• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.199-204
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• 1995

The antifungal effects of polyposphates on the growth and T-2 toxin production of Fusarium sporotrichioides M-1-1 were investigated. The growth of the strain was significantly inhibited in the potatoes dextrose agar medium treated with 1.5% polyphosphates or more. When we checked T-2 toxin by the indirect competitive ELISA, the strain produced 11.25 ug/ml and 10.90 ug/ml levels of T-2 toxin rice and corn containing 50% moisture contents, respectively. However, T-2 toxin was little detected in rice medium and corn medium with 1.5% polyphosphates addition for short(14 days) and prolonged incubation time(45 days). We also observed the destruction of cell wall and outflow of cell ingredients with 1% polyphosphates treatment to the strain. Therefore, moisture and polyphosphates greatly effected on the growth and T-2 toxin production of the strain.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.91-96
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• 2000

불와전 균류인 Fusarium s^g pp.를 이용하여 여러 가지 배양조건과 생리적 영향에 따른 균주의 성장 및 T-2 toxin의 생성에 관하여 고찰하였다. T-2 toxin 의 검출방법은 thin layer chromatography (TCL) 법과 미생물학적 검출방법을 사용하였다. 고체 배지의 경우 횐옥수수 가루(Quaker사 제품)베지에서 다른 곡물보다 많은 양의 T-2 toxin이 생성되었으며,비교적 깨끗한 T-2 toxin이 정제되었다. 이 경우 배지 100g당 약 700 mg의 T-2 toxin이 생성되었으며, 그중 약 30%정도가 깨끗한 결정으로 정제되었다. 고온(20-$25^{\circ}C$)에서는 생장은 많았으나, T-2 toxin의 생성은 적었으며, 저온(10-$15^{\circ}C$)에서는 비교적 생장이 적었지만, T-2 toxin의 생성이 많았고, 젖당, 글리세롤, 솔비톨의 경우는 적었다. 유일 탄소원으로 구연산과 초산은 이용하지 못하였으며, 녹발의 경우 생장은 많았으나 T-2 toxin의 생성양은 적었다. 질소원의 경우 $NaNO_2$를 제외하고는 $(NH_4)_2NO_4$, $NH_4Cl_3$, $NH_4NO_3$, $KNO_3$ 를 거의 동일하게 이용하였다. 초기 pH값에 생성과 균주의 성장은 pH4.0-5.0일 경우 최적을 나타냈으며 ph6.0이상에서는 성장도 저하되고, T-2 toxin생성도 적었다. 회전속도에 따른 T-2 toxin 생성과 균주의 성장을 보면 회전속도가 속돠 증가함에 따라 균주의 생장과 T-2 toxin 생성량이 모두 증가하였다. $15^{\circ}C$에서 7일간 배양 후, $25^{\circ}C$로 옮겨 7일간 배양하여, toxin의 생성을 보면, $15^{\circ}C$에 7일간 배양했을 때보다 T-2 toxin양이 적었다. 이는 생성되었던 T-2 toxin이 분해되었음을 보여주는 것이다. 이상의 결과를 볼 때 T-2 toxin 대사 경로는 온도에 의한 효소 억제 또는 효소 유지 시스템에 의해 조절되는 것이라고 생각할 수 있다.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.13-19
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• 1990

우리나라 옥수수산지로부터 분리한 Fusarium sporotrichioides 4균주의 밀배양체를 쥐에 경구투여하여 독성을 조사하였다. 총 4균주 중 3균주가 급여 3-4일 이내에 모든 쥐를 치사시켜 매우 높은 독성을 나타냈다. 독성 균주의 배양체를 박층크로마토그라피와 가스크로마토그라피 - 질량분석기로 분석한 결과 정선 지방에서 분리한 2균주가 T-2 독소와 관련대사물을 생성하였다. 본 보고는 F. sporotrichioides에 의한 T-2 독소의 생성을 우리나라에서는 처음으로 확인한 것이다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.129-133
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• 1999

This study was designed to observe the effects of T-2 toxin on total cholesterol and lipid concentration in rat serum. T-2 toxin is a secondary metabolite produced by Fusarium sp. which is often found on agricultural products including cereals, and it is a causal material of liver injuries in cattle and humans. When we fed rats with standard diet treated with T-2 toxin, the body weight and feed consumption of rats treated T-2 toxin were decreased. As the results of lipid analysis, the concentrations of total cholesterol and free cholesterol in serum of treated rats were increased compared to non-fed control group, On the other hand, the levels of triglyceride and phospholipid in the serum of T-2 toxin treated experimental groups were declined. In conclusion, T-2 toxin largely influenced on the total cholesterol and lipid levels in rat serum.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 한국균학회 2016년도 춘계학술대회 및 임시총회
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• pp.33-33
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• 2016

Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungi. They can be present in where agricultural-based commodities are contaminated with toxigenic fungi. These mycotoxins cause various toxicoses in human and livestock when consumed. Small grains including corn, barley, rice or wheat are frequently contaminated with mycotoxins due to infection mainly by toxigenic Fusarium species and/or under environment favorable to fungal growth. One of the most well-known Fusarium toxin groups in cereals is trichothecenes consisting of many toxic compounds. Deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), T-2 toxin, and various derivatives belong to this group. Zearalenone and fumonisin (FB) are also frequently produced by many species of the same genus. In order to monitor Korean cereals for contamination with Fusarium and other mycotoxigenic fungal species as well, barley, corn, maize, rice grains, and soybean were collected from fields at harvest or during storage for several years. The fungal colonies outgrown from the grain samples were identified based on morphological and molecular characteristics. Trichothecene chemotypes of Fusarium species or presence of FB biosynthetic gene were determined using respective diagnostic PCR to predict possible toxin production. Heavy grain contamination with fungi was detected in barley, rice and wheat. Predominant fungal genus of barley and wheat was Alternaria (up to 90%) while that of rice was Fusarium (~40%). Epicoccum also appeared frequently in barley, rice and wheat. While frequency of Fusarium species in barley and wheat was less than 20%, the genus mainly consisted of Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC) which known to be head blight pathogen and mycotoxin producer. Fusarium composition of rice was more diverse as FGSC, Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex (FIESC), and Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFSC) appeared all at considerable frequencies. Prevalent fungal species of corn was FFSC (~50%), followed by FGSC (<30%). Most of FFSC isolates of corn tested appeared to be FB producer. In corn, Fusarium graminearum and DON chemotype dominate within FGSC, which was different from other cereals. Soybeans were contaminated with fungi less than other crops and Cercospora, Cladosporium, Alternaria, Fusarium etc. were detected at low frequencies (up to 14%). Other toxigenic species such as Aspergillus and Penicillium were irregularly detected at very low frequencies. Multi-year survey of small grains revealed dominant fungal species of Korea (barley, rice and wheat) is Fusarium asiaticum having NIV chemotype.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.65-73
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• 1988

종래의 화학적, 생물학적 분석방법의 단점인 검출한도가 낮은점, 시료전처리의 복잡성, 비경제성 및 비 특이성 등을 극복하기 위해 monoclonal AB를 사용한 ELISA법으로 T-2 toxin 에 대해 특이성있는 새로운 분석법을 개발하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 종래의 GLC 및 GC-MS 분석법보다 간편하고 신뢰성이 높으며 검출한계가 0.1ppb인 고감도의 분석법을 개발하였다. 2. 본 분석법을 이용하여 Fusarium spp. 균의 T-2 생산유무를 단시간에 다량의 시료를 검색할 수 있었으며, data의 정확도가 GLC와 유사하며 GLC로는 검색할 수 없는 150ppb이하의 미량함유 시료에서도 T-2 toxin을 검색할 수 있었다. 3. 본 실험에 사용한 F. sporotichioides M-1-1 균주의 밀에 대한 최적 배양조건은 $24~27^{\circ}C$ 2주간임을 알았다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.1-17
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• 2012

T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin, belong to type A trichothecences, are the most toxic mycotoxins among the trichothecene family. These mycotoxins are commonly found in cereals such as maize, wheat, barley, oats and rice, and their occurrence in food can be of concern. This review investigated the current trends of patents and researches on T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin pertaining to natural occurrence, toxicity, metabolism, risk assessment, analytical and screening methods, and reduction/detoxification techniques. As compared with other $Fusarium$ mycotoxins, there are limited data for natural occurrence and risk assessment, and regulatory limit and official analytical methods on T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin in domestic and foreign countries. In particular, selective deacetylation at the C3 and/or C4 positions of T-2 toxin by carboxyesterase present in foods was reported to cause the disappearance of T-2 and the extremely high HT-2 recoveries. Currently, regulatory limits for T-2 and HT-2 are under discussion in EU. For enforcement purposes it is essential to have available precise and reliable analytical methods applicable at the regulatory levels for the T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin and relevant commodities. In addition, a further study on natural occurrence, risk assessment and reduction/detoxification techniques will be recommended.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.158-164
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• 2015

2010년부터 2015년까지 전국 8도에 있는 벼 포장에서 수확기에 총 509개의 이삭시료가 채집되었다. 시료당 105개의 벼 종실이 potato dextrose agar (PDA) 배지에 처리되었고 6,658개의 Fusarium 균주가 분리되었다. $EF-1{\alpha}$ 유전자의 염기서열을 기초로, 분리된 Fusarium 중 67균주를 Fusarium armeniacum으로 동정하였고, 형태적, 배양적 특성을 확인하였다. F. armeniacum은 분생포자 크기, 균총 색, 및 $EF-1{\alpha}$ 염기서열에서 균주간에 상당한 차이가 있었다. 액체크로마토크래피-질량분석기를 사용하여 potato sucrose agar (PSA) 배지에서 T-2와 HT-2 독소생성능력을 결정하였던 바 F. armeniacum 24균주 중 21균주가 T-2와 HT-2 독소를 모두 생성하였으며, 독소생성 수준은 균주간에 다양하였다. 이러한 결과는 한국산 F. armeniacum 균주들이 형태적, 배양적, 유전적 및 독소학적 성질에서 다양성을 갖는다는 것을 보여준다.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.226-244
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• 2015

Fusarium head blight is one of the most important and most common diseases of winter wheat. In order to better understanding this disease and to assess the correlations between different factors, 30 cultivars of this cereal were evaluated in a two-year period. Fusarium head blight resistance was evaluated and the concentration of trichothecene mycotoxins was analysed. Grain samples originated from plants inoculated with Fusarium culmorum and naturally infected with Fusarium species. The genetic distance between the tested cultivars was determined and data were analysed using multivariate data analysis methods. Genetic dissimilarity of wheat cultivars ranged between 0.06 and 0.78. They were grouped into three distinct groups after cluster analysis of genetic distance. Wheat cultivars differed in resistance to spike and kernel infection and in resistance to spread of Fusarium within a spike (type II). Only B trichothecenes (deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol and nivalenol) produced by F. culmorum in grain samples from inoculated plots were present. In control samples trichothecenes of groups A (H-2 toxin, T-2 toxin, T-2 tetraol, T-2 triol, scirpentriol, diacetoxyscirpenol) and B were detected. On the basis of Fusarium head blight assessment and analysis of trichothecene concentration in the grain relationships between morphological characters, Fusarium head blight resistance and mycotoxins in grain of wheat cultivars were examined. The results were used to create of matrices of distance between cultivars - for trichothecene concentration in inoculated and naturally infected grain as well as for FHB resistance Correlations between genetic distance versus resistance/mycotoxin profiles were calculated using the Mantel test. A highly significant correlation between genetic distance and mycotoxin distance was found for the samples inoculated with Fusarium culmorum. Significant but weak relationships were found between genetic distance matrix and FHB resistance or trichothecene concentration in naturally infected grain matrices.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.51-56
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• 1996

In order to detect the T-2 toxin accumulation in the animal tissues, T-2 toxin, produced by Fusarium sporotrichioides M-1-1, was injected to mouse by 0, 1 and 2 mg per kilogram of body weight, respectively, and T-2 toxin extracted from serum and organs were analyzed by the indirected competitive ELISA. The indirect competitive ELISA established in the laboratory can be check less than 0.1 ppb level of T-2 toxin and average recovery of T-2 toxin spiked was 80~113% in animal samples such as serum, liver and kidney. After 6 weeks of treatment with 2 mg of T-2 toxin per kg body weight, T-2 toxin was accumulated in serum (133.0 ng/ml), liver(1.4 ng/g) and kidney(14.3 ng/g) of mouse injected with 2 mg of toxin per kg body weight.