researched on the problems of present curriculum of undergraduate and look for improvements tasks. Upon the result, promotion plans for human resource development in other sectors of green car in response to future skills needs in green growth can be found.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-18
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• 2013

The elements that determine the success of development projects on goats and the prerequisites for ensuring this are discussed in the context of the bewildering diversity of goat genetic resources, production systems, multifunctionality, and opportunities for responding to constraints for productivity enhancement. Key determinants for the success of pro-poor projects are the imperatives of realistic project design, resolution of priorities and positive impacts to increase investments and spur agricultural growth, and appropriate policy. Throughout the developing world, there exist 97% of the total world population of 921 million goats across all agroecological zones (AEZs), including 570 breeds and 64% share of the breeds. They occupy a very important biological and socioeconomic niche in farming systems making significant multifunctional contributions especially to food, nutrition and financial security, stability of farm households, and survival of the poor in the rural areas. Definitions are given of successful and failed projects. The analyses highlighted in successful projects the value of strong participatory efforts with farmers and climate change. Climate change effects on goats are inevitable and are mediated through heat stress, type of AEZ, water availability, quantity and quality of the available feed resources and type of production system. Within the prevailing production systems, improved integrated tree crops - ruminant systems are underestimated and are an important pathway to enhance C sequestration. Key development strategies and opportunities for research and development (R and D) are enormous, and include inter alia defining a policy framework, resolution of priority constraints using systems perspectives and community-based participatory activities, application of yield-enhancing technologies, intensification, scaling up, and impacts. The priority for development concerns the rainfed areas with large concentrations of ruminants in which goats, with a capacity to cope with heat tolerance, can be the entry point for development. Networks and networking are very important for the diffusion of information and can add value to R and D. Well formulated projects with clear priority setting and participatory R and D ensure success and the realisation of food security, improved livelihoods and self-reliance in the future.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.461-469
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• 2006

This paper deals with the national competitiveness of hydrogen energy. The effectiveness of investments for hydrogen energy R&D and constructions of hydrogen energy infrastructures can be evaluated by the national competitiveness of hydrogen energy, and it is evaluated by an AHP(analytic hierarchy process) method. The evaluation indices of the national competitiveness are selected as the technical level, the number of researchers, the investments for R&D, and the infrastructure of hydrogen energy. Similarly, the technical level is divided into the number of published papers, the number of foreign patents, and the number of published proceeding papers. The evaluation indices of the technical level and the number of researchers were investigated by database searches. It appears that South Korea locates the sixth position in the world. The results of our study suggest that South Korea is relatively competitive in the technical level and the number of researchers. However, our country needs the long-term and well-focused R&D, and the expansion of infrastructures to enhance the national competitiveness of hydrogen energy in the future.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.1-17
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• 2008

The measurement and management of patient satisfaction has become one of the key issues in the last two decades. Hospitals must thoroughly understand the needs of their customers and design products and health services that meet and exceed their expectations. The importance-performance analysis(IPA) is a widely used analytical technique that yields strategies for managing customer satisfaction in a variety of applications. IP A is a two-dimensional grid based on customer-perceived importance of quality attributes and attribute performance. Depending on the interplay of these two dimensions, four strategies can be derived. The aim of this study is to develop the management strategies for improving patient satisfaction in university hospitals using the I-P analysis. The attributes on inpatient service quality in 4 university hospitals was investigated using the Martilla and James(l977)' s a mean adjusted I-P grid where the axes of the grid cross at the average rating point of all items. The patient satisfaction questionnaires were completed by 600 hospital inpatients. The main statistical methods are path analysis and IPA with SPSS 12.0 and AMOS 4.0 statistical softwares. The two attributes, physician and medical service, administrative staff kindness attributes position in first quadrant(Keep Up the Good domain). The nurse and nursing service attributes position in second quadrant(Possible Overkill domain). The two attributes, convenience of check-in service, facilities and physical environment position in third quadrant(Low Priority domain). Finally the quality of inpatient service(food etc.) attributes position in fourth quadrant(Concentrate Here domain). These findings show various implications on the development of strategies in university hospitals in the future. It was determined that quality of inpatient service(food etc.) need to concentrate more on investments. These investments include a taste, price, proper provision of food service and quick response of pain management. A low priority was given to investment in streamlining the check-in process of inpatient and hospital facilities and physical environment in the long run.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.121-131
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• 2009

This study will estimate the fair return on private participants' investments on BTO type PPI (Private Public Infrastructure) projects using the data from past BTO projects in Korea. In the past, the real returns of $6%\sim9%$ were provided to private participants. The results of this study show that those returns were too high compared with the estimated fair returns, especially for projects with the minimum revenue guarantee (MRG) by the government. Moreover, the excess portion of the return over the fair return becomes even larger when there is a demand forecast bias. In reality, most of the BTO projects have far lower actual revenues than the initial forecasted revenue in concession agreements. This phenomenon implies that BTO projects have a tendency of overly forecasting revenues. If so, the value of the minimum revenue guarantee becomes larger, and therefore, the fair return to private participants should decrease. It is hoped that this study helps future BTO projects' concession agreements between the government and private participants to become more fair from the perspectives of risk and return profiles.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.41-48
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• 2019

Purpose - This study investigates whether financial analysts consider the intangible investment implicit in selling, general, and administrative (SG&A) expenditures to forecast firms' future earnings. Research design, data, and methodology - Using 52,609 U.S. firm-year observations spanning 1984-2016, this study examines the association between the Intangible investment implicit in SG&A expenditures and properties of analysts' earnings forecasts. To estimate the Intangible investment of SG&A, I decompose SG&A excluding R&D and advertising expenditures into maintenance and investment components following Enache and Srivastava (2017). Results - The main results show that analysts' earnings forecast errors and dispersion in analysts' forecasts increase with the intangible investment derived from SG&A because the investment component of SG&A affects future earnings and the uncertainty of those earnings. However, these results are weakened in the wholesale and retail industries where firms have a higher level of investment component of SG&A. I attribute the weaker results to low R&D expenditures in those industries. Conclusion - This study indicates that financial analysts incorporate the intangible investment of SG&A into their earnings forecasts differently across firms and industries. Furthermore, this study supports the argument for the separate reporting of the investment nature of SG&A from other operating expenses such as maintenance nature of SG&A.

• New & Renewable Energy
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.18-27
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• 2011

Management flexibility to adapt its future actions in response to altered future market conditions can expand the value of an investment opportunity by improving its upside potential without the change in the downside losses. Module manufacturers in solar industry continuously have to decide how much and when its production capacity should be expanded with regards to the demand in the global markets. Either over- or under-investment can cause sunk and/or opportunity costs to the module manufacturers. Option of exercising the additional investments only on favorable opportunities can increase total value of the investment. This paper analyzes the case which shows that the expansion of production capacity with more expandibility can have more value than the rigid plan of capacity expansion. The expansion option value is equivalent to KRW 38.286 billion, thus switching the negative NPV of the initial investment opportunity into the positive value. High volatility and the high growth in the cashflows as the major business features of the renewable energy provide condition where real options can play the crucial role in increasing the investment value as well as in determining the size and timing of capacity expansion in the course of capital budgeting process.

• Journal of Information Technology and Architecture
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.411-421
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• 2013

The study focuses on EA experiences of Korea in public sector in terms of three distinguishing periods: preparation, adaptation, and utilization. Analyzing those experiences would lead to understanding of EA performance in Korea, and to derivation of future policy directions. EA efforts of Korea shows results in several areas, especially in prevention of duplicative investments, savings in IT expenses, and optimization of information resource management. The study suggests sustainable strategy for futre EA growth.