• 좋은식품
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• 통권216호
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• pp.73-77
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• 2010

• 식물병연구
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.310-316
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• 2012

Gibberellea fujikuroi (Gf) 종복합체는 최소 15개의 종으로 구성되어 있으며, 대부분 식물에 병을 일으킬 뿐 아니라 푸모니신과 같은 곰팡이독소를 생성한다. 본 연구에서는 우리나라 벼와 옥수수로부터 분리한 Gf 종복합체 소속 야생형 균주의 푸모니신 생성능을 검정하였다. 이들 분석대상 균주는 모두 푸모니신 생합성에 필수적인 polyketide synthase 유전자 FUM1을 가지고 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 총 88주의 Gf 종복합체 소속 균주(55 F. fujikuroi, 10 F. verticillioides, 20 F. proliferatum, 2 F. subglutinans, 1 F. concentricum)와 Gf 종복합체의 근연종인 4주의 F. commune를 쌀 배지에 배양한 후 각 균주의 푸모니신 생성 농도를 HPLC 방법으로 측정하였다. 대부분의 F. verticillioides과 F. proliferatum 균주는 기주 식물에 관계없이 푸모니신 $B_1$($0.5-2,686.4{\mu}g/g$)과 $B_2$($0.7-1,497.6{\mu}g/g$)를 다양한 범위 내에서 생성하였다. 반면 모든 F. fujikuroi을 비롯한 다른 Fusarium spp.의 균주로부터는 푸모니신이 검출되지 않았거나 $10{\mu}g/g$ 이하 수준의 미량만 검출되었다. 흥미롭게도 F. proliferatum과 F. fujikuroi의 경우, 옥수수 유래 균주 집단에서 벼 유래 균주 집단에 비해 상대적으로 고농도 푸모니신 생성 균주의 비율이 높았다. 한편, FUM1 유전자를 함유하고 있는 F. commune의 푸모니신 생성능은 본 연구를 통해 처음 보고된다.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.251-258
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• 1999

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.334-342
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• 2015

Two fumonisin-nonproducing strains of Fusarium verticillioides and their fumonisin producing progenitors were tested for aggressiveness toward maize, sorghum, rice, and beetroot seedlings grown under greenhouse conditions. None of the plants showed obvious disease symptoms after root dip inoculation. Fungal biomass was determined by species-specific real-time PCR. No significant (P = 0.05) differences in systemic colonization were detected between the wild type strains and mutants not producing fumonisins. F. verticillioides was not detected in any of the non-inoculated control plants. The fungus grew from roots to the first two internodes/leaves of maize, rice and beet regardless of fumonisin production. The systemic growth of F. verticillioides in sorghum was limited. The results showed that fumonisin production was not required for the infection of roots of maize, rice and beet by F. verticillioides.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.953-958
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• 1996

발암성 진균 독소의 하나인 fumonisin을 신속, 간편하게 분석할 수 있는 효소면역측정법 (ELISA)을 개발하고자 하였다. 먼저 Fumonisin $B_1\;(FB_{1})$에 특이적인 항체를 생산하기 위하여 $FB_1$을 keyhole lympet hemocyanin (KLH)에 공유결합시키고 이를 Freund's adjuvant와 함께 토끼에 3차례 피하주사하여 면역하였다. 높은 항체가와 가장 양호한 경합반응을 보인 항혈청으로부터 항체를 정제하였으며, 이 항체의 fumonisin 유사독소에 대한 교차반응은 fumonisin $B_1,\;B_2$및 $B_3$에 대하여 각각 100%, 69% 및 166%이었다. $FB_1$의 검출을 위하여 확립한 직접법 경합ELISA (cdELISA)로 옥수수에 인위적으로 오염시킨 $FB_1$을 정제없이 ELISA로 분석하는 경우, 75% methanol로 시료의 추출 후 완충액으로 1/100 희석하였을 때 양호한 회수율을 보였다. 이 조건하에서 행한 ELISA의 FB₁분석회수율은 $1-30\;{\mu}g/g$의 오염농도범위에서 평균 67%이었으며, 농도별 회수율의 분산은 3.4%로 분석치가 매우 안정하였다. 본 연구에서 개발한 fumonisin 분석용 ELISA system은 수입 및 국내산 농산물로부터 이 독소의 정제없이 손쉽게 다량의 시료를 일차로 분석하는 데 유용할 것으로 판단된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.610-614
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of fumonisin contamination in corn and corn-based feeds in Taiwan. A total of 233 samples was collected from 8 feed mill factories located in four different regions in Taiwan. The presence of fumonisin $B_1$ ($FB_1$) and $B_2$ ($FB_2$) was determined by thin layer chromatograph, while the total fumonisin content was determined using immuno-affinity column cleanup and fluorometer quantitation. Our results showed that 55 samples of swine feeds had the highest percentage of incidence of $FB_1$ and $FB_2$ (41.8% and 41.8%, respectively), followed by 66 samples of duck feeds (40.9% and 37.8%). However, the percentage of incidence of $FB_1$ and $FB_2$ was much lower in 43 samples of broiler feeds (23.2% and 13.9%) and 69 samples of corn (17.3% and 10.1%). Corn and duck feeds were found to have a significant higher level of means of total fumonisins ($5.4{\pm}1.5$ and $5.8{\pm}0.6$ ppm, respectively) than swine feeds ($2.9{\pm}0.4$ ppm) and broiler feeds ($3.0{\pm}0.5$ ppm). Comparing fumonisins distribution in different regions, the highest percentage of $FB_1$ incidence (39.2%) was found in the eastern region of Taiwan, and total fumonisins level ($4.5{\pm}0.7$ ppm) was significantly higher than other regions. However, the highest percentage of $FB_2$ incidence (32.0%) was found in the central region of Taiwan. Trimonthly analysis of data showed that both high percentage of $FB_1$ and $FB_2$ incidence (39.3% and 37.7%) and total concentration of fumonisin ($5.7{\pm}0.4$ ppm) were found in the period of Jan. to Mar., The incidence and concentration were significantly higher than other trimothly periods. These results indicate that fumonisin B mycotoxins are both widespread and persistent in feed-grade corn and corn-based feeds in Taiwan.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.203-210
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• 2006

Fumonisins are a group of mycotoxins produced by a pathogen Fusarium verticillioides in infected maize kernels. Consumption of fumonisin-contaminated maize has been implicated in a number of animal and human illnesses, including esophageal cancer and neural tube defects. Since the initial discovery, chemistry, toxicology, and biology of fumonisins as well as the maize-Fusarium pathosystem have been extensively studied. Furthermore, in the past decade, significant progress has been made in terms of understanding the molecular biology of toxin biosynthetic genes. However, there is a critical gap in our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms involved in fumonisin biosynthesis. Here, we review and discuss our current knowledge about the molecular mechanisms by which fumonisin biosynthesis is regulated in F. verticillioides. In addition, we discuss the impact of maize kernel environment, particularly sugar and lipid molecules, on fumonisin biosynthesis.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.23-32
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• 1993

Species of the genus Fusarium are worldwide in their distribution. They are saprophytes as soil inhabitants and parasites of cultivated plants. Some isolates of certain species car capable of producing mycotoxins. Mycotoxicoses, including moldy corn toxicosis, alimentary toxic aleukia, fusariotoxicosis, and rel mold disease are known to be associated with trichothecene-producing fungi. Historically severe epidemic of cereal scab occred in the southern part of Korea in 1963. The epidemic caused a social problem because of not only heavy economic losses but also mycotoxicoses to humans and farm animals. However the toxic principles were remained unknown until some publications in 1980's indicated that trichothecenes and zearalenone were major mycotoxins in Korea cereals contaminated with Fusarium moniliforme have been found to be associated with human and animal disease such as leukoencephalomalacia in horses, pulmonary edema in swine and esophageal cancer in humans. High concentrations of fumonisins have been detected in corn samples from high espohoageal cancer risk areas of South Africa and China. Thus fumonisins have been implicated in the etiolgy of human esophageal cancer in those high incidence countries. Recently increase of imported cereals from foreign countries demands to assess the safety of mycotoxins in Korea. The informations on the natural occurrence of mycotoxins are needed to solve the toxicological problems in humans and farm animals associated with the consumption of moldy cereals.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.119-125
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• 1996

In order to develop enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for fumonisins, production of specific antibodies, establishment of ELISA conditions, and quantitation of the toxin from spiked corns by ELISA were performed. Fumonisin $B_1(FB_1)$ conjugated to cholera toxin (CT) with or without Freund's adjuvant was subcutaneously injected into 2 groups of rabbits. When the titer of the antisera produced by each rabbit was tested, higher titer was observed in case of the immunization with the adjuvant. By use of the antiserum showing the highest titer (1:16,000) and its purified antibodies, competitive indirect and direct ELISA's (ciELISA and cdELISA) were established, respectively. When the cross-reactivity of the antibody against fumonisin analogs was investigated by the ciELISA, it was very low against $B_3$ (2%) but high against fumonisin $B_2$ (179%). The sensitivity of the ELISAs was also very high, because the detection limit for $FB_1$ was 0.03 ppb in ciELISA and 0.3 ppb in cdELISA. When the ELISA's were applied to the spiked corns after extraction with 75% methanol, the assay recovery of $FB_1$ was too unstable to assay. However, when cleanup by strong anion exchange (SAX) cartridge was introduced to remove interfering materials, the mean ELISA recovery of $FB_1$ from corns spiked to 3~10 ppm was found to be 34.0% and stable (mean of CV, 8.2%).

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.203-211
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• 2015

Maize is the dominant cereal crop produced in the US. One of the main fungal pathogens of maize is Fusarium verticillioides, the causative agent of ear and stalk rots. Significantly, the fungus produces a group of mycotoxins - fumonisins - on infested kernels, which have been linked to various illnesses in humans and animals. Nonetheless, durable resistance against F. verticillioides in maize is not currently available. In Texas, over 2.1 million acres of maize are vulnerable to fumonisin contamination, but understanding of the distribution of toxigenic F. verticillioides in maize-producing areas is currently lacking. Our goal was to investigate the genetic variability of F. verticillioides in Texas with an emphasis on fumonisin trait and geographical distribution. A total of 164 F. verticillioides cultures were isolated from 65 maize-producing counties. DNA from each isolate was extracted and analyzed by PCR for the presence of FUM1- a key fumonisin biosynthesis gene - and mating type genes. Results showed that all isolates are in fact F. verticillioides capable of producing fumonisins with a 1:1 mating-type gene ratio in the population. To further study the genetic diversity of the population, isolates were analyzed using RAPD fingerprinting. Polymorphic markers were identified and the analysis showed no clear correlation between the RAPD profile of the isolates and their corresponding geographical origin. Our data suggest the toxigenic F. verticillioides population in Texas is widely distributed wherever maize is grown. We also hypothesize that the population is fluid, with active movement and genetic recombination occurring in the field.