• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.71-78
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• 2017

Objectives : The various grape extracts derived from grape pulp, seed and skin, containing various types of polyphenols and flavonoids, have been known to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and improve cardiovascular condition as well as sun's damaging effects. However, there have been rare reports of various beneficial effects of grape fruit stem extract (GFSE), one of the waste products of grapes. We investigated anti-inflammatory and melanogenesis inhibitory effects of GFSE. Methods : One-hundred gram of grape fruit stem was extracted with 80% ethanol at room temperature for 3 days. After filtration, the ethanol was removed using vacuum evaporator, then lyophilized to obtain the dry extract which was stored at $-20^{\circ}C$ until used. NO levels were measured by using Greiss reagent. Prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) production was measured by ELISA assay. The expression levels of iNOS, COX-2, TRP-1 and TRP-2 were evaluated by western blot analysis. Results : GFSE reduced the level of nitric oxide and prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) production in a dose-dependent manner, compared to control. Expressions of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein were also effectively inhibited by the GFSE. In a tyrosinase inhibitory activity, GFSE significantly reduced the tyrosinase activity and melanin content in a dose dependent manner, compared to control. GFSE also decreased the expression of tyrosinase related protein-1 (TRP-1) and tyrosinase related protein-2 (TRP-2), known as a melanocyte-specific gene product involved in melanin synthesis. Conclusions : Therefore, these results indicated that GFSE had powerful anti-inflammatory and anti-melanogenic effects.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.621-628
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• 2002

Effect of the thickness of packaging film on the ripening of mature-green mume (Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc) fruit was investigated by measuring physicochemical changes of the fruit during storage. Fruits were packaged using low density polyethylene (LDPE) films with thicknesses of 20, 30, and 40$\mu$m and stored at the room temperature. The physicochemical properties such as contents of various pectic substances, molecular weight distribution of soluble pectic substances, and surface image of the fruit were determined during storage of 8 days. In general, regardless of the thickness of the films applied, a content of water-soluble pectin (WSP) in the fruit was increased during storage, but both contents of HCI- soluble pectin (HSP), and Ca and Mg in total alcohol-insoluble solids were decreased. Sephacryl S-300 gel filtration study revealed that fractions of high molecular weight HSP and WSP decomposed into lower molecular weight pectins during storage. The scanning electronic microscope also identified a significant structural change of the fruit skin over the storage time. It could be concluded from the results that fruits packaged with LDPE 30${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ film maintained the highest physicochemical quality of green mume fruit during storage.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.512-516
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• 2013

Pear cultivar 'Sinhwa' (Pyrus pyrifolia var. culta Nakai) was originated from a cross between 'Niitaka' and Whasan' with the aims of improving the fruit quality and the traits of cultivation and of early maturing more than 'Whasan' cultivar at Pear Research Station of National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration in 1995. 'Sinhwa' was preliminarily selected in 2004 and named in 2009. The tree shows vigorous growth habit and semi-spread characters like 'Niitaka'. Furthermore, it has a sufficient and well upkeep of the flower bud, so it can be more easily cultivated in orchards. In the flower characteristics, flowering time of 'Sinhwa' is $11^{th}$ April like as maternal parent 'Niitaka'. Also 'Sinhwa' has short of pollen grains, so it is need above two pollinizer cultivars. 'Sinhwa' is highly resistant to black leaf spot (Alternaria kikuchiana) and relatively strong to pear scab (Venturia nashicola) in field condition. The optimum harvest time is around Sep. $15^{th}$ in Naju, which is ahead of 'Whasan' about 10 days in the harvest period. The fruit shape is oblate and fruit skin color is yellowish-brown during harvesting time. The average weight of fruit is 627 g, and the soluble solids content is $13.0^{\circ}Brix$. The flesh is very soft and juicy, and renders good eating quality. Shelf life is about 30 days under the room temperature condition.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.135-139
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• 2010

This experiment was conducted to investigate the difference among 3-years-used polyolefin films which were J-l, J-2 and J-2 having differences in film thickness, infrared absorption and ultraviolet penetration from Jan. 16, 2006. And 1-year-used polyethylene film K-1 used from Jan. 16, 2009, for covering film of greenhouse for oriental melon cultivation. J-2, J-3 and J-1 films were better for keeping heat in order, and J-2 film was the best in plant growth at early stage. The first blooming and harvesting days in J-2 film were earlier 15 days than those in K-1 film. Chromaticity and soluble solid of harvested fruit in J-2, J-3 and J-1 films were higher than whose in K-1 film. Marketable yields in J-2, J-3 and J-1 films were higher in order.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.651-660
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• 2011

This study was conducted to evaluate the quality characteristics of and chilling injury development in 'Ooishiwase' plum fruits after harvest, according to the ripening stage and storage temperature. The fruits were harvested at three ripening stages (60, 80, and >90% skin color) and were then stored at 1, 4, 5, 6, and $20^{\circ}C$ cold-storage rooms for up to 48 days. The fruit quality parameters, respiration patterns, and chilling injury development were monitored during the storage periods and the three days of subsequent ripening at $20^{\circ}C$. The fruits harvested at the 60%-skin-color stage maintained the flesh firmness, color, weight loss, and TA, and their respiration rates and ethylene production were decreased compared with the 80%-or >90%-skin-color fruits, at a lower storage temperature. The major symptoms of chilling injuries in the Ooishiwase plums were gel breakdown, flesh browning, and flesh translucency. These symptoms appeared at all the low-storage-temperature and ripening treatment stages. When the fruits, however, were harvested at a more immature stage and were stored at a lower storage temperature, the chilling injury development decreased. These results show that the development of chilling injury in Ooishiwase plums is related to the climacteric behavior during cold storage.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.120-129
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• 2020

In Yesan-gun, Korea's main apple-producing region, the area of apple cultivation and yield are declining. In particular, the worsening quality of fruits due to unusually high temperatures amid recent climate change has also become a major challenge for apple orchards located on flatlands. The objective of this research is to investigate quality changes of apples according to different growing environments, depending on the shade of the sun, by covering the trees with different colors of wind nets. A white and blue wind nets with a hole size of 2 × 2 mm is installed on two experimental trees, 17-year-old 'Fuji' and 'Hongro', which are planted 1.5 m × 3.5 m in the north-south direction. Treatment of wind nets effectively lowered fruit surface temperature regardless of apple variety. When measuring the temperature of the fruit surface at 2 pm, the temperature of the air was 34.8℃, but the 'Fuji' of the untreated blocks was the highest at 40.0℃, while the blue wind net and the white wind net were significantly lower at 34.9℃ and 36.6℃, respectively. In 'Hongro', the results showed that the surface temperature was effectively lowered by recording 38.3℃ for the blue wind net and 38.5℃ for the white wind net treatment when the untreated one was 44.2℃. According to the color difference in 'Fuji', the skin redness (a^⁎) was the lowest with untreated control at 16.5, but the blue and white wind net treatment higher at 18.0 and 19.3, respectively. In 'Hongro', the white wind net treated fruit also showed a much higher skin redness than the untreated control of 28.1, showing much higher a^⁎ of 34.9. Sunburn damage in 'Fuji' apples amounted to 9.4% in untreated control. However, the blue and white wind net treatment revealed to 3.8% and 4.2%, respectively. In 'Hongro', those damage in the fruits treated with blue or white wind net, accounted for only 8.8% and 12.4%, respectively, significantly lower than 28.8% occurrence of untreated one. And, these results were understood to be the result of low UV radiation being blocked by the treatment of wind nets.

• Proceedings of the SCSK Conference
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• 2003.09b
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• pp.303-306
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• 2003

Indonesia is a tropical country having a temperature range of 25-35$^{\circ}C$ which can affect the skin and causes damages like aging. This aging process is due, at least, to free radical reactions. For this reason, many attempts had been done to find out creams containing natural antioxidant compound which have a potential of free radical scavenger. Kluwek, a fermented form of foot ball fruit or picung (Pangium edule.Reinw), had been proved to contain antioxidant compound in its methanol fraction oil to which antiaging cream was formulated. Stability evaluation was conducted for cream with Kluwek oil compared to base cream, including organoleptic (colour and odour), pH, viscosity, particle size, centrifugation test and flow characteristics either in room temperature (27$^{\circ}C$) or stress condition (4$^{\circ}C$ and 5$0^{\circ}C$) for 8 weeks continuously, and six times cycling test at 4$^{\circ}C$ and 5$0^{\circ}C$ every 24 hours. The results showed that cream with Kluwek oil and base cream were stable at temperature 27 and 4$^{\circ}C$, cycling test and centrifugation test, but not stable at 5$0^{\circ}C$. Free radical evaluation was done by Electron Spin Resonance and the result showed that cream with Kluwek oil had less free radicals compared to base cream.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.655-658
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• 2011

A new cultivar 'Hongan' was originated from an artificial cross between 'Fuji' and 'Jonathan' carried out at National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science in 1993. The cultivar was preliminarily selected among the elite siblings for its high fruit quality in 2002. After regional adaptability test at five districts for subsequent four years as 'Wonkyo Ga-32', it was finally selected in 2006. 'Hongan' is characterized by the following. Optimum harvest time is late September. Shape of the mature fruit at 309 g on mean weight is globosity with a light red skin on a greenish yellow ground and yellowish white flesh. The fruit contains favorable total soluble solids at $13.7^{\circ}Brix$ and an acidity at 0.28%. Safe storage period for the fruit is 3 weeks at room temperature. It is resistant to Bitter rot. 'Hongan' also reveals a physiological cross compatibility with leading cultivars such as 'Gamhong' and 'Tsugaru' in addition to its maternal parent 'Fuji'. Tree topology is semi-spreading with vigorous growth habit.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.360-367
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• 2000

'Yumyeong' peach has desirable characteristics of long shelf-life and specific non-melting nature with long harvesting period. However, some fruits harvested too late tend to show fruit pithiness symptom or internal breakdown. The study was conducted to investigate the differences between fruit flesh pithiness and internal breakdown symptoms, and to find out inducing factors of flesh pithiness in 'Yumyeong' peach. The incidence of flesh pithiness was higher in the fruits harvested late. Sugar and malic acid contents were not different between normal fruits and flesh pithiness fruits, but the acidity was significantly lower affected by low citric acid content in flesh pithiness fruit. In flesh pithiness fruits, calcium contents were low in both skin and flesh. Occurrence of flesh pithiness fruits was high in the years with low precipitation and high temperature for 2 months before harvest. In observations on morphological characteristics, the parts showing flesh pithiness consisted of smaller cells than the normal parts. Tonoplasts were disintegrated and the number of dead cells was high in internal breakdown fruits, while the tonoplasts were intact with contracted vacuoles in flesh pithiness fruits. Tylosises were observed in vascular tissues around the flesh pithiness, therefore, it was assumed that those tylosises restricts flesh tissue development resulting in flesh pithiness. Other varieties such as 'Fantasia' and 'Wolmi' also showed tylosis and smaller cells were observed in the flesh tissue of these cultivars, indicating abnormal growth of the flesh part. These results suggested the possibility of the occurrence of pithiness like symptoms in other peach varieties.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.776-779
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• 2012

A new cultivar 'Yeohong' was originated from an artificial cross between 'Jonathan' and 'Fuji' carried out at National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science in 1993. The cultivar was preliminarily selected among the elite siblings for its high fruit quality in 2002. After regional adaptability test at five districts for subsequent four years as 'Wonkyo Ga-31', it was finally selected in 2007. 'Yeohong' is characterized by the following. Optimum harvest time is late September. Shape of mature fruit at 278 g on mean weight is oblate a light red skin on a greenish yellow ground and yellowish white flesh. The fruit contains favorable total soluble solids at $14.3^{\circ}Brix$ and titratable acidity at 0.4%, which results in a gustatory harmony between sugars and acids. Safe storage period for the fruit is 3 weeks at room temperature. It is not resistant to Bitter rot. 'Yeohong' also reveals a physiological cross compatibility with leading cultivars such as 'Hongro' and 'Tsugaru', but a physiological cross incompatibility with 'Fuji'. It has weak growth habit.