• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.14-26
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• 2018

The Biotope Area Ratio (BAR) is a quantitative pre-planning index for sustainable development and an integrated indicator for the balanced development of buildings and outdoor spaces. However, it has been pointed out that there are problems in operations management: errors in area calculation, insufficiency in the underground soil condition and depth, reduction in biotope area after construction, and functional failure as a pre-planning index. To address these problems, this study proposes implementing LIM. Since the weights of the BAR are mainly decided by the underground soil condition and depth with land cover types, the study focused on the terrain and pavements. The model should conform to BIM guidelines and standards provided by government agencies and professional organizations. Thus, the scope and Level Of Detail (LOD) of the model were defined, and the method to build a model with BIM software was developed. An apartment complex on sloping ground was selected as a case study, a 3D terrain modeled, paving libraries created with property information on the BAR, and a LIM model completed for the site. Then the BAR was calculated and construction documents were created with the BAR table and pavement details. As results of the study, it was found that the application of the criteria on the BAR and calculation became accurate, and the efficiency of design tasks was improved by LIM. It also enabled the performance of evidence-based design on the terrain and underground structures. To adopt LIM, it is necessary to create and distribute LIM library manuals or templates, and build library content that comply with KBIMS standards. The government policy must also have practitioners submit BIM models in the certification system. Since it is expected that the criteria on planting types in the BAR will be expanded, further research is needed to build and utilize the information model for planting materials.

• Journal of Science of Art and Design
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• v.5
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• pp.87-129
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• 2003

The purpose of this thesis is to propose a new concept of design of the 21st century, on the basis of the study on the general signification of the structures and the signs of industrial product design, by examining the difference between modern and post-modern design, which is expected to lead the users to different design practice and interpretation of it. The starting point of this study is the different styles and patterns of 'Gestalt' in the post-modern design of the late 20th century from modern design - the factor of determination in industrial product design. That is to say, unlike functional and rational styles of modern product design, the late 20th century is based upon the pluralism characterized by complexity, synthetic and decorativeness. So far, most of the previous studies on design seem to have excluded visual aspects and usability, focused only on effective communication of design phenomena. These partial studies on design, blinded by phenomenal aspects, have resulted in failure to discover a principle of fundamental system. However, design varies according to the times; and the transformation of design is reflected in Design Pragnanz to constitute a new text of design. Therefore, it can be argued that Design Pragnanz serves as an essential factor under influence of the significance of text. In this thesis, therefore, I delve into analysis of the 20th century product design, in the light of Gestalt theory and Design Pragnanz, which have been functioning as the principle of the past design. For this study, I attempted to discover the fundamental elements in modern and post-modern designs, and to examine the formal structure of product design, the users' aesthetic preference and its semantics, from the integrative viewpoint. Also, with reference to history and theory of design my emphasis is more on fundamental visual phenomena than on structural analysis or process of visualization in product design, in order to examine the formal properties of modern and post-modern designs. Firstly, In Chapter 1, 'Issues and Background of the Study', I investigated the Gestalt theory and Design Pragnanz, on the premise of formal distinction between modern and post-modern designs. These theories are founded upon the discussion on visual perception of Gestalt in Germany in 1910's, in pursuit of the principle of perception centered around visual perception of human beings. In Chapter 2, I dealt with functionalism of modern design, as an advance preparation for the further study on the product design of the late 20th century. First of all, in Chapter 2-1, I examined the tendency of modern design focused on functionalism, which can be exemplified by the famous statement 'Form follows function'. Excluding all unessential elements in design - for example, decoration, this tendency has attained the position of the international style based on the spirit of Bauhause - universality and regularity - in search of geometric order, standardization and rationalization. In Chapter 2-2, I investigated the anthropological viewpoint that modern design started representing culture in a symbolic way including overall aspects of the society - politics, economics and ethics, and its criticism on functionalist design that aesthetic value is missing in exchange of excessive simplicity in style. Moreover, I examined the pluralist phenomena in post-modern design such as kitsch, eclecticism, reactionism, hi-tech and digital design, breaking away from functionalist purism of modern design. In Chapter 3, I analyzed Gestalt Pragnanz in design in a practical way, against the background of design trends. To begin with, I selected mass product design among those for the 20th century products as a target of analysis, highlighting representative styles in each category of the products. For this analysis, I adopted the theory of J. M Lehnhardt, who gradated in percentage the aesthetic and semantic levels of Pragnantz in design expression, and that of J. K. Grutter, who expressed it in a formula of M = O : C. I also employed eight units of dichotomies, according to the G. D. Birkhoff's aesthetic criteria, for the purpose of scientific classification of the degree of order and complexity in design; and I analyzed phenomenal aspects of design form represented in each unit. For Chapter 4, I executed a questionnaire about semiological phenomena of Design Pragnanz with 28 units of antonymous adjectives, based upon the research in the previous chapter. Then, I analyzed the process of signification of Design Pragnanz, founded on this research. Furthermore, the interpretation of the analysis served as an explanation to preference, through systematic analysis of Gestalt and Design Pragnanz in product design of the late 20th century. In Chapter 5, I determined the position of Design Pragnanz by integrating the analyses of Gestalt and Pragnanz in modern and post-modern designs In this process, 1 revealed the difference of each Design Pragnanz in formal respect, in order to suggest a vision of the future as a result, which will provide systemic and structural stimulation to current design.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.160-166
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the fracture strength of traditional metal-ceramic crowns and full zirconia crowns according to the occlusal thickness. Materials and methods: A mandibular first molar resin tooth was prepared with 1.5 mm occlusal reduction, 1.0 mm rounded shoulder margin and $6^{\circ}$ taperness in the axial wall. Duplicating the resin tooth, 64 metal dies were fabricated. 48 full zirconia crowns were fabricated using Prettau zirconia blanks by ZIRKONZAHN CAD/CAM and classified into six groups according to the occlusal thickness (0.5 mm, 0.6 mm, 0.7 mm, 0.8 mm, 0.9 mm, 1.0 mm). 16 metal-ceramic crowns were fabricated and classified into two groups according to the occlusal porcelain thickness (1.0 mm, 1.5 mm). All crowns were cemented on each metal die and mounted in a universal testing machine. The load was directed at the functional cusp of each specimen until catastrophic failure occurred. One-way ANOVA, Tukey multiple comparison test (${\alpha}=.05$) and t-test (${\alpha}=.05$) were used. Results: The results were as follows. 1. The test 1 group (646.48 N) showed the lowest fracture strength (P<.05), and the value of the test 2.3.4.5 groups (866.40 N, 978.82 N, 1196.82 N, 1222.41 N) increased as thickness increased, but no significant difference were found with the groups (P>.05). The value of test 6 group (1781.24 N) was significantly higher than those of the other groups (P<.05). 2. There were no significant differences of the fracture strength of metal ceramic crowns according to occlusal porcelain thickness 1.0 mm (2515.71 N) and 1.5 mm (3473.31 N) (P<.05). Conclusion: Full zirconia crown needs to be 1.0 mm or over in occlusal thickness for the posterior area to have higher fracture strength than maximum bite force.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.31-37
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• 1997

The DMSA scan is a useful radiologic study in diagnosis of morphologic and functional diseases of kidney. We evaluated the distribution of sex and age, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, combined diseases, treatment and prognosis of the 61 patients with non-functioning kidney(no isotope uptake or uptake below 5% in DMSA scan) who admitted in our hospital from 1980 to 1995. The proportion of patients under 1 year old age was 46%. Sex ratio was 1.4:1 with male predominance. Most diagnosis of non-functioning kidneys were congenital such as multicystic dysplastic kidney, hydronephrosis due to ureteropelvic junction obstruction, renal agenesis and renal hypoplasia. In order of frequency thirty one percent of them were previously detected on antenatal ultrasonogram. Treatment consisted of operation in 47.5%, mostly nephrectomy and 32.8% of patients were followed up at OPD base without definite treatment. The most common combined diseases was hydronephrosis, in 4patients who had both kidneys inveloved progressed to chronic renal failure, but the prognosis in most cases were good. It is important to evaluate renal diseases in perinatal periods, and we believe that highly sensitive diagnostic study contribute to early treatment plan and thus to good prognosis.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.107-119
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• 1999

The joints in the jointed concrete pavement provide a control against transverse or longitudinal cracking at slab, which may be caused by temperature or moisture variation during or after hydration. Without control of cracking, random cracks cause more serious distresses and result in structural or functional failure of pavement system. However, joints nay cause distresses due to its inherent weakness in structural integrity. Thus, the evaluation at joint is very important. and the joint-related distresses should be evaluated reasonably for economic rehabilitation. The purpose of this paper was to develop an evaluation system at joints of jointed concrete pavement using finite element analysis program, ILLI-SLAB, and nondestructive testing device. FWD. To develop an evaluation system for JCP, a sensitivity analysis was performed using ILLI-SLAB program with a selected variables which might affect fairly to on the performance of transverse joints. The most significant variables were selected from precise analysis. An evaluation charts were made for jointed concrete pavement by adopting the field FWD data. It was concluded that the variables which most significantly affect to pavement deflections are the modulus of subgrade reaction(K) and the modulus of dowel/concrete interaction(G), and limiting criteria on the performance of joints at JCP are 300pci. 500,000 lb/in. respectively. Using these variables and FWD test, a charts of load transfer ratio versus surface deflection at joints were made in order to evaluate the performance of JCP. Practically, Chungbu highway was evaluated by these evaluation charts and FWD field data for jointed concrete pavement. For Chungbu highway, only one joint showed smaller value than limiting criterion of the modulus of dowel/concrete interaction(G). The rest joints showed larger values than limiting criteria of the modulus of subgrade reaction(K) and the modulus of dowel/concrete interaction(G).

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 1986

From 1979 to 1984, 39 local allograft irradiations were given to 29 patients: 10 irradiations were administered for prevention and 29 for reversal of acute rejection of transplanted kidney. Three doses of 150 cGy every other day were combined with high-dose of methylprednisolone pulse (1 gm/day) for 3 days. For prevention of acute rejection, local irradiation was delivered on the days 1, 3, and 5 after the transplantation, and for reversal, irradiation started after the diagnosis of acute rejection. Eight out of 10 patients irradiated for prevention had acute allograft rejection, and, what is more, there was no surviving graft at 15 months after transplantation. Reversal of acute rejection was achieved in $71\%$. When the pre-irradiation level of serum creatinine was below $5.5mg\%$, the reversal rate was $93\%$, but above $5.5mg\%$ the reversal rate was only $17\%$ (p<0.01). Reirradiation after failure was not successful. Among 15 reversed patients, $7(47\%)$ had subsequent rejection (s). The functional graft survivals at 6 month, 1, 2, and 3 year were $70\%,\;65\%,\; 54\%,\;and\;54\%$, respectively. Therapeutic irradiation resulted in better graft survival when serum creatinine was below $5.5mg\%$ (p<0.001) or when irradiation started within 15 days after the diagnosis of acute rejection (p<0.001).

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.40 no.5 s.274
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• pp.351-355
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• 2007

Background: Postinfarction ventricular septal rupture is associated with mortality as high as $85\sim90%$, if it is treated medically. This report documents our experience with postinfarction ventricular septal rupture that was treated surgically, Material and Method: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 11 patients who were operated on due to postinfarction ventricular septal rupture between August 1996 and August 2006. There were 4 men and 7 women, with a mean age of $70{\pm}11$ years (age range: $50\sim84$ years). The location of the rupture was anterior in 7 cases and posterior in 4 cases. The interval between the onset of acute myocardial infarction and the occurrence of the ventricular septal rupture was $2.0{\pm}1.3$ days (range: $1\sim5$ days). Operation was performed at an average of $2.4{\pm}2.7$ days (range: $0\sim8$ days) after the diagnosis of septal rupture. Preoperative intraaortic balloon pump therapy was performed in 10 patients. Result: The infarct exclusion technique was used in all cases. Coronary artery bypass grafting was done in 8 cases, with the mean number of distal anastomosis being $1.0{\pm}0.8$. There was one operative death. In 2 patients, reoperation was performed due to a residual septal defect. The postoperative morbidities were transient atrial fibrillation (n=7), paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (n=1), low cardiac output syndrome (n=3), bleeding reoperation (n=2), delayed sternal closure (n=2), acute renal failure (n=2), pneumonia (n=1), intraaortic balloon pump-related thromboembolism (n=1), and transient delirium (n=2). Nine patients have been followed up for a mean of $38{\pm}40$ months except for one follow-up loss. There have been 3 late deaths. At the latest follow-up, all 6 survivors were in a good functional class. Conclusion: We demonstrated satisfactory operative and midterm results with our strategy of preoperative intraaortic balloon pump therapy, early repair of septal rupture by infarct exclusion and combined coronary revascularization.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.533-539
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• 2010

Stem cell-based therapy is under intensive investigation to treat acute renal failure (ARF). The purpose of this study was to evaluate available ARF models, and suggest a model appropriate to therapeutic evaluation of the stem cells in preclinical approach by determining the optimum concentration of nephrotoxic agents and duration of ischemia induction. Three different types of available acute kidney injury (AKI) animal models were analyzed using rats: Cisplatin (saline, 5 and 7.5 mg/kg, IP) or glycerol (saline, 8 and 10 ml/kg, IM)-induced nephrotoxicity as toxic models and ischemia-induced (sham, 35 and 45 minutes) nephropathy as an ischemic model. The relevance and applicability to investigate especially the regenerative ability of stem cells were evaluated regarding morphology, renal function and survival at this time point. In the point of renal function, 10 ml glycerol/kg and 7.5 mg cisplatin/kg model in toxic models and 45 min model in ischemia models showed significant decrease for the longer observation time compared to 8 ml glycerol/kg, 5 mg cisplatin/kg and the 35 min ischemia models, respectively. All groups were observed no mortality except 45 min-ischemia model with 50% survival. Histological significant alterations including cast formation in the tubular lumen, tubular necrosis and apoptosis were revealed on the second day in either ischemiaor glycerol-induced models, and on day 5 in cisplatin-induced models. The results indicate that ischemia 35 min-, cisplatin 7.5 mg/kg- and glycerol 10 ml/kg-induced AKI would be ideal animal models to monitor a outcome parameter related to the therapeutic effects on renal function with noninvasive techniques in the same animal at multiple time points. Our findings also suggest that the best time points for the functional or histological interpretation of renal will be on day 2 in both glycerol- and ischemia-induced AKI models and on day 5 in cisplatin-induced AKI.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.14-30
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• 1998

Manganese is an essential element in the body. It is mainly deposited in the liver and to a lesser degree in the basal ganglia of the brain and eliminated through the bile duct. Rapid turnover of managanese in the body makes it difficult to evaluate the manganese exposure in workers, esecially in those with irregular or intermittent exposure, like welders. Therefore, conventional biomarkers, including blood and urine manganese can provide only a limited information about the long-tern or cumulative exposure to manganese. Introduction of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) made a progress in the assessment of manganese exposure in the medical conditions related to manganese accumulation, e. g. hepatic failure and long-term total parenteral nutrition. Manganese shortens spin-lattice(T1) relaxation time on MRI due to its paramagnetic property, resulting in high signal intensity (HSI) on T1-weighted image(T1W1) of MRI. Manganese deposition in the brain, therefore, can be visualizedas an HSI in the globus pallidus, the substantia nigra, the putamen and the pituitary. clinical and epidemiologic studies regarding the MRI findings in the cases of occupational and non-occupational manganese exposure were reviewed. relationships between HSI on T1W1 of MRI and age, gender, occupational manganese exposure, and neurological dysfunction were analysed. Relationships betwen biological exposure indices and HSI on MRE werealso reviewed. Literatures were reviewed to establish the relationships between HSI, Manganese deposition in the brain, pathologic findings, and neurological dysfunction. HSI on T1W1 of MRI reflects regional manganese deposition in the brain. This relationship enables an estimation of regional manganese deposition in the brain by analysing MR signal intensity. Manganese deposition in the brain can induce a neuronal loss in the basal ganglia but functional abnormality is supposed to be related to the cumulative exposure of manganese in the brain, use of brain MRI for the assessment of exposure in a group of workers seems to be hardly rationalized, while ti can be a useful adjunct for the evaluation of manganese exposure int he cases with suspected manganese-related health problems.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.159-166
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• 2009

Purpose: We wanted to evaluate the surgical results of early mobilization after rigid fixation of small coronoid fracture using the tension band technique Materials and Methods: Eight cases of coronoid fracture were fixed with the tension band technique and using K-wire and wire through the medial approach. All the cases were Regan-Morrey type 2. According to O'Driscoll, they were classified as 5 cases of the tip type (subtype 2) and 3 cases of the anteromedial type (1 case of subtype 2, and 2 case of subtype 3). The associated collateral ligament injuries (6 cases) and radial head/neck fractures (4 cases) were managed simultaneously. After immobilization for 5~7 days, active ROM exercise with a fitted hinge brace started and continued till postoperative 6 weeks. The patients were assessed for pain, ROM and functional disability using the Mayo elbow performance score (MEPS) at an average of 11 months (range: 6~28 months). The ulnar nerve symptoms were also investigated. Results: We observed solid union in all the coronoid fractures without hardware failure. An average of 2.2 wires (range: 2~4) were used. The mean extension was $3^{\circ}$(range: $0^{\circ}\sim25^{\circ}$), the mean flexion was $137^{\circ}$(range: $130^{\circ}\sim140^{\circ}$), the mean pronation was $69^{\circ}$(range: $45^{\circ}\sim90^{\circ}$) and the mean supination was $78^{\circ}$(range: $45^{\circ}\sim90^{\circ}$). The mean MEPS was 96 (range: 65~100). Ulnar nerve symptoms occurred at postoperative one day and persisted in one patient with the terrible triad of taking radial head excision and residual medial instability. Conclusion: The tension band technique uses easily obtained, economic K-wires and the wire was strong enough to permit early elbow ROM exercise and the technique might improve the elbow function. It was especially useful for fixation of multiple small fragments.