• ETRI Journal
• /
• v.43 no.5
• /
• pp.775-786
• /
• 2021

To translate in real time, a simultaneous translation system should determine when to stop reading source tokens and generate target tokens corresponding to a partial source sentence read up to that point. However, conventional attention-based neural machine translation (NMT) models cannot produce translations with adequate latency in online scenarios because they wait until a source sentence is completed to compute alignment between the source and target tokens. To address this issue, we propose a reinforced learning (RL)-based attention mechanism, the reinforced attention mechanism, which allows a neural translation model to jointly train the stopping criterion and a partial translation model. The proposed attention mechanism comprises two modules, one to ensure translation quality and the other to address latency. Different from previous RL-based simultaneous translation systems, which learn the stopping criterion from a fixed NMT model, the modules can be trained jointly with a novel reward function. In our experiments, the proposed model has better translation quality and comparable latency compared to previous models.

• The Journal of Korean Medical History
• /
• v.28 no.1
• /
• pp.111-119
• /
• 2015

Objectives : The Dongui Bogam in My Hand', which is an output of computerizing Donguibogam (Principles and Practice of Eastern Medicine), is an interim outcome of the research project led by the Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine. This study examined the process in which Donguibogam, a record in Chinese and a classic of Oriental medicine, expanded into a modern content. Methods : This study will classify the modernization of Donguibogam into three 'contents' that form Donguibogam, 'container' that will hold the contents, and 'community' that is the consumer of Donguibogam. Towards the end, this study will sketch out the status of computerizing Chinese records in Korea, and point out the reality faced by computerization of ancient documents on Oriental medicine as well as the direction for the future. Results : 'The Dongui Bogam in My Hand' has been downloaded more than 10,000 times for 4 months since it releases in August 2014, and is used for at least 6,000 times on average every month. This achievement can be due to the two following reasons. First, the application contains high-quality contents such as the original text of Donguibogam as well as Korean and English translations. Second, it satisfied the needs of Donguibogam users with (1) the Browse function that well displays the table of contents, (2) the Search function that separates the title from the main text, and (3) the Personalization function designed to link and share relevant knowledge. Conclusions : Computerization of Chinese records was triggered by the request of the academia, but it was accelerated after being selected as a public laboring project to overcome the IMF crisis. However, computerization of ancient documents is not a simple task but a field of study to modernize classical knowledge. The success or failure of computerization of Chinese records is determined by whether high-quality modern 'contents' are secured, whether the 'container' design adequately implements the search, browse and link functions, and how well it fulfills the needs of the consumer 'community'.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics S
• /
• v.34S no.5
• /
• pp.1-14
• /
• 1997

We consider transmission beamforming techniques for frequency-division-duplex (FDD) wireless communication systems using adaptive arrays to improve the signal quality of the array transmission link. We develop a simple effective transmission beamforming technique based on an approximated frequency tranlsation (AFT) to derive the tranmsiion beamforming weights from the uplink channel vector. This technique exploits the invariance of the short-time averaged fast fading statistics to small frequency translations. A simple approximate relationship that relates the transmission channel vector to the reception channel vector is derived. We have developed its practical alternative in which the frequency translation of the channel vector is performed at the principal angle of arrival (AOA) of the u;link synthestic angular spectrum instead of the mean AOA. To analyze the performance of the proposed methods, we consider the power loss incurred by applying the estimated channel vector instead of the true downlink channel vector. The performance is analyzed as a function of the mean AOA, the angular spread, the number of elements, frequncy difference between the uplink and the downlink, and the angle distribution. Their performance is also compared with that of the direct weight reuse method and the AOA based methods.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
• /
• v.26 no.5
• /
• pp.344-350
• /
• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to translate and culturally adapt the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) into the Korean language. Methods: The process of translation and adaptation of the ICF used here followed the translation guidelines of WHO. Implementation of this procedure comprised of four steps; forward translation, expert panel back-translation, pre-testing and cognitive interviewing, and final adaptation. The translators included health professionals with knowledge of ICF and non-health professionals blinded to the ICF. Clinical academics with significant experience in the use of disability survey, medical doctors, special educators, related policy makers, clinicians, architecture professionals, and international experts in ICF were invited to integrate all versions of the ICF for testing; 151 clinicians volunteered from 19 medical institutes across the country. Four different core-sets and a questionnaire were used for testing its practical usability and adaptation. Results: All translations were reviewed and a consensus was reached on any discrepancy from the earlier versions. Over 90% of the newly translated version of K-ICF was found to be different from the 2004 K-ICF version in the ICF language. Understanding of K-ICF language was responded difficult and very difficult by 50% of participants, whereas its practical use was responded 'useful' by more than 50% of subjects. Conclusion: It can be suggested that the new version of K-ICF should be widely used for final adaptation in the field of areas. Future studies will be required for implementation of K-ICF.

• Journal of KIISE:Computing Practices and Letters
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.201-206
• /
• 2010

PLCs are special purpose microcontrollers used in most automatic control systems such as plants, embedded systems, and intelligent buildings. LD is one of the most popular languages among PLC languages. For now LD programs are mainly verified by simulation and testing which has a lot of limitation. This paper describes how to translate a given LD program into an input of a model checker so that LD program is verified by model checking. We define formal semantics of LD programs and SMV models and specify a formal definition of the translation function which preserves semantics between LD programs and SMV models.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
• /
• v.7 no.12
• /
• pp.3180-3199
• /
• 2013

While non-predefined object segmentation (NDOS) distinguishes an arbitrary self-assumed object from its background, predefined object segmentation (DOS) pre-specifies the target object. In this paper, a new and novel method to segment predefined objects is presented, by globally optimizing an orientation-based objective function that measures the fitness of the object boundary, in a discretized parameter space. A specific object is explicitly described by normalized discrete sets of boundary points and corresponding normal vectors with respect to its plane shape. The orientation factor provides robust distinctness for target objects. By considering the order of transformation elements, and their dependency on the derived over-segmentation outcome, the domain of translations and scales is efficiently discretized. A branch and bound algorithm is used to determine the transformation parameters of a shape model corresponding to a target object in an image. The results tested on the PASCAL dataset show a considerable achievement in solving complex backgrounds and unclear boundary images.

• Journal of Educational Research in Mathematics
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.495-507
• /
• 1998

This article intends to review what problems the terms in calculus have and how those problems are caused. For this purpose We make examinations on the considerations in the analysis of mathematical terminology, which includes the problems of general and technical terms, the meaning and the boundary of words, their consistency, the name and meaning, concept and their concept images, translations and qwerty effects. And in chapter 3, We analyse the textbook which are currently used, through which I was able to find out that the terms in calculus have some problems, In other words, the key terms such as "differentiable", "differential coefficient", "differential" have their roots in the term "differential" but the term "derived function" is very distinct from other terms and thus obstructs the consistency of terms. And the central term "differential" is being used without clear definition. In particular, the fact that "differential", when used in its arbitrary definition, has the image of "splitting minutely" can be an obstacle to understanding the exact concepts of calculus. In chapter 4, We make a review on the history of calculus and the term "differential" currently used in modern mathematics so that I can identify the origin of the problem connected with the usage of the term "differential". We should recognize the specified problems and its causes and keep their instructional implications in mind. Furthermore, following researches and discussions should be made on whether the terminology system of calculus should be reestablished and how the reestablishment should be made.e terminology system of calculus should be reestablished and how the reestablishment should be made.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
• /
• v.10 no.3
• /
• pp.47-55
• /
• 2015

PURPOSE: Stoke is one of most common disabling conditions and it is still lacking of measuring patient's functioning level. The aim of the study was to develop Korean language version of stroke impact scale 3.0. METHODS: Korean version of stroke impact scale 3.0 was developed in idiomatic modern Korean with a standard protocol of multiple forward and backward translations and an expert reviews to achieve equivalence with the original English version. Interviews with clinicians who were currently managing patients with stroke were also conducted for language evaluation. A reliability test was performed to make final adaptation using a pre-final version. To assess the reliability of the translated questionnaire, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated for each domain of the scale. RESULTS: Thirty subjects (16 male, 14 female) aged from 20 to 75 years old participated to review the translated questionnaire. Reliability of each domain of the questionnaire was found to be good in strength (ICC=0.74), ADL (ICC=0.81), mobility (ICC=0.90), hand function (ICC=0.80) and social participation (ICC=0.79), communication (ICC=0.77) with total (ICC=0.76). However, domains of memory and thinking (ICC=0.66), and emotion (ICC=0.27) and showed poor reliability. CONCLUSION: This study indicates that the Korean version of SIS 3.0 was successfully developed. Future study needed for obtaining the validity of the Korean version of SIS 3.0.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• v.57 no.5
• /
• pp.809-821
• /
• 2016

Concentric-tube continuum robots have formed an active field of research in robotics because of their manipulative exquisiteness essential to facilitate delicate surgical procedures. A set of concentric tubes with designed initial curvatures comprises a robot whose workspace can be controlled by relative translations and rotations of the tubes. Kinematic models have been widely used to predict the movement of the robot, but they are incapable of describing its time-dependent hysteretic behaviors accurately particularly when snapping occurs. To overcome this limitation, here we present a finite element modeling approach to investigating the dynamics of concentric-tube continuum robots. In our model, each tube is discretized using MITC shell elements and its transient responses are computed implicitly using the Bathe time integration method. Inter-tube contacts, the key actuation mechanism of this robot, are modeled using the constraint function method with contact damping to capture the hysteresis in robot trajectories. Performance of the proposed method is demonstrated by analyzing three specifications of two-tube robots including the one exhibiting snapping phenomena while the method can be applied to multiple-tube robots as well.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
• /
• v.45
• /
• pp.109-143
• /
• 2016

This article examines distinctive linguistic shifts of translational English in an effort to verify the validity of the translation universals hypotheses, including simplification, explicitation, normalization and leveling-out, which have been most heavily explored to date. A large-scale study involving comparable corpora of translated and non-translated English newspaper texts has been carried out to typify particular linguistic attributes inherent in translated texts. The main findings are as follows. First, by employing the parameters of STTR, top-to-bottom frequency words, and mean values of sentence lengths, the translational instances of simplification have been detected across the translated English newspaper corpora. In contrast, the portion of function words produced contrary results, which in turn suggests that this feature might not constitute an effective test of the hypothesis. Second, it was found that the use of connectives was more salient in original English newspaper texts than translated English texts, being incompatible with the explicitation hypothesis. Third, as an indicator of translational normalization, lexical bundles were found to be more pervasive in translated texts than in non-translated texts, which is expected from and therefore support the normalization hypothesis. Finally, the standard deviations of both STTR and mean sentence lengths turned out to be higher in translated texts, indicating that the translated English newspaper texts were less leveled out within the same corpus group, which is opposed to what the leveling-out hypothesis postulates. Overall, the results suggest that not all four hypotheses may qualify for the label translation universals, or at least that some translational predictors are not feasible enough to evaluate the effectiveness of the translation universals hypotheses.