• Animal cells and systems
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.313-316
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• 1997

Thomas'fruit-eating bat, Artibeus watssoni, is known to alter leaves of a wide variety of tropical plants to construct tent roosts. On Barro Colorado Island and Gigante Peninsula in the canal zone, Panama, A. watsoni is found to use the black palm, Astrocaryum standleyanum, as its tent plant. Bats cut the first five to ten pinnae from the proximal side of the terminal blade and chew additional four to nine pinnae without severing their central veins. The distance from the frond rachis to the cut decreases distally leaving an inverted V-shaped cut path. The distal portions of the bifurcated blade are then collapsed and folded to form the'bifid'tent with an inverted boat-shaped cavity underneath. All tents were in fronds of trunkless juvenile plants.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.321-325
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• 2001

Two experiments were conducted to examine the degradation rates of 4 tropical legume forages in rumen and intestine of Kedah-Kelantan (KK) cattle. Three KK cattle, averaging $173{\pm}17.15kg$ each fitted with a permanent ruminal and a T-shaped duodenal cannulae were used. The cattle were fed a maintenance diet (1% DM of their body weight) composing of 60% oil palm frond (OPF) pellet and 40% of a legume mixture of Arachis pintoi (AP) and Leucaena throughout the study. The overall DM and CP degradabilities in the rumen for Gliricidia sepium (GS) and AP were significantly higher than those for Leucaena leucocephala-Bahru (LB) and Leucaena leucocephala-Rendang (LR). This implies that LB and LR would have higher dietary protein flows into the intestine for the more efficient enzymatic digestion. However, the results of the present study suggested only limited proportions of the ruminal undegraded protein in the Leucaenas were digested in the intestine.

• ALGAE
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.31-37
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• 2004

Farmed kelp gametophytes were previously observed to be living endophytically in filamentous red algae. The interactions of two farmed kelp species and six red algae were examined in laboratory culture. Undaria pinnatifida (Harvey) Suringar and Laminaria religiosa Miyabe demonstrated the differing abilities of zoospores to become endophytic in four host red algae and neither kelp became endophytic in two non-filamentous red algae. There was a strong seasonal component regarding infectiousness that is associated with the changes in fron erosion in U. pinnatifida from April to June. At the same time, L. religiosa showed no significant changes in frond erosion, and there were no apparent changes in infection levels in the two species they were able infect. This study indicated clear differences between two keip species with regard to their symbiotic relationship to red algae in terms of host specificity and preference of kelp gametophytes.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.9-15
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• 2007

A comparative study of the structure and organization of the primary and secondary walls in different types of tropical plant waste fibers was carried out using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The thickness of each layer was also measured using Image Analyzer. TEM micrographs haveconfirmed that cell wall structure of all six types of tropical plant waste fibers (empty fruit bunch, oil palm frond, oil palm trunk, coir, banana stem and pineapple leaf) has the same ultrastructure with wood fibre. The fibers consisted of middle lamella, primary and thick secondary wall with different thickness for different types of fibers. The secondary wall was differentiated into a $S_1$ layer, a unique multi-lamellae $S_2$ layer, and $S_3$ layer.

• ALGAE
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 2005

Scinaia latifrons Howe occurs in rhodolith beds between 9 to 27 m depths at San Lorenzo channel, Gulf of California, Mexico. As very little was known about the morphometrics of this normally temperate species in a subtropical area, we investigated the phenological changes from December 1998 to December 1999. The gametophytic phase of the species was present from late February to late May, which represented a shorter time period to other known species in the genus. Our results suggested that two gametophytic cohorts develop over winter and early spring based on the size class structure of the frond height. Thalli became reproductively mature at a small size (1-2 cm in height) and all the plants were monoecious. Scinaia latifrons at the study location underwent allometric growth, indicated by the lack of correlation between size, width of the plants, or branching patterns.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.163-171
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• 1984

Ceramium kindoi Yendo demonstrates a Polysiphonia type of life history without diviation in unialgal culture. However, cultures of C. paniculatum Okamura and C. aduncum Nakamura from Kangneung shows considerable phenotypic variations in laboratory. In C. paniculatum, the subulate spines disappear, the transverse cell-rows of corticating bands decrease in number, and the growing direction of corticating cells is changed during the culture. In C. aduncum, a species new to Korea, frond apices become slightly incurved in contrast to strongly rolled ones in the field, and the rows of corticating cells decrease in number and height during the culture. These results suggest that some significant taxonomic characters currently used for identification of Ceramium species are reconsidered.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.226-236
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• 1999

Growth, reproduction, mortality, and production of Laminaria japonica were experimentally studied at a cultivation ground on the coast of llkwang, where the largest amount of cultivated Laminaria has been produced in Korea. For this experiment, young sporophytes (0.33 cm in mean length) grown in the laboratory were transplanted at the depth of 3 m and field surveys on them were conducted twice a month from December, 1995 to August, 1996. Plants exhibited an annual life span; they were completely dead by August. Frond width, thickness, and wet weight showed similar pattern of seasonal growth and reached their maxima in July, but frond length showed no more increment after May. Maximum mean frond length and weight were 199.8 cm and 333.0 g wet wt., respectively. Overall meristematic growth in length and weight were 384.0 cm and 393.6 g wet wt., respectively. Absolute growth rates (AGR) which were calculated from the length of tissue developed from meristem varied seasonally; AGR of length and weight reached maxima in March (3.6 $cm{\cdot}d^{-1}$) and May (3.8 g wet $wt{\cdot}d^{-1}$), respectively. Absolute attrition rates gradually increased from February to July. Seasonal differences in growth and attrition rates appeared to be related to seawater temperature and nitrogen concentration in seawater. Reproductive sporophytes bearing sprorangium sorus began to occur from April, and the ratio of sorus area to blade area reached its maximum in July (0.034). Survival rate was exponentially decreased; more than 90% of plants decayed within 56 days after outplanting. After February, mortality was size-specific; mortality of smaller plants less than 30 cm in length were relatively higher. Maximum biomass occured in July (285.6 kg wet $wt{\cdot}m^{-2}$) and annual production was 758.7 kg wet $wt{\cdot}m^{-2}$.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.52-56
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• 1985

For the fundamental studies of radiation breeding in edible marine algae, the biological effects on conchospores of Porphyra species by gamma-irradiation were examined. Two varieties, Keun-cham-gim (Porphyra tenera Kjell. form tamatsuensis Miura) and Saga No.5, were chosen for this study, and their conchospores after r-irradiation($5.0{\sim}20.0$ KR) were cultured for 50 days. The results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. Gamma-irradiation in less than the dose of 20KR did not affect germination of conchospores, and almost all spores grew into two cells germ in 24 hours after irradiation, but withering germs were gradually increased in number according to higher exposure within 5 days old culture. 2. High irradiation caused the induction of giant cells, abnormal useless growth of hold-fast, lumpish thalli and callus-like lumpy tissues. 3. The liberation of neutral spores from young germs and carpospores from mature thalli were observed on the frond exposed at $10{\sim}20$ KR irradiation. All spores were normal in division and its size. 4. The best irradiation effect on growth of Keun-cham-gim was observed at 10 KR dose, whose growth-rates were $140\%$ in wet weight and $108\%$ in mean frond area, but only $48\%$ was recorded in wet weight at 20 KR exposure. Saga No.5 were in contrast with Keun-cham-gim, and their most growth-rate was $400\%$ in wet weight ($258\%$ in frond area) at 10 KR irradiation and the worst was $20\%$ at the dose of 20 KR. 5. The withering phenomenon to death by treatment of gamma-ray presented substantial difference between two varieties. Survival rate compared with control in Keun-cham-gim was $70.7\%$ at 20 KR, but that in Saga No.5 recorded $47.0\%$ at same dose. 6. Synthesizing the results of high and low r-irradiation, it was suggested tat high r-irradiation in more than 5.0 KR inhibited conspicuously the growth of germs derived from conchospores, and about half of them withered at 15.0 KR dose or more.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.921-929
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• 2020

Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the beneficial effects of dietary supplementation with oil palm frond (leaf) (OPF) with and without oil palm meal (OPM) on nutrient intake and digestibility, ruminal fermentation and growth performance in goats. Methods: Six female crossbred goats were fed for 28 days of 3 diet treatments; 100% para-grass (T1); 50% para-grass + 50% OPF (T2), and 30% para-grass + 50% OPF + 20% OPM (T3). Body weight, rectal temperature, respiratory rate, and urine volume, food intake, dry matter intake and water intake were measured daily. Nutrient digestibility was determined from five consecutive days of last week in each diet. Ruminal fluid, urine and blood were collected at the end for determination of rumen protozoa and volatile fatty acid contents, urinary allantoin excretion, blood cell count and chemistry profiles. Results: Goats fed T2 and T3 showed higher dry matter and nutrients intakes while protein digestibility was suppressed compared with those for T1. Crude fat digestibility declined in T2 but maintained after adding the OPM (T3). High fat intake by giving OPF and OPM corresponded to a higher ruminal acetate/propionate ratio (C2/C3) and serum cholesterol level. An increased urinary allantoin/creatinine ratio was found in T2 and T3 compared with T1, implying an increased number of ruminal microbes. Conclusion: Increased dry matter intake in T2 and T3 suggested that oil palm by-products are partly useful as a replacement for para-grass in goats. Replacement with the by-products increased plasma cholesterol level, which suggested that these products are a useful energy source. Changes in rumen parameters suggested an increased microbial number and activity suitable for acetate production. However, the limited digestibility of protein implies that addition of high protein feeds may be recommended to increase body weight gain of goats.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.237-245
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• 1999

Rates of photosynthesis and respiration of Laminaria japonica sporophytes cultivated on the southeastern coast of Korea were monthly measured in situ and under constant temperature and nitrogen concentration in laboratory from February to July 1996 in order to understand the seasonal photosynthetic performance of this alga. P-I (the relationship between photosynthsis and irradiance) parameters measured in situ varied seasonally. Photosynthetic capacity ($P_{max}$) reached its maximum in March (6.64 mg $O_2{\cdot}gdw^{-1}{\cdot}h^{-1}$) and gradually decreased thereafter. Photosynthetic efficiency (${\alpha}$), which ranged from 0.026 to 0.106, generally showed a similar pattern with the $P_{max}$, curve. Correlation between respiration and $P_{max}$, was not significant (Spearman's rank correlation, p>0.05); respiration rate, which varied between 0.25 and 0.83 mg $O_2{\cdot}gdw^{-1}{\cdot}h^{-1}$, showed no gradual decline from March. $P_{max}$ in situ significantly correlated with the relative growth rate of frond weight (Spearman's rank correlation, p<0.01) and this result means that the amount of accumulated materials in body increased with the increment of $P_{max}$. Compared $P_{max}$, in situ with that in the laboratory. The lower $P_{max}$ in February was probably caused by the effect of lower seawater temperature at this time. The decrease in $P_{max}$ after March, however, was primarily attributable to the thickness of blade as the plants got old. Comparison of P-I parameters measured for different size groups in April, explained the negative relationship between $P_{max}$ and frond thickness.