• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.407-414
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• 2013

This study was carried out to understand the physiological characteristics of 'Manpungbae' (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) pears through the seasonal changes of pericarp structure and anatomical differences between bagging and non-bagging treatment, and also fruit quality and peel coloration characteristics at the harvest time. The pericarp at full bloom was consists of outer epidermis, hypodermis, parenchyma cell, and inner epidermis from the exterior. The cell layers from the outer epidermis to vascular bundle increased rapidly 7-10 layers to 18-26 layers from full bloom (FB) to 77 days after full bloom (DAFB) and did not change significantly until maturity. Thus, the cell division period of 'Manpungbae' pear was until 77 DAFB and during this period, the thickness from hypodermis to vascular bundle increased from $73.1{\mu}m$ to $195{\mu}m$ in this period. Stone cells were formed from seven to 21 DAFB and stone cell clusters were formed around 49 DAFB. The cork cell layer was formed between 49 and 77 DAFB. 'Manpungbae' fruit pericarp was consists of 4.5 layers of the cork cell layers and seven layers of hypodermis which has the tannin at harvest time (161 DAFB). Comparison of the fruit enlargement and fruit structure development by bagging or non-bagging showed that 'Manpungbae' fruits without bagging had more than three cork cell layer than those with bagging at maturity. The size of stone cell clusters were varied in two treatments. Fruit weight was higher in the non-bagging treatment but there was no difference in soluble solid contents (SSC) between two treatments. The weight of the 'Manpunbae' fruit was distributed from 301 g to more 900 g and the average fruit weight was 677.2 g at harvest time, and fruits in the range of 551-800 g accounted for 71.6% of total production. The SSC, acidity and SSC/acidity ratio was $10.2-12.1^{\circ}Brix$, 0.10-1.24% and 9.76-14.31 respectively, and the SSC was higher in bigger fruit which had a very higher positive correlation with a fruit weight. However, the fruit firmness tended to be lower with fruit size which had a very higher negative correlation with the fruit weight and SSC. The cork cell layer numbers between yellowish brown and green pericarp were not different significantly, in 3.8 and 3.5 respectively.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.23-30
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• 2009

The object of this study was to evaluate the effect of the gibberellin treatment on fruit enlargement and ripening promotion in 'Niitaka' pear(Pyms pynfolia). Fruit weight was similar between $GA_{4+7}$ treatments and the gibberellin-paste control, but fairly increased of fruit weight compared to non-treatment Most effective time for $GA_{4+7}$ treatment to increase diameter and length was on 35 and 40 days after full bloom, respectively. Shape index was similar in all treatments. Fruit enlargement at the period of early growth, $GA_{4+7}$ 2.4% treatment was remarkably effective than $GA_{3}+GA_{4+7}$ 2.7% treatment or non-treatment However at the period of maturity, $GA_{4+7}$ 2.4% treatment and $GA_{3}+GA_{4+7}$ 2.7% treatment showed little differences in fruit enlargement and coloring. In maturing promotion effect, young fruit treated with $GA_{3}+GA_{4+7}$ showed similar fruit coloring to ethephon treatment on 35 days after full bloom, and both of those treatments promoted fruit coloring than non- treatment about 6 days. $GA_{3}+GA_{4+7}$ treatments resulted higher solid content and decreased acidity than non-treatment However, there was no differences in fruit hardness comparing to non-treatment As a result, gibberellin was most effective in fruit enlargement, so as all $GA_{3}+GA_{4+7}$ treatments were more effective on fruit enlargement than ethephon treatment or non-treatment Specifically, when $GA_{3}+GA_{4+7}$ was treated 35days after full bloom of flower, the diameter, the length and the shape of fruit index were best, and fruit coloring was good as well.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.545-551
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• 2010

The primary objective of this study was to determine the relationship between fruit quality characteristics and pithiness fruit occurrence for confirming occurrence factors of pithiness tissues in 'Niitaka' pears ($Pyrus$ $pyrifolia$ Nakai). Fruits were harvested 4 times in 1 week intervals from 160 days after full bloom (DAFB) to 181 DAFB. Harvested fruits were separated with the specific gravity by Archimedes laws. Also, with specific gravity level in pear fruit, sugar content, acidity, and texture profile analysis (TPA) were investigated. Final verifiability of pithiness fruit was approved by eye observation at 90 days after storage. Also, in ASS (Alcohol Soluble Solid) and AIS (Alcohol Insoluble Solid), calcium contents were investigated. Although the differences in sugar and organic acid content were not significant in fruits divided by gravity, flesh hardness was depressed in fruits that showed low gravity. These results were more conspicuous in late harvested fruits (at 174 and 181days after full bloom) which showed low gravity, representing less content of AIS content and calcium in ASS and AIS when compared with early harvest fruits. Fruits of lower gravity below 1.0 measured with dipping induced the progression of pithiness symptom up to 76%. Consequently, harvest timing is a more concise factor in pithiness fruit occurrence although those symptom also affected by storage condition. Furthermore, the cause of pithiness fruit occurrence by late harvest is due to the lower cell wall binding calcium.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.346-352
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• 2017

In this study, we analyzed environmental factors including annual fruit growth and meteorological conditions in Suwon area from 2000 to 2014 to develop and verify a fruit width prediction model in 'Fuji' apple. The 15-year average of full bloom data was April 28 and that of fruit development period was 181 days. The fruit growth until 36 days after full bloom followed single sigmoid curve. The environmental factors affecting fruit width were BIO2, precipitation in September, the average of daily maximum and minimum temperature in April, minimum temperature in August, and growing degree days (GDD) in April. Among them, the model was constructed by combining BIO2 and precipitation in September, which are not cross-correlated with each other or, with other factors. And then, the final model was selected as 19.33095 + (5.76242 ${\times}$ BIO2) - (0.01891 ${\times}$ September precipitation) + (2.63046 ${\times}$ minimum temperature in April) which was the most suitable model with AICc of 92.61 and the adjusted $R^2$ value of 0.53. The model was compared with the observed values f rom 2000 to 2014. As a result, the mean difference between the measured and predicted values of 'Fuji' apple fruit width was ${\pm}2.9mm$ and the standard deviation was 3.54.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.256-260
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• 2012

This study was carried out to improve the fruit color through ABA treatment and to determine the optimum harvest time for producing high quality fruits in 'Hongisul' grapes. Spraying of $1000 mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ exogenous ABA at early verasion (70 days after full bloom, DAFB) brought increase of endogenous ABA and soluble solid contents and enhanced fruit coloration. So, it was possible to harvest ABA treated fruits from 85 days after full bloom (15 days after treatment) by accelerated anthocyanin content which increased continuously until 110 DAFB. An increase of soluble solid and decrease of total acidity appeared steadily with the onset of berry ripening. After 100 DAFB, soluble solid content and total acidity did not change significantly, but the berry firmness was suddenly decreased. Consequently, it was suggested that ABA treated fruits need to be harvested at about 100 DAFB because of their short period of marketing by over ripening. On the contrary, harvesting of untreated fruit was totally impossible at 85 DAFB because of their poor berry coloration. But it was possible to harvest them at 100 DAFB based on the soluble solid/acidity ratio, whereas the berry coloration was progressed poorly. On the other hand, the fruits harvested at 110 DAFB showed acceptable berry coloration but their berry firmness was dropped significantly coincide with overripening. Therefore, it was needed to develop an altered production system for improving coloration at around 100 DAFB in 'Hongisul' grapes.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.264-273
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• 2016

This study was conducted to find out the influence of water stress from May to June on photosynthesis, shoot growth and fruit quality of apple trees. Fuji'/M.9 apple trees were root pruned at full bloom (30th April), parallel to the row of 30 cm or 60 cm from the trunk, to one side or both sides of trunk. The average value of afternoon leaf water potential from May to June of the no root pruning was maintained over -1.80 MPa, but that of root-pruning treatments was maintained under -1.80 MPa. In the comparison of average value of leaf water potential from May to June by root-pruning degree, the root pruning both sides at 30 cm from trunk was lowest (-2.06 MPa), followed by the root pruning both sides at 60 cm (-2.02 MPa) and the root pruning one side at 30 cm (-1.91 MPa). Root pruning one side at 30 cm or both sides at 60 cm reduced photosynthetic rate from May to June by 80% or 65%, respectively, compared with no root pruning. So, the degree of decreasing total shoot length or average fruit weight compare to the no root pruning of the root pruning one side at 30 cm was 25% or 11%, respectively, and those of the root pruning both sides at 30 cm was 45% or 15%, respectively. However, the soluble solid content and fruit color of the root pruning was higher than those of the no root pruning, and those of the root pruning both sides was higher than root pruning one side. These results indicate that the fruit enlargement was decreased when the average value of average leaf water potential from May to June was under -1.80 MPa, and the shoot growth was decreased when that was under -2.00 MPa.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.335-340
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• 1989

In order to find out the optimum harvest (clipping) date combined with sowing date on yield and nutrient Quality of forage rape which is suitable at the southern part of Korea, Velox, introduced variety was grown from Sep. 1987 to May 1988 at Sunchon National University, and yield and nutrient Quality of plant were observed. As harvest date and sowing date were delayed, the plant length was longest, number of branch and leaves per main stem were increased in the time of full bloom clipping and Sep. 24 sowing but stem diameter was thickest in the early sowing. Fresh yield was heaviest in the time of flowering clipping and Sep. 24 sowing but the most dry matter yield was heaviest in the time of full bloom clipping and Sep. 24 sowing. Content of crude protein was highest and that of crude fiber such as NDF, ADF, hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin were lowest in the late time of clipping and sowing. Further more IVDMD was high and dry matter yield and digestible dry matter yield were highest in the time of flowering clipping and Sep. 24 sowing. Judging from the results reported above, at optimum harvest (clipping) date combined with sowing date for yield and nutrient Quality of forage rape seemed to be the time of flowering clipping and Sep. 24 sowing.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.405-411
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• 2011

In this study, we evaluated the changes of fruit quality indices during fruit development and ripening in Korean new pear cultivar 'Wonhwang' and 'Whasan' to determine appropriate harvest time and to enhance the marketability. The fruit of each cultivar harvested from 100 days after full bloom (DAFB) to 135 and 150 DAFB in 'Wonhwang' and 'Whasan', respectively. The fruit growth of both cultivars showed a typical single sigmoidal pattern. Flesh firmness of two cultivars decreased continuously with fruit development and ripening, reaching a final level of about 2.6 kgF at harvest stage. The starch content of fruit sap was much higher in the fruits of early development stage than the later stage of fruit ripening. In 'Wonhwang' pears, the starch level decreased coincide with fruit ripening (130 DAFB), while that of 'Whasan' decreased from very early stage of fruit development (120 DAFB), 30 days before full ripe. 'Whasan' pear showed much lower acidity level of about 0.13% during fruit development and ripening period compared with that of 'Wonhwang'. Therefore, the ratio of soluble solids to total acidity (TSS/acid) increased gradually with fruit development and ripening, reaching a final level of 80 and 98 in 'Wonhwang' and 'Whasan', respectively. There were no climateric rise of fruit respiration during fruit ripening periods in two oriental pear cultivar. The changes of skin color difference including hunter vale $a^*$ which means loss of green color occurred only after onset of ripening in two cultivars.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference in the trend of the study of elderly housing for the suggestion of the direction in Korea. This study was the first series about the study of elderly housing and analysed the 164 pieces of researches in Japan. The data were analysed classification with contents first, then examined the class in chronological order, and suggest the trend in the study of elderly housing in Japan. 1. The study of elderly facilities was reported the highest interest and was completed in the latter half of the 1980s except the payment elderly home in Japan. 2. Their second interest was the study of general elderly housing. Rural elderly facilities as a local elderly housing were researched frequently. 3. The study of housing for three generation was studied much in early 1980s, but decreased concerns these days. The study of housing for the elderly was studied the latter of 1980s and concerns were sustained. 4. Trend of the study of elderly housing was classified as follows; 1950s was the stage of unconsciousness, 1960s was the stage of sprout, 1970s was the stage of blossom, 1980s was the stage in full bloom and then the study was peak in 1986 and slowly decrease the concern. 5. In 1990s the study of elderly housing was moved into elderly facilities in a consumer's view and older people's life their family relation.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.59-68
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• 2017

Caffeoyl shikimate esterase (CSE) is a key enzyme in lignin synthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. To determine the role of CSE in lignification of the endocarp in peach (Prunus persica L.) fruit, we cloned and characterized the P. persica CSE homolog, which we designated PpCSE. The 954 - bp PpCSE gene encoded a 317 - amino acid polypeptide. PpCSE expression patterns in the mesocarp and endocarp changed during peach fruit development. There was no significant difference between the expression levels of PpCSE in the mesocarp and endocarp at 39 and 44 days after full bloom (DAFB), but the expression level of PpCSE in the endocarp at 50 and 55 DAFB was 80.73 and 72.75 times higher, respectively, than that in the mesocarp. During peach fruit development, PpCSE expression in the endocarp increased rapidly; the relative PpCSE expression level at 50 DAFB was 122.70 times higher than that at 39 DAFB. At the protein level, CSE was detected in the peach fruit endocarp at 50 and 55 DAFB. Our study suggests that PpCSE expression during peach fruit development is closely related to the degree of endocarp lignification.