• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.115-123
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• 2019

The effects of the Froude numbers on turbulent flow patterns downstream of a non-submerged spur dike were investigated in a laboratory flume. Three-dimensional velocities and water depths were measured using Acoustic Doppler Velocimetry and distance sensors under three Froude number conditions ($Fr_d=0.31$, 0.38, and 0.46). The results show that there are marginal differences in the velocity fields downstream of a spur dike due to the change of the Froude number. However, an increase of the Froude number was found to reduce cross-sectional area in the flow and to increase the strength of the jet-like flow. The jet-like flow was observed to displace the location of the maximum turbulence kinetic energy within a cross section toward the inner bank in the transverse direction.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2005.05b
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• pp.986-990
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• 2005

The present study aims to illuminate the vertical velocity profile of outer region of open-channel flow. Two sets of experiments were performed with PIV and propeller velocimeter. The first set was conducted to investigate the effect of bed roughness on the velocity distribution. The second set of experiments was carried out to find the effect of the Froude number on the velocity profile under the same bed roughness. The results reveal that the wake-law fits well with the experimental data from the bottom to the depth of maximum velocity, but it deviates from the experimental data above the maximum velocity point due to velocity-dip phenomenon, and that the velocity profile of the outer region is more influenced by the Froude number than the roughness. It is also shown that both the velocity difference between maximum velocity and surface velocity and the ratio of the average velocity to surface velocity become larger as the Froude number increases.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.49 no.8
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• pp.707-717
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• 2016

In this study we carried out laboratory experiments to investigate the three-dimensional turbulent flows around a spur dike installed in a straight open channel flume. The experiments are conducted under the two different Froude numbers, 0.100 and 0.185. The three-dimensional instantaneous velocities are measured using the Acoustic Doppler Velocimetry (ADV) to obtain the time-averaged velocities and the turbulence stresses. The measured flow field reveal the existence of the recirculation zones downstream of the dike, which is characterized by high turbulence stresses near its boundaries. The results show that although the overall mean flow patterns between the low and high Froude number cases are very similar to each other, there exist moderate changes in the maximum dimensionless turbulence stresses and the maximum dimensionless bed shear stress with the increase of the Froude number.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2017.05a
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• pp.110-110
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• 2017

하천시설물 설계, 시공 및 관리에 있어서 하상재료는 매우 중요하다. 예를 들어, 재료에따른 호안이나 하안의 보호능력이 떨어지거나 수리적 특성에 의해 쉽게 파손될 수 있으며, 구성물질에 의해 하천환경의 변화를 야기시킬 수 있다. 때문에 본 연구에서는 비독성 자연형 하상재료를 이용하여 홍수시 수리조건을 반영하여 상류에서부터 사류까지 다양한 Froude 수에 따른 저항력에 대한 실험을 진행하였다. 본 연구의 실험진행은 기 개발된 바닥응력을 직접측정하는 장치와 PIV시스템을 이용하여 수리특성을 측정하였다.(Park J.H. et al. 2016, Flow Measurment and instrumentation.) 또한 각각의 조건에 따른 수리학적 특성의 변화를 비교하였다. 하상 재료는 콘크리트를 배제한 자연형 제방이나 하상에 사용되는 재료를 이용하여 비교하였으며 Foude 수는 일반적인 흐름의 상류에서 홍수 시, 고유량에서 발생하는 사류까지 다양한 범위에서 실험을 진행하였으며, 이러한 재료와 Froude 수에 따른 토양 유실에 대한 실험을 진행하였다. 토양 유실율의 측정 장비로는 초음파 변위계를 이용하여 실험 전, 후의 세굴심 변화를 이용하여 토양의 세굴면적을 수치화 시킨 수치로 적용하여 토양 유실율을 산정하였다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.510-521
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• 2008

In the study, experiments are performed in the interaction region combined with wave and current to investigate the characteristics of local scour around submarine pipelines. Wave generator and current generator are used for the experiments and two current directions were used; co-direction and counter direction to the wave. The local scour depths around the pipeline are obtained according to the various pipe diameters(D), wave periods(T), wave heights(H), and current velocities(V). The experiments show that the maximum equilibrium local scour depth increases with pipe diameter, wave period, wave height, and current velocity. Using the experimental results, the correlations of scour depth and parameters such as Shields parameter($\theta$), Froude number(Fr), period parameter, Keulegan-Carpenter number(KC), Ursell number($U_R$), modified Ursell number($U_{RP}$) and ratio of velocities($U_{c}/(U_{c}+U_{m})$) are analyzed. In the interaction region combined with waves and currents, Froude number and Shields parameter are found the main parameters to cause the local scour around the submarine pipelines and this means that current governs the scour within any limits of the currents.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.405-414
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• 2010

In the study, experiments are performed in the mixing region combined wave and current to investigate the characteristics of local scour around a slender pile. Wave generator and current generator are used for the experiments and currents are co-directions with the waves. The local scour depths around the pipeline are obtained according to the various pipe diameters, wave periods, wave heights, and current velocities. The experiments show that the maximum equilibrium local scour depth increases with pipe diameter, wave period, wave height, and current velocity. Using the experimental results, the correlations of scour depth and parameters such as Shields parameter ($\theta$), Froude number (Fr), Keulegan-Carpenter number (KC), Ursell number ($U_R$), modified Ursell number ($U_{RP}$) and ratio of velocities ($U_c/U_c+U_m$) are analyzed. In the mixing region combined with waves and currents, The Froude number of single parameters is the main parameter to cause the local scour around a slender pile due to waves and current and this means that current governs the scour within any limits of the currents.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.865-870
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• 2009

In this study, the adequacy of Reynolds numbers and Froude numbers derived from about sixty domestic water treatment plants (WTPs) were analyzed in order to estimate the characteristics of hydraulic behavior within the rectangular shaped sedimentation basins used widely. From the results of analysis, most of domestic WTPs have satisfied the criteria regulated as that Reynolds number should less than 1,000(dimensionless). On the other hand, they have not been able to satisfy the Froude number criteria, which should be higher than $1.0{\times}10^{-6}$. The reasons why most of domestic WTPs could not satisfy the criteria are that its criteria basis has been not only inadequate, but also the concept of external flow occurred around a settling particle has been ignored. Accordingly, this study proved the feasibility of Archimedes number, which indicates the ratio between particle Reynolds number and Froude number, to evaluate the hydraulic efficiency and its function of scale factor.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.148-148
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• 2012

제방의 붕괴는 전체 수공구조물 중 70%를 차지하고 있으며, 그 중 월류에 의한 피해가 40%로 가장 많은 비율을 차지하고 있다. 제방을 월류하여 제내지로 유입되는 붕괴유량은 높은 속도로 제내지로 전파된다. 제방붕괴로 인한 피해를 줄이기 위해서는 이러한 붕괴파의 거동에 대한 연구가 필요하다. 기존의 연구들에서는 제방의 붕괴를 수문의 개방으로 가정하여 제내지 유입을 재현하였다. 본 연구에서는 제방의 규격은 높이 3 m, 정부폭 3 m, 사면경사가 1:2인 제방에 대해서 1/10 축척으로 수리모형실험을 실시하였으며 제방의 붕괴부를 모래를 축조하여 이동상으로 제작하였고 이동상 제방의 길이는 4 m이다. 제방에 월류를 유도하여 붕괴를 유발하였으며 홍수파가 제내지로 유입되는 속도 및 경향을 기록하였다. 제내지는 길이 6 m, 폭 6 m로 수평하게 제작하였다(그림 1 참조). Froude 수 변화에 따라 제내지로 유입되는 범람홍수파의 전파 경향을 분석하였으며 그 결과 Froude 수가 클수록 선단 홍수파의 방향이 하류방향으로 전파되는 경향을 나타냈다.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.11-22
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• 1987

A plane buoyant jet discharged vertically upward into a crossflow is analyzed by numerical solution of the governing equations of continuity, momentum and constituent transport. The turbulent transport is modelled by the Prandtl's mixing length theory. In the numerical solution procedure, the governing equations are transformed by stream function and vorticity transport, non-dimensionalyzed by discharge velocity, slot width, and parameters representing flow characteristics, and solved by Gauss-Seidel iteration method with successive underrelaxation. The numerical experiments were performed for the region of established flow of buoyant jet in the range of discharge densimetric Froude number of 4 to 32 and in the range of velocity ratio of 8 to 15, which is the ratio of discharge velocity to crossflow velocity. Variations of velocities and temperatures, flow patterns and vorticity patterns of receiving water due to buoyant jet were investigated. Also investigated are the effects of velocity ratio and discharge densimetric Froude number on the trajectories of buoyant jet. Computed are velocities, temperatures and local densimetric Froude numbers along the trajectory of the buoyant jet. Spreading rate and dispersion ratio were analyzed in terms of discharge densimetric Froude number, local densimetric Froude number and distance from the source along the jet trajectory. It was noted that the similarity law holds in both the profiles of velocity and temperatures across the jet trajectory and the integral type analysis of Gaussian distribution is applicable.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.10 no.7
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• pp.117-123
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• 2009

This study is to investigate the characteristics of scour around pipeline in current and hydraulic model tests were performed. All the model test are 45 cases, which were conducted with velocities of 0.2 m/s to 0.5 m/s and pipe diameters of 45, 60, 90 mm. The developments of scour around pipeline were observed and equilibrium scour depths were recorded due to variation of pipe diameter and current velocity. According to the results, the equilibrium scour depth was proportional to current velocity and pipe diameter. The effect of diameter of pipeline on the equilibrium scour depth was bigger than current velocity. The correlations of relative scour depth and dimensionless number such as a Reynolds number, Shields number, and Froude number were analyzed. The Froude number and the relative scour depth had a high correlation of 0.900.