• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.40 no.8
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• pp.153-166
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• 2002

This study aims to reveal the influence of price increase in gasoline on household expenditure trade-off. The subjects were 651 households, acquired the first quarter of 1996 and 1997. This study shows the change of the auto fuel budget share in the same household and they were analyzed with the paired t-test, independent t-test. The results are as follows; 1) the price increase of auto gasoline resulted in the increase of its budget share, regardless of a household's true increase or decrease of income. 2) according to price increase in gasoline, the auto fuel budget share has been changed, therefore I divided these changes into three group on the base of it's degree of change. 3) In the group that had a decrease in auto fuel budget share compared to the degree of change, there was a trade-off between the increase in food and light & light water and the decrease of education and auto fuel budget share. Auto fuel in this group was used as discretionary good. 4) In the group that had a similar change in auto fuel budget share compared to the degree of change, there were no trade-off between expenditure items except auto fuel budget share and miscellaneous decrease. This group is the highest income group among the three groups. 5) In the group that had and increase of change in auto fuel budget share compared to the degree of change, there was a trade-off between the increase of eating-out and auto fuel, and the decrease of education and miscellaneous budget share. Auto fuel in this group was used as a discretionary good. 6) trade-off expenditure budget share showed a mixed effect between the influence of increase in gasoline price and influence of increase in true income.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.249-256
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• 2000

It has been developed to calculate fuel budget for a geostationary communication and broadcasting satellite. It is quite essential that the pre-launch fuel budget estimation must account for the deterministic transfer and drift orbit maneuver requirements. After on-station, the calculation of satellite lifetime should be based on the estimation of remaining fuel and assessment of actual performance. These estimations step from the proper algorithms to produce the prediction of satellite lifetime. This paper concentrates on the fuel estimation method that was studied for calculation of the propellant budget by using the given algorithms. Applications of this method are discussed for a communication and broadcasting satellite.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.143-148
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• 2010

Research and Development (R&D) investment of hydrogen and fuel cell, funded by government from 2007 to 2008 in Korea, has been analyzed. R&D investment of hydrogen and fuel cell in 2008 would see 9% and 29% of total budget in the field of renewable energy, respectively. It was found that R&D investment is mainly dependent on mission of Ministry in Korea. Basic and apply research would be mainly invested by Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MEST), while development research would be conducted by Ministry of Knowledge Economy (MKE). In R&D investment by performer, hydrogen technology would be conducted by government-funded institute and university. It was also shown that funds for hydrogen production have been much supported than hydrogen storage. Meanwhile, fuel cell would be mainly conducted by major companies. It was also shown that funds for proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) have been much invested than other technology in fuel cell.

• Proceedings of the Polymer Society of Korea Conference
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• 2006.10a
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• pp.60-61
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• 2006

New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) promotes R&D that individual private sector enterprises can not undertake by themselves. To do this, it utilizes an extensive network that supports cooperation between industries, universities, and public research organizations. NEDO's government-funded R&D budget for FY2005 totals approximately 148.8 billion yen. Fuel cells and hydrogen technology development project is one of NEDO's emphasizing projects. The budget size was ${\yen}$20.8 billion, corresponding to about 60% of annual expenditure of Japanese government for fuel cells in FY2005. These projects consist of 8 programs as follows.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.265-274
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• 1995

The purpose of perigee kick motor firing is to place a satellite into transfer orbit and that of apogee kick motor firing is to place the satellite into geosynchonous orbit in order to increase the semi-major axis of the transfer orbit and reduce the inclination of the transfer orbit. Because apogee motor firing is always accompanied with injection errors, the satellite is not placed into geosynchonous orbit but into a near-geosynchonous orbit, also knows as a drift orbit. Thus, the orbital maneuver to correct drift orbit into gteosynchonous orbit is required, this maneuver is called the station acquisition. For reduction of expenditure and performance of mission, we estimate $\Delta$V budget and required fuel allowance for station acquisition. As the uncertainty of drift orbit by injection error of perigee and apogee kick motor firing prevents us from obtaining exact $\Delta$V budget, statistical Monte Carlo simulation technique is used in order to get optimal $\Delta$V budget and required fuel allowance with a probability of 99%. With respect to Korea satellite launched by Delta-2 launch vehicle in 1995, Monte Carlo analysis is used in order to get various orbital parameters, $\Delta$V budget and required fuel allowance for station acquisition with a probability of 99%.

• Proceedings of KOSOMES biannual meeting
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• 2017.04a
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• pp.20-20
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• 2017

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.429-440
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• 1996

A global carbon cycle model (GCCM), that incorporates interaction among the terrestrial biosphere, ocean, and atmosphere, was developed to study the carbon cycling aid global carbon budget, especially due to anthropogenic $CO_2$ emission. The model that is based on C, 13C and 14C mass balance, was calibrated with the observed $CO_2$ concentration, $\delta$13C and $\Delta$14C in the atmosphere, Δ14C in the soil, and $\Delta$14C in the ocean. Also, GCCM was constrained by the literature values of oceanic carbon uptake and CO, emissions from deforestation. Inputs (forcing functions in the model) were the C, 13C and 14C as $CO_2$ emissions from fossil fuel use, and 14C injection into the stratosphere by bomb-tests. The simulated annual carbon budget of 1980s due to anthropoRenic $CO_2$ shows that the global sources were 5.43 Gt-C/yr from fossil fuel use and 0.91 Gt-C/yr from deforestation, and the sinks were 3.29 Gt-C/yr in the atmosphere, 0.90 Gt-C/yr in the terrestrial biosphere and 2.15 Gt-C/yr in the ocean. The terrestrial biosphere is currently at zero net exchange with the atmosphere, but carbon is lost cia organic carbon runoff to the ocean. The model could be utilized for a variety of studies in $CO_2$ policy and management, climate modeling, $CO_2$ impacts, and crop models.

• Aerospace Engineering and Technology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.95-102
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• 2005

This paper introduces the LAE(Liquid Apogee Engine) and station acquisition fuel budget estimation method for the COMS(Communication, Ocean and Meteorological Satellite) of Korea which is planned to be launched in 2008. And the estimation results are also presented. A statistical approach, more specifically, the Monte-Carlo method was employed to have the estimation include the effect of the launch vehicle GTO injection accuracies. A case study was conducted for several potential launch vehicles to compare the fuel requirements.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.27 no.12
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• pp.1169-1178
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• 2018

Two man-made carbon emissions, fossil fuel emissions and land use emissions, have been perturbing naturally occurring global carbon cycle. These emitted carbons will eventually be deposited into the atmosphere, the terrestrial biosphere, the soil, and the ocean. In this study, Simple Global Carbon Model (SGCM) was used to simulate global carbon cycle and to estimate global carbon budget. For the model input, fossil fuel emissions and land use emissions were taken from the literature. Unlike fossil fuel use, land use emissions were highly uncertain. Therefore land use emission inputs were adjusted within an uncertainty range suggested in the literature. Simulated atmospheric $CO_2$ concentrations were well fitted to observations with a standard error of 0.06 ppm. Moreover, simulated carbon budgets in the ocean and terrestrial biosphere were shown to be reasonable compared to the literature values, which have considerable uncertainties. Simulation results show that with increasing fossil fuel emissions, the ratios of carbon partitioning to the atmosphere and the terrestrial biosphere have increased from 42% and 24% in the year 1958 to 50% and 30% in the year 2016 respectively, while that to the ocean has decreased from 34% in the year 1958 to 20% in the year 2016. This finding indicates that if the current emission trend continues, the atmospheric carbon partitioning ratio might be continuously increasing and thereby the atmospheric $CO_2$ concentrations might be increasing much faster. Among the total emissions of 399 gigatons of carbon (GtC) from fossil fuel use and land use during the simulation period (between 1960 and 2016), 189 GtC were reallocated to the atmosphere (47%), 107 GtC to the terrestrial biosphere (27%), and 103GtC to the ocean (26%). The net terrestrial biospheric carbon accumulation (terrestrial biospheric allocations minus land use emissions) showed positive 46 GtC. In other words, the terrestrial biosphere has been accumulating carbon, although land use emission has been depleting carbon in the terrestrial biosphere.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.49-59
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• 2017

This study estimated the nitrogen budget, including gaseous nitrogen oxides ($NO_x$), of South Korea in 2012~2014. The nitrogen budget was classified into three categories: agricultural and livestock, forest, and city. To estimate the nitrogen budget, several input and output parameters were investigated, including deposition, fixation, irrigation, chemical fertilizer use, compost, fuel, denitrification, volatilization, runoff, crop uptake, leaching, and $NO_x$ emissions. The annual nitrogen inputs from 2012 to 2014 were 6,202,828, 6,137,708, and 6,022,379 ton/yr, respectively. The corresponding annual nitrogen outputs were 1,393,763, 1,380,406, and 1,360,819 ton/yr, respectively, signifying a slight decrease from 2012 to 2014. $NO_x$ was the parameter contributing to the nitrogen budget to the greatest extent. The annual ratios of $NO_x$ emissions by vehicles, power plants, and businesses were 0.31, 0.31, and 0.30 in 2012, 2013, and 2014, respectively. A change in government policy that prohibited the disposal of livestock manure and sewage sludge in the ocean from 2012 affected nitrogen budget profile. As a result, the ocean disposal ratio completely diminished, which differs from previous studies.