• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.209-220
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• 2023

Over the past few centuries, widespread changes to natural ecosystems caused by human activities have severely threatened biodiversity worldwide. Understanding changes in ecosystems is essential to identifying and managing threats to biodiversity. In line with this need, the IUCN Council formed the IUCN Global Ecosystem Typology (GET) in 2019, taking into account the functions and types of ecosystems. The IUCN provides maps of 10 ecosystem groups and 108 ecological functional groups (EFGs) on a global scale. According to the type classification of IUCN GET ecosystems, Korea's ecosystem is classified into 8 types of Realm (level 1), 18 types of Biome (level 2), and 41 types of Group (level 3). GETs provided by IUCN have low resolution and often do not match the actual land status because it was produced globally. This study aimed to increase the accuracy of Korean IUCN GET type classification by using land cover maps and producing maps that reflected the actual situation. To this end, we ① reviewed the Korean GET data system provided by IUCN GET and ② compared and analyzed it with the current situation in Korea. We evaluated the limitations and usability of the GET through the process and then ③ classified Korea's new Get type reflecting the current situation in Korea by using the national data as much as possible. This study classified Korean GETs into 25 types by using land cover maps and existing national data (Territorial realm: 9, Freshwater: 9, Marine-territorial: 5, Terrestrial-freshwater: 1, and Marine-freshwater-territorial: 1). Compared to the existing map, "F3.2 Constructed lacustrine wetlands", "F3.3 Rice paddies", "F3.4 Freshwater aquafarms", and "T7.3 Plantations" showed the largest area reduction in the modified Korean GET. The area of "T2.2 Temperate Forests" showed the largest area increase, and the "MFT1.3 Coastal saltmarshes and reedbeds" and "F2.2 Small permanent freshwater lakes" types also showed an increase in GET area after modification. Through this process, the existing map, in which the sum of all EFGs in the existing GET accounted for 8.33 times the national area, was modified so that the total sum becomes 1.22 times the national area using the land cover map. This study confirmed that the existing EFG, which had small differences by type and low accuracy, was improved and corrected. This study is significant in that it produced a GET map of Korea that met the GET standard using data reflecting the field conditions. 

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.593-602
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• 2010

Chitosan as a natural polymer has superior physicochemical properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability and nontoxicity, but application of chitosan for therapy of cancer and gene related-disease has been limited by poor solubility in aqueous solution. Therefore, low molecular weight water-soluble chitosan (LMWSC) with high reactivity and strong positive charge can be applied as a delivery system having function to carry in the specific tissue the bioactive material like poor solubility drug, or therapeutic gene and developed as a therapeutic system having good therapeutic efficiency. The most important factor for therapy of various diseases is to reveal the antigen or receptor expressed in specific lesion tissue and the antibody and ligand which can bind with antigen is to introduce at the biomaterials for enhancement the therapeutic efficiency. The studies for cationic synthetic polymer as drug or gene delivery have been actively performed, but it has many problems such as toxicity in the body, therapeutic efficiency. From this point of view, this article demonstrated the introduction of functional groups to target the specific tissue and therapeutic strategy using the modification of LMWSC with free-amine group. The development of these delivery system will provide a positive vision for cancer therapy.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.274-281
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• 1996

To prepare edible skin gelatin of conger eel such as material fur quality improvement of surimi gel, the defatted skin was limed with 1% calcium hydroxide at $5^{\circ}C$ for 2 days, washed thoroughly with tap water, extracted with 8 volumes of distilled water to dehydrated skin for 2 hours at $50^{\circ}C$. The gelatin extract was centrifuged, filtered and then passed through anion(Amberlite 200C) and cation (Amberlite IR 900) resins. The purified gelatin solution was evaporated and dried by hot-air blast$(40^{\circ}C)$. The gelatin prepared by above condition had the highest quality as revealed by physical property values i.e. 240.5 g in gel strength, $28.0^{\circ}C$ in melting point and $28.0^{\circ}C$ in gelling point. Funtional property values were 56.8% in solubility, 1.8 ml/g in oil binding capacity, 55.0% in emulsifying capacity and 48.5% in emulsifying stability. jelly strength and senso교 evaluation of surimi gel from fish with red muscle were not improved by addition of emulsifying curd from conger eel skin gelatin as emulsifier. Therefore, the conger eel skin gelatin requires a suitable modification of functional group and improvement of processing operation to utilize as a material for quality Improvement of surimi gel.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.317-322
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• 2010

In this study, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) was treated with changing mixing ratios of $F_2$ and $O_2$ using oxyfluorination method for hydrophilic modification of PMMA film. For the characterizations of oxyfluorinated PMMA surface, contact angle, surface free energy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and optical transmittance (UV-vis) were carried out. After the oxyfluorination, PMMA surface became more hydrophilic showing the decrease of water contact angle from $69^{\circ}$ to $44^{\circ}$. So, surface free energy of oxyfluorinated PMMA film was increased from 46 to $58\;mN\;m^{-1}$. These results are attributed to hydrophilic functional groups such as hydroxyl group formed oxyfluorination method on the PMMA surface. From XPS results, it was confirmed that O/C concentration ratio on the surface of PMMA was increased, the amount of C-OH bonding which shows hydrophilicity was also largely increased from 6.7 to 24.8% with increasing fluorine partial-pressure via the oxyfluorination, The oxyfluorination conditions, room temperature, 1 bar with one mixture ratio of $F_2$ to $O_2$ had little influence on optical transmittance properties of PMMA film but enhanced its surface hydrophilicity. This result suggests that oxyfluorination method could be useful to change hydrophobic PMMA surface to hydrophilic.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.60 no.3
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• pp.407-413
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• 2022

This study demonstrates a method for synthesis of amine functionalized and easily size controllable silica nanoparticles through biomimetic polyamine complex. First, we generate a polyamine nanocomplex composed of polyallylamine hydrochloride (PAH) and phosphate ion (pi) to synthesize silica nanoparticles. The size of polyamine nanocomplex is reversibly adjusted within the range of about 50 to 300 nm according to the pH conditions. Amine groups of the PAH in the nanocomplex catalyzes the condensation reaction of silicic acid. As a results, silica nanoparticles are synthesized based on nanocomplex in a very short time. Finally, we synthesize silica nanoparticles with various sizes according to the pH conditions. In the process of synthesizing silica nanoparticles, polyamine chains that act as catalysts are incorporated into the inside and surface of the particles, subsequently, amine groups are exposed on the surface of silica nanoparticles. As a results, the synthesis and surface modification of silica nanoparticles are performed simultaneously, and the silica nanoparticles introduced with amine groups can be easily synthesized by adjusting the sizes of the silica nanoparticles. Finally, we demonstrate the synthesis of functional silica nanoparticles in a short time under milder conditions than the conventional synthetic method. Furthermore, this method can be applicable to bioengineering and materials fields.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.134-147
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to analyze the functional unit system of NCS landscape field for correction and supplementation of NCS landscape field and the contents of the four-year college landscape course subject. First, 24 unconsolidated four-year universities were selected, and FGI was conducted and verified for 816 courses in 24 universities. The results of the study are summarized as follows, with three sections three, nine divisions and 65 sub-category. First, landscape design subjects accounted for 40.0% of the subjects organized by four-year universities. In addition, the ratio of 12.9% for ecological landscape, 11.3% for landscape construction, 10.2% for others, 10.0% for landscape information, 6.6% for landscape culture and 3.7% for landscape management was surveyed. Balanced and efficient modification and reinforcement of NCS is required in the future. Second, 10(18.9%) units with matching NCS performance criteria and educational objectives were found to be capable of different units(18.9%), 15(28.3%), and 37subjects with inconsistent NCS unit capability (56.9%). Third, looking at the criteria for the reference of each unit of capability presented by the NCS, it is deemed that one unit of capability should be organized separately to improve the practical ability, since it includes the contents of basic knowledge learning. Fourth, the objectives pursued on the basis of the contents of the NCS capability unit and four-year college curriculum were developed by focusing on the development of unit capabilities in the field of landscape construction and landscape management compared to the field of landscape design. It has been shown that a balance is needed for future development. This study is intended to put forward further research that re-examine specific curriculum assessment criteria that have not been classified in the course of classifications based on the curriculum handbook, which excludes interferences from each school.