• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제30권9호
• /
• pp.1412-1419
• /
• 2020

Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are a leading cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide. However, the paucity of appropriate cell culture models for HuNoV replication has prevented developing effective anti-HuNoV therapies. In this study, first, the replication of the virus at various temperatures in different cells was compared, which showed that lowering the culture temperature from 37℃ significantly increased virus replication in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. Second, the expression levels of autophagy-, immune-, and apoptosis-related genes at 30℃ and 37℃ were compared to explore factors affecting HuNoV replication. HuNoV cultured at 37℃ showed significantly increased autophagy-related genes (ATG5 and ATG7) and immune-related genes (IFNA, IFNB, ISG15, and NFKB) compared to mock. However, the virus cultured at 30℃ showed significantly decreased expression of autophagy-related genes (ATG5 and ATG7), but not significantly different major immune-related genes (IFNA, ISG15, and NFKB) compared to mock. Importantly, expression of the transcription factor FOXO1, which controls autophagy- and immune-related gene expression, was significantly lower at 30℃. Moreover, FOXO1 inhibition in temperature-optimized MDCK cells enhanced HuNoV replication, highlighting FOXO1 inhibition as an approach for successful virus replication. In the temperature-optimized cells, various HuNoV genotypes were successfully replicated, with GI.8 showing the highest replication levels followed by GII.1, GII.3, and GII.4. Furthermore, ultrastructural analysis of the infected cells revealed functional HuNoV replication at low temperature, with increased cellular apoptosis and decreased autophagic vacuoles. In conclusion, temperature-optimized MDCK cells can be used as a convenient culture model for HuNoV replication by inhibiting FOXO1 and providing adaptability to different genotypes.

• Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• 제13권3호
• /
• pp.131-135
• /
• 2008

In this study, Fe(VI) was employed as a multi-functional agent to treat the simulated industrial wastewater contaminated with Cu(II)-EDTA through oxidation of EDTA, decomplexation of Cu(II)-EDTA and subsequent removal of free copper through precipitation. The decomplexation of $10^{-4}\;M$ Cu(II)-EDTA species was performed as a function of pH at excess concentration of Fe(VI). It was noted that the acidic conditions favor the decomplexation of Cu(II)-EDTA as the decomplxation was almost 100% up to pH 6.5, while it was only 35% at pH 9.9. The enhanced degradation of Cu(II)-EDTA with decreasing the pH could be explained by the different speciation of Fe(VI). $HFeO_4^-$ and $H_2FeO_4$, which are relatively more reactive than the unprotonated species $FeO_4^{2-}$, are predominant species below neutral pH. It was noted that the decomplexation reaction is extremely fast and within 5 to10 min of contact, 100% of Cu(II)-EDTA was decomplexed at pH 4.0. However, at higher pH (i.e., pH 10.0) the decomplexation process was relatively slow and it was observed that even after 180 min of contact, maximum ca 37% of Cu(II)-EDTA was decomplexed. In order to discuss the kinetics of the decomplexation of Cu(II)-EDTA, the data was slightly fitted better for the second order rate reaction than the first order rate reaction in the excess of Fe(VI) concentration. On the other hand, the removal efficiency of free Cu(II) ions was also obtained at pH 4.0 and 10.0. It was probably removed through adsorption/coagulation with the reduced iron i.e., Fe(III). The removal of total Cu(II) was rapid at pH 4.0 whereas, it was slow at pH 10.0. Although the decomplexation was 100% at lower pH, the removal of free Cu(II) was relatively slow. This result may be explicable due to the reason that at lower pH values the adsorption/coagulation capacity of Fe(III) is greatly retarded. On the other hand, at higher pH values the decomplexation of Cu(II)-EDTA was partial, hence, slower Cu(II) removal was occurred.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• 제49권3호
• /
• pp.233-237
• /
• 2006

Sprague-Dawley 랫트(실험용 쥐)에서 간을 적출하여 Collagen coating된 세포 배양 접시에 간세포 배양을 하여 친환경 재배 배 추출물과 일반 관행 재배 배 추출물의 간세포 기능성을 분석하였다. 3일간 적응 시킨 후 관행 재배 배 추출물과 친환경 재배 배 추출물을 농도 별(동결 건조된 $5\;{\mu}g/ml$, $20\;{\mu}g/ml$, $40\;{\mu}g/ml$) 처리하여 간세포의 에너지원인 ATP assay를 실시한 결과 관행 재배 배 추출물의 경우는 대조군과 유의한 차이는 인정이 되지 않았으나 친환경 재배 배 추출물의 경우 농도 의존적으로 정상군에 비해 180%까지 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 한편 세포 성장의 경우도 DNA의 특유 염기 구성성분중의 하나인 thymine의 전구체인 $[^3H]$-thymidine을 간세포에 처리하여 DNA 합성을 알아본 결과 친환경 재배 배 추출물 을 농도별로 처리하였을 때 관행재배 배 추출물에 비해 간세포의 세포 성장율이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다($40\;{\mu}g/ml$ 투여 시 관행 재배 배추출물 112% vs. 친환경 재배 배 추출물은 234%; p<0.05). 아울러 세포성장 단백질인 CDK-2, CDK-4의 경우도 친환경 배 추출물 처리 시 현저하게 증가하는 것으로 나타났으며 세포성장 억제 단백질인 p21WAF1/Cip1 및 p27 Kip1의 경우는 억제시키는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
• /
• 제16권6호
• /
• pp.3807-3818
• /
• 2015

본 연구는 온라인상에서 대학생의 역량관리와 역량개발을 위한 시스템을 개발하는데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 역량관련 문헌조사와 기존 시스템 분석으로 역량개발에 필요한 구성요소를 역량진단 및 진로계획, 역량개발, 역량평가분석, 포트폴리오, 커뮤니티, 취업진단, 커뮤니티로 도출하고 시스템 설계의 방향 설정하였다. 시스템은 Windows 서버에서 Microsoft Windows 운영체계로, 데이터베이스 관리 시스템은 ORACLE ver.10, 프로그래밍 언어는 JSP, JAVA를 사용하여 개발되었다. 시스템 개발 후에 시스템의 오류와 개선사항을 검토하여 시스템을 수정 보완하였으며, 최종 개발된 역량개발시스템의 내용적 기능적 활용도를 검증하였다. 대학생 역량개발시스템은 역량활동 촉진기제, 진로개척 능력 함양, 성찰기능으로 지식의 내면화와 주도적 역량개발, 이력관리의 편이성, 학생-교수-동문간의 상호작용이 가능한 온라인 공간으로 활용될 수 있을 것이며, 대학생의 역량개발시스템에 대한 연구가 희소한 현실에서 역량개발을 위한 새로운 대안으로 대학생의 진로교육과 역량교육 발전에 도움이 될 것이다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
• /
• 제26권4호
• /
• pp.271-280
• /
• 2018

Background: Astragalus membranaceus is a well known oriental medicinal herb. The polysaccharides of the aboveground parts (AMA) and the radix (AMR) of A. membranaceus are the most important functional constituents. Methods and Results: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of AMA and AMR on the oxidative damage induced in the skeletal muscle of rats subjected to exhaustive exercise. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into exercise and non-exercise groups; in the groups receiving the test compounds, AMA and AMR were administered orally for 30 days. Skeletal muscle samples were collected from each rat after running to exhaustion on a treadmill to determine the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) and the concentation of malondialdehyde (MDA). The antioxidant enzyme activities of SOD and GSH-Px of skeletal muscle of AMA- and AMR-treated groups were significantly higher than those of the control and commercial sports drink (SPD)-treated groups in exhaustive exercise rats. In addition, MDA concentrations in the skeletal muscle of the AMA- and AMR-treated groups were significantly lower than those of the control and SPD-treated groups. In the present study, the effects of AMA and AMR on exercise endurance capacity were also evaluated in mice subjected to a swimming exercise test. AMA and AMR supplementation prolonged the swimming time of mice and enhanced exercise endurance capacity. AMA and AMR possess the ability to retard and lower the production of blood lactate, and prevent the decrease of serum blood glucose. Conclusions: These results showed that, AMR and AMA exerted beneficial effect in mice, increasing the activity of the antioxidant systems and inhibiting oxidative stress induced by exhaustive exercise. The compounds improved exercise performance and showed anti-fatigue effects against exhaustive exercise.

• Molecules and Cells
• /
• 제28권5호
• /
• pp.431-439
• /
• 2009

Rice Oryza sativa accelerated cell death and resistance 1 (OsACDR1) encodes a putative Raf-like mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK). We had previously reported upregulation of the OsACDR1 transcript by a range of environmental stimuli involved in eliciting defense-related pathways. Here we apply biochemical, gain and loss-of-function approaches to characterize OsACDR1 function in rice. The OsACDR1 protein showed autophosphorylation and possessed kinase activity. Rice plants overexpressing OsACDR1 exhibited spontaneous hypersensitive response (HR)-like lesions on leaves, upregulation of defense-related marker genes and accumulation of phenolic compounds and secondary metabolites (phytoalexins). These transgenic plants also acquired enhanced resistance to a fungal pathogen (Magnaporthe grisea) and showed inhibition of appressorial penetration on the leaf surface. In contrast, loss-of-function and RNA silenced OsACDR1 rice mutant plants showed downregulation of defense-related marker genes expressions and susceptibility to M. grisea. Furthermore, transient expression of an OsACDR1:GFP fusion protein in rice protoplast and onion epidermal cells revealed its localization to the nucleus. These results indicate that OsACDR1 plays an important role in the positive regulation of disease resistance in rice.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
• /
• 제13권3호
• /
• pp.52-58
• /
• 2008

여러 조건으로 제조한 망간첨착활성탄(Mn-AC)을 유기물과 무기물이 함께 오염되어 있는 합성 폐수처리에 적용하였다. 유기물과 무기물의 대표물질로 각각 페놀과 3가 비소를 선정하였다. Mn-AC의 물리화학적 특성과 안정성을 분석한 후, 회분식 반응조에서 활성탄(AC) 및 Mn-AC에 의한 3가 비소 및 페놀 흡착 특성을 조사하였다. Mn-AC의 안정성 평가를 위해 pH 2에서 4의 산성용액에서 용출되는 망간의 농도로부터 평가하였다. pH 3 이하에서는 Mn-AC로부터 많은 양의 망간이 용출되었지만, pH 4에서는 청정지역 허용기준인 3 ppm 이하의 농도로 용출되었다. Mn-AC에 대한 X-선 회절기 분석결과 첨착된 망간은 $Mn_2O_3$로 밝혀졌다. Mn-AC를 이용한 3가 비소와 페놀의 동시처리 실험결과 3가 비소는 낮은 pH에서 AC보다 높은 산화율을 보였으나, 중성 이상의 pH에서는 AC가 더욱 높은 산화율을 보였다. 활성탄에 망간을 첨착시킴으로서, 비표면적이 13% 감소하였고 이로서 Mn-AC에 의한 페놀제거율은 AC에 비해 8% 정도 줄어들었다. 3가 비소 산화 및 페놀 흡착실험을 통하여 Mn-AC는 복합오염물을 갖는 폐수의 동시처리에 적용될 수 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
• /
• 제48권5호
• /
• pp.319-325
• /
• 2015

The safety of plant species used as a source for herbal medicines and dietary supplements has recently been questioned due to poisonings associated with the presence of cadmium (Cd) in these plants. These plants can derive Cd from their presence in the soil. Organic matter (OM) concentrations in soils could affect the availability of Cd for plants. To determine the effect of OM concentration in soil on the concentration of plant available Cd and uptake of this toxic element by medicinal plants, soil and plant samples were collected from 102 fields supporting for 5 species of medicinal plants in 6 province of South Korea. Concentrations of OM and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in soils affected the phytoavailability of Cd. One M $NH_4OAc$ extractable Cd concentration in soil increased with increasing OM concentrations. There were significantly positive relationships between 1 M $NH_4OAc$ extractable Cd concentration and OM concentration in soil and between 1 M $NH_4OAc$ extractable Cd concentration and DOC concentration. Likewise, OM and DOC concentrations significantly affected Cd concentration in medicinal plant soils. Cadmium concentration in medicinal plants increased with increasing OM concentration in soil [Cd concentration $(mg\;kg^{-1})= 0.179+1.424{\times}10^{-3}$ OM concentrations, $R^2=0.042*$] and with DOC concentration [Cd concentration $(mg\;kg^{-1})= 0.150+5.870{\times}10^{-4}$ DOC concentrations, $R^2=0.124***$]. These results might result from Cd-DOC complex which is easily absorbed Cd form by plant root. Dissolved organic carbon concentration had more positive relationship with Cd concentration in medicinal plants and 1 M $NH_4OAc$ extractable Cd concentration in soils than OM. Cadmium concentration in all 5 species of medicinal plant (Atractylodes macrocephala Koidzumi, Astragalus membranaceus, Codonopsis lanceolata, Platycodon grandiflorum, and Rehmannia glutinosa) significantly increased with increasing DOC concentration in soil. From the above results, formation of Cd-DOC complex caused by OM application might be mainly attributed to increase in Cd concentration in medicinal plants.

• 한국산림과학회지
• /
• 제110권3호
• /
• pp.431-439
• /
• 2021

본 연구에서 잣 구과피의 3가지 추출법(에탄올 추출, 초임계 추출, 에탄올과 초임계 추출물의 혼합)에 따른 항산화 활성, 주름개선 그리고 미백활성의 차이를 확인하였다. 그 결과, 총 폴리페놀 함량은 초임계 추출물이 11.03 mg/g GAE, 70% 에탄올 추출물이 33.79 mg/g GAE이었다. 전자공여능의 경우 1,000 ㎍/mL 농도에서 초임계 추출물은 13.60%, 70% 에탄올 추출물은 91.37%, 혼합물은 71.62%이었다. SOD 유사활성은 100 ㎍/mL 농도에서 초임계 추출물은 16.49%, 에탄올 추출물은 21.84%, 혼합물은 10.7%이었다. ABTS⁺ radical 소거능은 1,000 ㎍/mL 농도에서 초임계 추출물은 38.19%, 70% 에탄올 추출물은 80.23%, 혼합물은 78.72% 이었다. Tyrosinase 저해활성은 1,000 ㎍/mL 농도에서 초임계 추출물은 24.54%, 70% 에탄올 추출물은 36.55%, 혼합물은 15.23%이었다. Elastase 저해활성 측정은 1,000 ㎍/mL 농도에서 초임계 추출물은 15.62%, 70% 에탄올 추출물은 22.56%, 혼합물은 26.64%이었다. 피부수렴활성 결과는 70% 에탄올 추출물이 5000 ㎍/mL에서 81.23%이었고, 초임계 추출물과 혼합물은 활성을 나타내지 않았다. 본 연구에서 분석한 활성 결과는 잣구과피 70% 에탄올 추출물, 혼합물, 초임계 추출물 순으로 우수하게 측정되어 총 폴리페놀 함량 및 항산화 활성 모두 초임계 추출물이 높을 것으로 판단한 가설과 정반대의 결과를 나타내었다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• 제15권6호
• /
• pp.686-702
• /
• 2021

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Schisandrae Fructus, the fruit of Schisandra chinensis Baill., has traditionally been used as a medicinal herb for the treatment of various diseases, and has proven its various pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of Schisandrae Fructus ethanol extract (SF) on inflammatory and oxidative stress in particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5)-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages. MATERIALS/METHODS: To investigate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of SF in PM2.5-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, the levels of pro-inflammatory mediator such as nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), cytokines including interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured. To elucidate the mechanism underlying the effect of SF, the expression of genes involved in the generation of inflammatory factors was also investigated. We further evaluated the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant efficacy of SF against PM2.5 in the zebrafish model. RESULTS: The results indicated that SF treatment significantly inhibited the PM2.5-induced release of NO and PGE₂, which was associated with decreased inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression. SF also attenuated the PM2.5-induced expression of IL-6 and IL-1β, reducing their extracellular secretion. Moreover, SF suppressed the PM2.5-mediated translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) from the cytosol into nuclei and the degradation of inhibitor IκB-α, indicating that SF exhibited anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway. In addition, SF abolished PM2.5-induced generation of ROS, similar to the pretreatment of a ROS scavenger, but not by an inhibitor of NF-κB activity. Furthermore, SF showed strong protective effects against NO and ROS production in PM2.5-treated zebrafish larvae. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that SF exerts anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects against PM2.5 through ROS-dependent down-regulating the NF-κB signaling pathway, and that SF can be a potential functional substance to prevent PM2.5-mediated inflammatory and oxidative damage.