• 한국동물생명공학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.77-83
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• 2023

Background: Serotonin receptors can be divided into seven different families with various subtypes. The serotonin 1A (5-HT1A) receptor is one of the most abundant subtypes in animal brains. The expression of 5-HT1A receptors in the brain has been reported in various animals but has not been studied in horses. The 5-HT1A receptor functions related to emotions and behaviors, thus it is important to understand the functional effects and distribution of 5-HT1A receptors in horses to better understand horse behavior and its associated mechanism. Methods: Brain samples from seven different regions, which were the frontal, central, and posterior cerebral cortices, cerebellar cortex and medulla, thalamus, and hypothalamus, were collected from six horses. Western blot analysis was performed to validate the cross-reactivity of rabbit anti-5-HT1A receptor antibody in horse samples. Immunofluorescence was performed to evaluate the localization of 5-HT1A receptors in the brains. Results: The protein bands of 5-HT1A receptor appeared at approximately 50 kDa in the frontal, central, and posterior cerebral cortices, cerebellar cortex, thalamus, and hypothalamus. In contrast, no band was observed in the cerebellar medulla. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that the cytoplasm of neurons in the cerebral cortices, thalamus, and hypothalamus were immunostained for 5-HT1A receptors. In the cerebellar cortex, 5-HT1A was localized in the cytoplasm of Purkinje cells. Conclusions: In conclusion, the study suggests that 5-HT and 5-HT1A receptor systems may play important roles in the central nervous system of horses, based on the widespread distribution of the receptors in the horse brain.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.238-249
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• 1998

목적: PET을 이용하여 특정한 자극에 대한 국소 뇌혈류 변화를 영상화함으로써 비침습적으로 뇌의기능적 구조를 밝혀 낼 수 있다. 이 연구에서는 대조과제와 언어성 및 시각적 작업기억중추에 대한 활성화과제를 수행하면서 뇌혈류 PET을 시행하고 그 차이를 분석하여 작업기억에 관한 뇌기능지도를 구성하였다. 대상 및 방법: 정상인 6명에 대해서 각각 대조과제, 단어기억 언어성 작업기억 활성화과제, 그림기억 언어성 작업기억 활성화과제, 시각적 작업기억 활성화과제를 수행시키면서 뇌혈류 PET을 촬영하였다. 언어성 작업기억과제로서 단어 기억과제에서는 4개의 단어를 순차적으로 보여주고 1초 후 1개의 단어를 보여주어 동일한 단어가 4개의 단어 중에 있었으면 버튼을 누르게 하며 $H_2^{15}O$ PET을 촬영하였다. 두 번 째 언어성 작업기억과제인 그림 기억과제에서는 단어 대신에 특정 단어가 연상되는 사물의 그림을 보여 주었다. 시각적 작업기억과제로는 사람의 얼굴 사진을 보여 주고 같은 실험을 하였다. 의미 없는 기호를 보여 주면서 특정한 기호가 나오면 버튼을 누르게 함으로써 시각적 자극과 손가락운동으로 인한 뇌혈류 분포를 포함하게 하여 대조과제로 삼았다. SPM96소프트웨어를 이용하여 각 영상을 표준 지도 위에 공간적으로 정규화하고 활성화상태에서 뇌혈류가 의미 있게 증가된 영역을 찾아내기 위하여 각 화소의 방사능 계수에 대한 공분산분석을 하여 전체 계수 차이를 제거한 후 국소 계수 차이에 대한 귀무가설을 검증하여 각 화소의 Z 값에 대한 통계적 파라메터 영상(statistical parametric image)으로 뇌기능지도를 작성하였다. 결과: 단어를 이용한 언어성 작업기억에 대한 뇌기능지도에서는 왼쪽 브로카 영역와 전-운동영역, 왼쪽 소뇌, 오른쪽 대상회에서 뇌혈류가 증가하였다. 그림 기억과제 때에는 단어 기억과제에서 활성화된 각 부위에 더하여 왼쪽 위쪽 측두엽, 왼쪽 기저핵과 시상, 왼쪽 전-전두엽 등에서 뇌혈류가 증가하였다. 얼굴기억과제는 오른쪽 아래쪽 전두엽, 브로카 영역, 대상회, 위쪽 두정엽 등 주로 오른쪽 대뇌반구의 뇌혈류가 증가하였다. 세 가지 실험에 공통적으로 활성화된 영역을 찾기 위한 결합분석에는 왼쪽 전-운동영역, 소뇌와 기저핵, 오른쪽 대상회, 브로카 영역, 기저핵에서 뇌혈류가 증가하였다. 결론: 이상의 결과는 언어성 작업기억은 주로 왼쪽 대뇌반구의, 시각적 작업기억은 주로 오른쪽 대뇌반구의 활동에 의해서 주도되며 작업기억에 공통적인 활성화지역이 있다는 가설을 지지하였다. 전두엽이 작업기억에 중요한 역할을 한다고 생각한다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.1014-1028
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• 2006

발생기 흰쥐 대뇌피질 발생에 따른 복합당질의 발현 양상 및 이에 미치는 EGEE 영향을 구명하기 위해, 태생 14일, 태생 18일, 생후 수유기 및 이유기와 성제 대뇌를 각 부위로 나누어 복합당질의 당잔기 변화 양상을 9종의 biotinylated lectin(DBA, SBA, PNA, BSL-1, sWGA, RCA-1, UEA-1 Con A 및 LCA)으로 관찰하였다. EGEE 투여시 발생기에 따라 대뇌피질층에 공통적으로 나타나는 렉틴은 Con A 와 LCA 이었고, PNA와 RCA-1은 피질 부위에 따라 부분적으로 나타나 대조군에 비해 결합반응을 보인 렉틴의 수가 감소하였고 DBA, SBA, BSL-1, RCA-1 및 UEA-1은 나타나지 않았다. EGEE 투여시 전 시기에 걸쳐 Con A는 대조군과 유사한 반응을, LCA는 대조군에 비해 태생기, 수유기 및 이유기 때에 반응성이 증가되어 나타났다. 태생기 때 SBA와 sWGA에는 반응성이 나타나지 않았고, PNA는 전두엽피질과 후두엽피질에서 감소하였으며, 두정엽피질과 측두엽피질에서는 반응이 없었다. 수유기 때 PNA는 대조군에 비해 반응이 감소되었고, sWGA에는 반응이 없었으며, 이유기 때에는 sWGA와 PNA에 반응이 나타나지 않았다. 그리고, 성체기 때에는 PNA와 sWGA에 반응이 없었고, Con A에 대해 반응이 감소되었으며, LCA는 전두엽피질와 후두엽피질에서 반응이 감소되었다. 위의 결과로 보아, 환경 호르몬인 EGEE가 대뇌피질의 각 부위에 미치는 영향의 차이는 있지만, 대뇌피질 분화와 성장에 조직병리학적으로 심한 영향을 마치고, 특히 수유기에서 제일 심하였고, 대뇌피질의 $galactosyl-({\beta}-1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine$, ${\beta}-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine$, ${\beta}-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine$은 감소하고, ${\alpha}-D-mannose$와 ${\alpha}-D-glucose$가 증가하여 이들 당대사에 심한 영향을 미치며, 태생기, 수유기에서 제일 심한 영향을 미쳤다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.805-817
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• 2009

This study was to investigate central localization of neurons projecting to the urinary bladder and urinary bladder-related acupoints(Wijung, $BL_{40}$) and neurons of immunoreactive to hormones and hormone receptors regulating urinary bladder function by using peudorabies virus(PRV). In this experiment, Bartha's strain of pseudorabies virus was used in rats to trace central localization of urinary bladder-related neurons and urinary bladder-related acupoints($BL_{40}$) which can regulate urinary system. PRV was injected into the urinary bladder and acupoints($BL_{40}$) related urinary system. After six days survival of rats, mainly common labeled neurons projecting to the urinary bladder and urinary bladder-related acupoints were identified in spinal cord, medulla, pons and diencephalon by PRV immunohistochemical staining method. First-order PRV labeled neurons projecting to urinary bladder and urinary bladder-related acupoints were found in the cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral spinal cord. Commonly labeled preganglionic neurons were labeled in the lumbosacral spinal cord and thoracic spinal cord. They were found in the lateral horn area(sacral parasympathetic nucleus and intermediolateral nucleus), lamina V-X, intermediomedial nucleus and dorsal column area. The area of sensory neurons projecting to urinary bladder and Wijung($BL_{40}$) was L5-S2 spinal ganglia and T12-L1 spinal ganglia, respectively. In the brainstem, the neurons were labeled most evidently and consistently in the nucleus of tractus solitarius, area postrema, dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve, reticular nucleus, raphe nuclei(obscurus, magnus and pallidus), C3 adrenalin cells, parapyramidal area(lateral paragigantocellular nucleus), locus coeruleus, subcoeruleus nucleus, A5 cell group, Barrington's nucleus and periaqueductal gray matter. In the diencephalon, PRV labeled neurons were marked mostly in the paraventricular nucleus and a few ones were in the lateral hypothalamic nucleus, posterior hypothalamic nucleus, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, arcuate nucleus, median eminence, perifornical nucleus, periventricular nucleus and suprachiasmatic nucleus. In cerebral cortex, PRV labeled neurons were marked mostly in the frontal cortex, 1,2 area, hind limb area, agranular insular cortex. Immunoreactive neurons to Corticotropin releasiing factor(CRF), Corticotropin releasiing factor-receptor(CRF-R), c-fos and serotonin were a part of labeled areas among the virus-labeled neurons of urinary bladder and Wijung($BL_{40}$). The commonly labeled areas were nucleus tractus solitarius, area postrema, reticular nucleus, raphe nuclei(obscurus, magnus and pallidus), locus coeruleus, A5 cell group, Barrington,s nucleus, arcuate nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, frontal cortex 1, 2 area, hind limb, and perirhinal(agranular insular) cortex. These results suggest that overlapped CNS locations are related with autonomic nuclei which regulate the functions of urinary bladder-relate organs and it was revealed by tracing PRV labeled neurons projecting urinary bladder and urinary bladder-related acupoints. These commonly labeled areas often overlap with the neurons connected with hormones and hormone receptors related to urination.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 2002년도 학술대회지
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• pp.96-112
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• 2002

In the present study, we have investigated the effects of centrally administered ginsenoside Rc or Rgl on the modulation of NMDA receptor and $GABA_A$ receptor binding in rat brain. The NMDA receptor binding was analyzed by quantitative autoradiography using $[^3H]MK-801$ binding, and $GABA_A$ receptor bindings were analyzed by using $[^3H]muscimol\;and\;[^3H]flunitrazepam$ in rat brain slices. Rats were infused with ginsenoside Rc or Rg1 ($10\;{\mu}g/10{\mu}l/hr$, i.c.v.) for 7 days, through pre-implanted cannula by osmotic minipumps (Alzet, model 2ML), The levels of $[^3H]MK-801$ binding were highly decreased in part of cortex and cingulated by ginsenoside Rc and Rgl. The levels of $[^3H]muscimol$ binding were strongly elevated in almost all regions of frontal cortex by the treatment of ginseoside Rc but decreased by ginsenoside Rg 1. However, the $[^3H]flunitrazepam$ binding was not modulated by ginsenoside Rc or ginsenoside Rgl infusion. These results suggest that prolonged infusion of ginsenoside could differentially modulate $[^3H]MK-801\;and\;[^3H]muscimol$ binding in a region-specific manner. Also, we investigated the influence of centrally administered ginsenoside on the regulation of mRNA levels of the family of NMDA receptor subtypes (NR1, NR2A, NR2B, NR2C) by in situ hybridization histochemistry in the rat brain. The level of NR1 mRNA is significantly increased in temporal cortex, caudate putamen, hippocampus, and granule layer of cerebellum in Rgl-infused rats as compared to control group. The level of NR2A mRNA is elevated in the frontal cortex. In contrast, it was decreased in CAI area of hippocampus in Rgl-infused rats. However, there was no significant change of NR1 and NR2A mRNA levels in Rc-infused rats. The level of NR2B mRNA is elevated in cortex, caudate putamen, and thalamus in both Rc- and Rg-infused rats. In contrast, NR2B level is decreased in CA3 in Rgl-infused rats. The level of NR2C mRNA is increased in the granule layer of cerebellum in only Rg1 but not Rc infused rats. These results show that structure difference of ginsenoside may diversely affect the modulation of expression of NMDA receptor subunit mRNA after infusion into cerebroventricle in rats.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.19-24
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• 2000

Objective: In order to investigate the functional brain anatomy associated with verbal and visual working memory, functional magnetic resonance imaging was performed. Materials and Methods: In ten normal right handed subjects, functional MR images were obtained using a 1.5-T MR scanner and the EPI BOLD technique. An item recognition task was used for stimulation, and during the activation period of the verbal working memory task, consonant letters were used. During the activation period of the visual working memory task, symbols or diagrams were employed instead of letters. For the post-processing of images, the SPM program was used, with the threshold of significance set at p < .001. We assessed activated brain areas during the two stimulation tasks and compared the activated regions between the two tasks. Results: The prefrontal cortex and secondary visual cortex were activated bilaterally by both verbal and visual working memory tasks, and the patterns of activated signals were similar in both tasks. The superior parietal cortex was also activated by both tasks, with lateralization to the left in the verbal task, and bilaterally without lateralization in the visual task. The inferior frontal cortex, inferior parietal cortex and temporal gyrus were activated exclusively by the verbal working memory task, predominantly in the left hemisphere. Conclusion: The prefrontal cortex is activated by two stimulation tasks, and this is related to the function of the central executive. The language areas activated by the verbal working memory task may be a function of the phonological loop. Bilateral prefrontal and superior parietal cortices activated by the visual working memory task may be related to the visual maintenance of objects, representing visual working memory.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제51권3호
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• pp.141-143
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• 2012

The authors describe a case of choriocarcinoma that metastasized to the cerebral cortex, vertebral body, and intramedullary spinal cord. A 21-year-old woman presented with sudden headache, vomiting and a visual field defect. Brain computed tomography and magnetic resonance examinations revealed an intracranial hemorrhage in the left temporo-parietal lobe and two enhancing nodules in the left temporal and right frontal lobe. After several days, the size of the hemorrhage increased, and a new hemorrhage was identified in the right frontal lobe. The hematoma and enhancing mass in the left temporo-parietal lobe were surgically removed. Choriocarcinoma was diagnosed after histological examination. At 6 days after the operation, her consciousness had worsened and she was in a state of stupor. The size of the hematoma in the right frontal lobe was enlarged. We performed an emergency operation to remove the hematoma and enhancing mass. Her mental status recovered slowly. Two months thereafter, she complained of paraplegia with sensory loss below the nipples. Whole spine magnetic resonance imaging revealed a well-enhancing mass in the thoracic intramedullary spinal cord and L2 vertebral body. Despite chemotherapy and radiotherapy, the patient died 13 months after the diagnosis.

• 수면정신생리
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.193-196
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• 1994

Primary depression with cognitive impairment, referred to as depressive pseudodementia, may be mistaken for a progressive degenerative dementia. Recognition of primary depression is clinically important because of its treatability. To differentiate depression from degenerative dementia, author used brain SPECT. By the result the regional cerebral blood flow(rCBF) in elderly depressed patient was decreased in the right frontal cortex. The pattern of rCBF was different from that of dementia which shows decreased rCBF in bifrontal cortex. By using brain SPECT in depressed elderly patient with cognitive impairment, the discrimination from dementia will be more effective and accurate.

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2003년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.2-2
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• pp.83.1-83.1
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• 2003

The heterotrimeric G protein subunits (G ) are region-specifically expressed in brain such as hypothalamus and pituitary gland in abundant, suggesting that is may be associated with “stress-axis”. This study was designed to examine the effect of stress on the region-specific expression of various G subunits in rat brain. The localization of mRNAs encoding seven of G and striking region-specific patterns of expression were observed in 12 different regions of both non-stressed and stressed rat brain; (1) frontal cortex area, (2) cerebral cortex area, (3) striatum, (4) hippocampus area, (5) thalamus, (6) brain stem, (7) cerebellum area, (8) hypothalamus, (9) septum, (10) amygdala, (11) preoptic area, and (12) pituitary gland. (omitted)

• 생물정신의학
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.271-275
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• 2001

60세 남자 환자로 좌측 정중 전두엽과 양측 기저절 경색 후 발생한 과잉성욕 증상과 강박 증상을 주소로 내원하였다. 환자는 뇌졸중 후에 발생한 운동 기능 장애는 시간이 경과하면서 호전되어 발병 1개월 이내에 거의 정상화된 반면 과잉성욕 증상과 강박 증상은 호전되지 않았다. 환자에게 과잉성욕 증상과 강박 증상을 목표로 fluvoxamine과 perphenazine을 처방하였으며 치료 시작 후 2개월이 경과하면서 환자의 과잉성욕 증상과 강박 증상은 서서히 사라졌다. 이 증례는 기저절-시상전두엽 회로가 성적 행동과 강박 증상의 조절에 있어 중요한 역할을 하고 있음을 시사한다고 할 수 있다. 과잉성욕 증상은 임상에서 간과하기 쉽고 또한 일반적으로 성적 활동에 대한 변화는 환자들 스스로 보고하지 않는 경향이 많다. 따라서 뇌졸중 환자, 특히 정중 전두엽이나 기저절 병변을 동반한 환자들의 경우에는 비록 그 병변이 측두엽 침범이 없거나 Kluver-Bucy syndrome의 전형적인 증상을 보이지 않는다 할 지라도 성욕등 성적 활동에 대한 체계적인 조사가 필요할 것으로 생각된다. 또한 과잉성욕 증상과 강박 증상을 함께 가지고 있는 경우 선택적인 세로토닌 재흡수 억제제의 사용이 두 증상 모두를 효과적으로 치료하는 데에 도움이 될 수 있을 것이다.