• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.263-276
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• 2004

According to the annual emission estimates of U.S.A., fugitive dust, the particulate matter entrained in the ambient air which is caused from man-made or natural activities such as movement of soil, vehicles, equipments and windblown dust, contributes 90% of PM$_{10}$ emission. In spite of an importance of fugitive dust emission in PM$_{10}$ estimation, it is excluded in the national emission inventory of Korea so far. In this paper, an emission inventory of fugitive dust for each region and in major cities throughout the country, which is the first time in Korea these values have been compiled, is presented. Sources of fugitive dust emission have been classified into paved/unpaved roads, construction operations, agricultural operations, and natural sources. The emission factors of the existing fugitive dust emission were reassessed in a way that significantly improved the reliability of the estimated result. The Korea's first national emission inventory of fugitive dust by administrative districts proposed in this paper would provide scientific reference data for establishing an reduction strategy of PM$_{10}$ and preparing effective control measures, and would contribute to academic achievement in the atmospheric environments field and the establishment of CAPSS (Clean Air Policy Support System).stem).

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.110-118
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• 2014

This paper addresses the fugitive emission factors of Reefer Container at use-phase and disposal-phase. The residual quantities and operation time of thirty nine Container were weighed, using a commercial recover of refrigerants to determine the emission factors at the use-phase. The emission factor at the disposal-phase, refrigerant is accomplished has not recycled, the residual rate was assumed that the emission factor. The average residual rate of thirty nine Container is determined to be $70.8{\pm}4.0%$. The emission factor at the use-phase is estimated to be $4.9{\pm}0.9%/yr$ in the case of using average age of 8.1 years and the average residual rate determined here. We estimate 162.7 g/yr for the average emission quantity of refrigerant per operating Container, while 2038.1 g for that per waste Container. Since the chemical compositions of refrigerant of waste Container were the same as those of new refrigerant, it is expected that the refrigerant recovered from waste Container can be reused for refrigerant.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.229-237
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• 2008

Hazardous air pollutants emitted from the oil refinery plant were surveyed from 1993 US and 2005 Korean TRI data. Toluene, xylene, methanol, MTBE and n-hexane, relatively large in amount of fugitive emission, are considered as candidates of newly designated HAPs in Korea. The sealed oil pump, one of equipments among fugitive sources in the crude oil distillation tower was examined for the estimation of amounts of annual HAPs emissions according to several calculation methods using registered emission factors. Emission rates showed to be decreased with following calculation factors; average emission factor>pegged emission factor>concentration emission factor>correlation equation. Annual emission amounts of benzene, toluene, xylene. ethyl benzene and nhexane from the distillation tower were estimated and amounts of these HAPs calculated with TVOC concentrations obtained from LDAR program and correlation equations showed only 6% of those from using concentration factors.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.30-37
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• 2016

Objectives: This study was performed to measure and evaluate the concentration, size distribution and fugitive emission of particulate matter from process operations at foundries. Methods: Particle matter was collected from three foundries, and samples were also collected from a background site for calculating the fugitive emission concentration of the foundries. For the collection of the samples, a Nanosampler cascade impactor was used. Results: The concentration of TSP in the samples collected from the three foundries was $0.675{\sim}1.222mg/m^3$, $PM_{10}$ was $0.525{\sim}1.018mg/m^3$ and $PM_{2.5}$ was $0.192{\sim}0.615mg/m^3$. The mass size distribution was bimodal or monomodal with maximum peak at two stage(size $2.5{\sim}10{\mu}m$). The mass median aerodynamic diameter(MMAD) was $1.80{\sim}3.98{\mu}m$. The fugitive emission concentration of TSP varies in the range of 0.65 to $1.21mg/m^3$, which exceeds the emission standard of fugitive dust($0.5mg/m^3$). Conclusions: Particle concentration and size is an important industrial hygiene factor to protect foundry workers. Furthermore, the presence of high emission of particulate pollutants has a significant negative impact on the ambient air of the study area. Therefore, it is important to improve both the process and prevention facility in oder to reduce particulate pollutants in foundries.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.59-67
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• 2014

In 1995 Kimchi refrigerator was developed at first, and has used HFC-134a as refrigerant. Kimchi refrigerator has been made 1,044,694 on the basis of 2010, disposed about 160,000 per year. Although mobile air conditioning, commercial refrigerator, general refrigerator is regarded as a major source of HFC-134a, little information is available for its emission characteristics of HFC-134a. This paper addresses the fugitive emission factors of Kimchi refrigerator at use-phase and disposal-phase. The residual quantities of Korean-made fifty three waste Kimchi refrigerators were weighed using a commercial recover of refrigerants to determine the emission factors at the disposal-phase. On the other hand, the emission factors at use-phase were estimated from the residual quantities and operating times. The average residual rate of forty three scarp Kimchi refrigerators is determined to be $74.6{\pm}5.2%$. The emission factor at the use-phase is estimated to be $3.5{\pm}0.8%/yr$ as a result of using average age of 11.7 years and the average residual rate determined here. The emission factor at the disposal-phase is determined to be 31.3% after adopting 58% of the recycling rate of refrigerant reported by Recycling Center. We estimate 3.1 g/yr for the average emission quantity of HFC-134a per operating refrigerator, while 22.5 g for that per waste Kimchi refrigerator. Since the chemical compositions of refrigerant of waste Kimchi refrigerator were the same as those of new refrigerant, it is expected that the HFC-134a recovered from waste Kimchi refrigerator can be reused for refrigerant.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.518-526
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• 2012

The objective of this research was to develop fugitive emission models of HFC-134a (Hydrofluorocarbon-134a) at the operation and disposal stages of passenger cars. It is essential to estimate the emission of HFC-134a from mobile air conditioner (MAC) due to its high Global Warming Potential (GWP) and extensive use as a refrigerant in MAC. The first-order emission model was introduced and the emission rate constant was assumed to be unvaried with time. A commercial recovery station of refrigerants was used to recover the HFC-134a from the MAC. Average emission rate constant and annual emission rate during the operation period of vehicle are estimated to be $0.0538{\pm}0.0092$ (n=21) $yr^{-1}$ and $5.2{\pm}0.6%$, respectively within a confidence interval of 95%. According to the model results, about 50% of HFC-134a would be emitted from the MAC during the 10 years operation of passenger cars. On the other hand, average remaining portion of HFC-134a in the MACs of scrap cars is $58.2{\pm}4.8%$ (n=50) within a confidence interval of 95%, suggesting that over 40% of the initially charged amount could be released fugitively after disposal provided that the HFC-134a would not be properly treated or recycled.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제38권8호
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• pp.435-443
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• 2016

본 연구는 석유화학산업 시설에 MACT (Maximum Achievable Control Technology) 적용 시 벤젠 비산배출량 저감 효과를 분석 하였다. 국내에서는 2015년부터 대기환경보전법에 따라 벤젠 비산배출 저감 위한 규제를 시행하였으나, 미국 EPA에서는 이에 앞서 1995년부터 최대달성 가능한 통제기술인 MACT 기준을 적용하여 벤젠 비산 배출을 효과적으로 관리하고 있다. 본 연구를 위하여 벤젠 배출량 산정 방법론은 EPA Emission Factor AP-42 및 EPA MACT Standard Guideline를 활용하였다. 연구 결과 MACT 적용할 경우 Uncontrolled facility에 비하여 벤젠 배출량이 평균 98% 수준으로 저감 가능한 것으로 나타난 반면 National Regulation 경우 MACT 수준에 비하여 다소 낮은 평균 95% 수준의 저감율을 보이는 것으로 분석되었다. 그러나 MACT 기준 경우 벤젠 선박출하 시 유증기 회수설비(Vapor Recovery Unit, VRU) 등을 가동하여 배출 저감토록 요구하고 있음에도 불구하고 National regulation에서는 별도 규제 사항이 없는 실정이다. 추가적인 배출저감 달성을 위해서는 벤젠 선박출하 시 VRU 등 유증기 저감설비 도입의 법제화가 필요하다. 이러한 노력은 국내 석유화학산업의 벤젠 배출관리 능력을 Global 수준으로 향상시키는데 기여할 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.132-145
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• 2022

국내 농업 분야 비산먼지의 배출계수와 활동도 자료는 국내의 환경조건(풍속, 습도 등)과 농업의 특성을 반영하지 않고 미국의 인벤토리 체계를 그대로 적용해 왔다. 이 연구에서는, 활동 자료 중 하나인 시간 해상도는 풍속 및 건기일수 적용을 통해 월별 배분계수를 도출하여 지역별로 시간 해상도를 향상시켰고, 공간 해상도는 시·군·구에서 동과 리로 세분화하여 지역별로 공간 해상도를 향상시켰다. 이 연구를 통해, 지금 존재하는 농업분야의 비산먼지의 배출량, 활동도 자료의 개선에 중요한 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.26-36
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• 2014

The uncertainty assessment is important to improve the reliability of emission inventory data. The DARS (Data Attribute Rating System) have recommended as the uncertainty assessment technic of emission inventory by U.S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) EIIP (Emission Inventory Improvement Program). The DARS score is based on the perceived quality of the emission factor and activity data. Scores are assigned to four attributes; measurement/method, source specificity, spatial congruity and temporal congruity. The resulting emission factor and activity rate scores are combined to arrive at an overall confidence rating for the inventory. So DARS is believed to be a useful tool and may provide more information about inventories than the usual qualitative grading procedures (e.g. A through E). In this study, the uncertainty assessment for 2009 CAPSS (Clean Air Policy Support System) emission inventory is conducted by DARS. According to the result of this uncertainty assessment, the uncertainty for fugitive dust emission data is higher than other sources, the uncertainty of emission factor for surface coating is the highest value, and the uncertainty of activity data for motor cycle is the highest value. Also it is analysed that the improvement of uncertainty for activity data is as much important as the improvement for emission factor to upgrade the reliability of CAPSS emission inventory.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.150-160
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• 2014

Greenhouse gas (GHG) and Air Pollution (AP) emission inventories have been constructed and estimated independently up-to-date in Seoul. It causes difficulty in GHG and AP integrated management due to a difference in emission inventories. In this study, we constructed GHG and AP integrated emission inventories for direct and indirect sources in Seoul during the year 2010 in Energy activities for estimating GHG and AP emissions were derived from IPCC guideline, guidelines for local government greenhouse inventories, air pollutants calculation manual, and Indirect Emission Factors (IEF) reported by Korea Power Exchange. The annual GHG emission was estimated as 50,530,566 $tonCO_{2eq}$, of which 54.8% resulted from direct sources and the remaining 45.2% from indirect sources. Among direct sources, transportation sector emitted the largest GHG, accounting for 47.3% of the total emission from direct sources. As with indirect sources, purchased electricity sector only emitted 98.6% of the total emission from indirect sources. The annual AP emission was estimated as 283,701 tonAP, of which 85.9% was contributed by the combined AP emissions of transportation and fugitive sectors. Estimation of individual air pollutant showed that the largest source were transportation sector for CO, $NO_x$, TSP, $PM_{10}$ and NH3, non-energy sector for $SO_x$, and fugitive sector for VOCs. This study found some limitations in estimating GHG and AP integrated emissions, such as nonconforming emission inventories between GHG and AP, and no indirect AP emission factor of purchased electricity, and so on. Those should be further studied and improved for more effective GHG and AP integrated management.