• BMB Reports
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.181-188
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• 1999

4-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase plays an essential role in the 4-aminobutyric acid shunt, converting 4-aminobutyrate to succinic semialdehyde. Recombinant 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferases were overexpressed as their catalytically active forms in E. coli by coproduction with thioredoxin and their solubilities were also dramatically increased. In order to study the structural and functional aspects of the C-terminal domain of brain 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, we have constructed a C-terminal mutant of pig brain 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase and analyzed the functional and structural roles of C-terminal amino acids residues on the enzyme. The deletion of five amino-acid residues from C-terminus did not interfere with the kinetic parameters and functional properties of the enzyme. Also, the deletion did not affect the dimeric structure of the protein aligned along the subunit interface at neutral pH. However, the deletion of the C-terminal region of the protein changed the stability of its dimeric structure at acidic pH. The dissociation of the enzyme acidic, facilitated by the deletion of five amino acids from C-terminus, abolished the catalytic activity.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.421-432
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• 2005

In order to understand the renal reabsorption mechanism of neutral amino acids via amino acid transporters, we have isolated human L-type amino acid transporter 2 (hLAT2) and human T-type amino acid transporter 1 (hTAT1) in human, then, we have examined and compared the gene structures, the functional characterizations and the localization in human kidney. Northern blot analysis showed that hLAT2 mRNA was expressed at high levels in the heart, brain, placenta, kidney, spleen, prostate, testis, ovary, lymph node and the fetal liver. The hTAT1 mRNA was detected at high levels in the heart, placenta, liver, skeletal muscle, kidney, pancreas, spleen, thymus and prostate. Immunohistochemical analysis on the human kidney revealed that the hLAT2 and hTAT1 proteins coexist in the basolateral membrane of the renal proximal tubules. The hLAT2 transports all neutral amino acids and hTAT1 transports aromatic amino acids. The basolateral location of the hLAT2 and hTAT1 proteins in the renal proximal tubule as well as the amino acid transport activity of hLAT2 and hTAT1 suggests that these transporters contribute to the renal reabsorption of neutral and aromatic amino acids in the basolateral domain of epithelial proximal tubule cells, respectively. Therefore, LAT2 and TAT1 play essential roles in the reabsorption of neutral amino acids from the epithelial cells to the blood stream in the kidney. Because LAT2 and TAT1 are essential to the efficient absorption of neutral amino acids from the kidney, their defects might be involved in the pathogenesis of disorders caused by a disruption in amino acid absorption such as blue diaper syndrome.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.431-435
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• 2000

In order to develop new materials for the functional feed, the components of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) was studied. Chemical composition, minerals, amino acids, and fatty acids of the seed and the flower of safflower were analyzed. The chemical composition of safflower seed was 3.48% (w/w) moisture, 17.10% crude protein, 30.10% crude fat, 6.11% crude ash and these of safflower flower was 7.47% moisture, 26.30% crude protein, 11.50% crude fat, 5.73% crude ash. Mineral contents of the seed were K 170.70ppm, P 14.82ppm, Ca 13.17ppm, Mg 7.83 ppm whereas these of the flower were K 64.99 ppm, P 49.90 ppm, Ca 10.43ppm. Other mineral contents were less than 7.00ppm in all parts. The composition of the amino acid were approximately as follow, the major amino acid in all parts were aspartic acid, leucine, glycine, and arginine, the contents of these were 12.17mg/g, 11.52mg/g, 8.27mg/g, 6.99mg/g, 4.86mg/g in the seed, 19.35mg/g, 31.67mg/g, 10.30mg/g, 9.06mg/g, 12.51mg/g in the flower, respectively. The mahor fatty acids in the all parts were linoleic acid (C아래첨자). The linoleic acid and the palmitic acid (C아래첨자) in the seed and the flower parts were 77.75% (w/w), 19.32% and 8.37%, 25.62% respectively. On the basis of chemical analysis, the safflower showed to have relatively high contents of crude protein and crude fat, minerals, polyunsaturated fatty acid as linoleic acid. These results suggested that safflower was found to be a useful material of natural health food for the functional food development.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.68-73
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• 2000

In order to develop new materials for the functional food, the components of safflower(Carthamus tinctorius L.) sprout was studied. Chemical composition, minerals, amino acids, and fatty acids of the leaf and the stem parts of 2 weeks grown safflower sprout were analyzed. The chemical composition of safflower spout was 12.7% (w/w) moisture, 28.5% crude protein, 10.1% crude fat, and 5.3% crude ash. Mineral contents of the leaf part were P 49%, K 22%, Mg 15%, Ca 10% whereas these of the stem part were K 51%, P 27%, S 10%, Ca 7%, Mg 4%. Other mineral contents were less than 2% in both parts. Especially, Pt was 0.18 ppb and 0.17 ppb in the leaf and the stem parts, respectively. The composition of the amino acid were approximately as follow, the major amino acid in the leaf and the stem were aspartic acid and glutamic acid, the contents of these were 10.7mg/g, 10mg/g in the leaf, 11.3 mg/g, 8.4 mg/g in the stem, respectively. The major fatty acids in the leaf and the stem parts were linoleic acid and $\alpha$-linolenic acid. The linoleic acid (C18:2) in the leaf and the stem parts were 67% (w/w) and 47% whereas the $\alpha$-linolenic acid. The linoleic acid (C18:2) in those parts were 14% (w/w) and 11%, respectively. On the basis of chemical analysis, the safflower sprout showed to have relatively high contents of crude protein and crude fat, minerals including small amount of Pt, polyunsaturated fatty acid as linoleic acid and $\alpha$ -linolenic acid. These results suggested that safflower sprout was found to be a useful material of natural health food for the functional food development.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.42-49
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• 2017

This study was conducted to determine the nutritional value of domestic cherry tomato varieties (Summerking, Qutiquti, and Minichal). The levels of amino acids, amino acid derivatives, and ${\gamma}-aminobutyric-acid$ (GABA) were analyzed using ion chromatography. In domestic cherry tomatoes, eighteen free amino acids were found including L-glutamic acid (L-Glu), L-glutamine (L-Gln), and L-aspartic acid (L-Asp). L-Glu was the most abundant amino acid, ranging from 1,533.17 mg/100 g to 1,920.65 mg/100 g (dry weight). The next abundant amino acids were L-Gln, ranging from 784.68 mg/100 g to 1,164.36 mg/100 g and L-Asp, ranging from 320.73 mg/100 g to 387.22 mg/100 g. Domestic cherry tomatoes contained eight essential amino acids except tryptophan and the total essential amino acid content was 297.30~432.43 mg/100 g (dry weight), which was 8.92~10.61% of total free amino acid. Several amino acid derivatives were found: L-carnitine (L-Car), hydroxylysine (Hyl), o-phosphoethanolamine (o-Pea), phosphoserine (p-Ser), ${\beta}-alanine$ (${\beta}-Ala$), N-methyl-histidine (Me-His), ethanolamine ($EtNH_2$), and L-citrulline (L-Cit). L-Car, transporting long-chain fatty acid into mitocondrial matrix, was the most abundant amino acid derivative in all domestic cherry tomatoes. A high level of GABA (313.18~638.57 mg/100 g), known as a neurotransmitter, was also found in all three domestic cherry tomatoes. These results revealed that domestic cherry tomatoes have a good balance of nutrient and bioactive compounds. Therefore, cherry tomatoes can be used as a functional food material.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.483-489
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• 2005

To understand the molecular mechanisms that regulate intramuscular fat deposition and its release, cDNA clones expressed in adipose tissues of Korean cattle were identified by differential screening from adipose tissue cDNA library. By partial nucleotide sequencing of 486 clones and a search for sequence similarity in NCBI nucleotide databases, 245 clones revealed unique clones. By a functional grouping of the clones, 14% of the clones were categorized to metabolism and enzyme-related group (stearoyl CoA desaturase, lactate dehydrogenase, fatty acid synthase, ATP citrate lyase, lipoprotein lipase, acetyl CoA synthetase, etc), and 6% to signal transduction/cell cycle-related group (C/EBP, cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein, calmodulin, cyclin G1, cyclin H, etc), and 4% to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix components (vimentin, ankyrin 2, gelosin, syntenin, talin, prefoldin 5). The obtained 245 clones will be useful to study lipid metabolism and signal transduction pathway in adipose tissues and to study obesity in human. Some clones were subjected to full-sequencing containing open reading frame. The cDNA clone of bovine homolog of human prefoldin 5 gene had a total length of 959 nucleotides coding for 139 amino acids. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences of bovine prefoldin 5 with those of human and mouse showed over 95% identity. The cDNA clone of bovine homolog of human ubiquitin-like/S30 ribosomal fusion protein gene had a total length of 484 nucleotides coding for 133 amino acids. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences of bovine ubiquitin-like/S30 ribosomal fusion protein gene with those of human, rat and mouse showed over 97% identity. The cDNA clone of bovine homolog of human proteolipid protein 2 mRNA had a total length of 928 nucleotides coding for 152 amino acids. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences of bovine proteolipid protein 2 with those of human and mouse showed 87.5% similarity. The cDNA clone of bovine homolog of rat thymosin beta 4 had a total length of 602 nucleotides coding for 44 amino acids. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences of bovine thymosin beta 4 gene with those of human, mouse and rat showed 93.1% similarity. The cDNA clone of bovine homolog of human myotrophin mRNA had a total length of 790 nucleotides coding for 118 amino acids. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences of bovine myotrophin gene with those of human, mouse and rat showed 83.9% similarity. The functional role of these clones in adipose tissues needs to be established.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.815-823
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• 2011

This study was carried out to analyze the change of major nutrient components of spaghetti squash by boiling. The moisture, crude protein, fat, ash and carbohydrate contents in fresh squash were 94.2%, 0.6%, 0.1%, 0.7% and 4.4% respectively as against 95.1%, 0.5%, 0.1%, 0.5% and 3.8% in boiled squash. The decrease in protein and ash contents of the boiled sample were found to be significant. Major component of the minerals were potassium and the fresh and boiled squash had the contents of 330 mg and 256 mg, respectively. There were no differences of dietary fiber between the fresh and boiled squash. Beta-carotene contents of the fresh and boiled spaghetti squash were $0.69{\mu}g$ and $2.22{\mu}g$, respectively. The contents of tocopherol were decreased as like 4.3 mg and 2.0 mg. A total of 17 kinds of amino acids were isolated from squash and they were decreased by boiling and the high content of amino acids in order were aspartic acid, glutamic acid, arginine, lysine, and leucine in raw squash. Particularly, total amino acid of fresh squash were 6,739.5 mg per 100 g edible portion and higher than that of boiled squash(4,820.3 mg). Total polyphenolic compound of the fresh squash from $297.3{\mu}g/mg$ was slightly decreased to $253.3{\mu}g/mg$ by boiling.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.1336-1341
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• 2009

Quantitative changes in functional constituents of waxy corn (Zea mays L.) by 5 different thermal pretreatments, including roasting, steaming, microwave, puffing, and extruding, were determined and compared with those of the raw waxy corn. There were no significant differences in fatty acid compositions among the corn treated with 5 thermal treatments. Levels of $\alpha$- and $\gamma$-tocopherols, soluble amino acids, and phytosterols decreased by thermal treatments, while those of p-coumaric and ferulic acids considerably increased by thermal treatments. In particular, the contents of tocopherols and phytosterols, and souble amino acid decreased significant in the steaming and puffing processes, respectively, whereas those of 2 free cinnamic acids increased significantly in the steaming and puffing processes. The extruding process showed smaller quantitative changes in tocopherols, phytosterols, and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives compared to other heat pretreatments. These results suggest that the extruding process have a positive effect on valuable phytochemicals in waxy corn.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.332-340
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• 2009

This study was conducted to analyze and determine formation potentials for chlorination disinfection by-products (DBPs) from twenty amino acid compounds with or without $Br^-$. Two of twenty amino acid compound were tryptophan and tyrosine that were relatively shown high for formation of trihalomethanes (THMs)/dissolved organic carbon (DOC) whether or not $Br^-$ presented. Other 18 compounds were shown low for formation of THMs/DOC whether or not $Br^-$ presented. Five amino acid compounds that were tryptophan, tyrosine, asparagine, aspartic acid and histidine were shown high for formation of haloacetic acids (HAAs)/DOC whether or not $Br^-$ presented. Although formation of dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) was dominated in asparagine, aspartic acid and histidine, trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) was dominated in tryptophan and tryptophan. The formation of haloacetnitriles (HANs)/DOC whether or not $Br^-$ presented was high in Aspartic acid, histidine, asparagine, tyrosine and tryptophan. Specially, aspartic acid was detected 660.2 ${\mu}$g/mg (HAN/DOC). Although the formation of chloralhydrate (CH)/DOC was shown high in asparagine, aspartic acid, histidine, methionine, tryptophan and tyrosine, the formation of Chloropicrin (CP)/DOC was low (1 ${\mu}$g/mg) in twenty amino acid compounds. The formations of THM, HAA and HAN were also investigated in functional groups of amino acids. The highest formation of THM was shown in amino acids compounds (tryptophan and tyrosine) with an aromatic functional group. Highest, second-highest, third-highest and fourth-highest functional groups for formation of HAA were aromatic, neutral, acidic and basic respectively. In order of increasing functional groups for formation of HAN were acidic, basic, neutral and aromatic.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.18-26
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• 2013

This study examined the taste, nutritional and functional characterizations of commercial seasoned sea squirt Halocynthia roretzi (CSS). Total taste values of CSS ranged from 7.6 to 69.5 and the major free amino acids were glutamic acid and aspartic acid. Total contents of amino acids in CSS ranged from 5.91 to 7.59 g/100 g and the major amino acids were also glutamic acid and aspartic acid. When taking 100 g of CSS, the minerals that could be expected to have functional health effects (minerals whose levels were above 10% of the recommended daily requirements) were P, Mg and Fe. Other minerals were also present in non-negligible quantities. In terms of the functional properties of CSS, ACE inhibitory activity was 21.2-37.1%, antioxidative activity was 55.4-90.4%, xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity was 52.9-76.6% and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activity was 0-32%. Antimicrobial activity against Vibrio parahaemolyticus was not detected, but activity against Staphylococcus aureus, groups such as KB, GG, CY, DN, HC and KH, and against Escherichia coli groups such as SF, WD, KB and GG, was detected.