• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.57-66
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• 1967

Cold $(0^{\circ}C)$ or warm $(25^{\circ}C)$ fresh and sea water were flooded into the lungs of rabbits through tracheal canule. Respiratory arrest ensued in 19.5 minutes in the warm fresh water flooded rabbits and was the longest survival time among the experimental groups. The survival times in the other groups were: 2.32 minutes in cold fresh water group, 2.75 minutes in .warm sea water group, and 4.57 minutes in cold sea water group. Cardiac output was measured by means of T-1824 dilution technique after 2 or 3 minutes of flooding in 27 rabbits. Blood pressure was observed by mercury manometer throughout the survival time in 40 rabbits. The following results were obtained. 1. Cardiac output in the warm fresh water flooded and sea water flooded animal was smaller than that of control rabbits. In the cold fresh water flooded animal cardiac output was greater than that of the control animal. 2. Time constants of T-1824 dilution curve of experimental group were elongated than the normal curve. 3. Central blood volume showed an increase in the fresh water group, a decrease in cold sea water group and no change in warm sea water group. 4. In all of the experimental groups arterial blood Pressure showed an abrupt and great variations after flooding of lungs and lasted about 30 seconds. Thereafter, arterial pressure remained at a plateau level until the sudden fall to zero and this was almost coincided with the time of respiratory arrest. The Plateau level of arterial Pressure in fresh water group was about 10 mmHg higher than the control value, and it was lower than the control value in warm sea water group. In cold sea water group the plateau was made up by fluctuations around the control value. 5. Osmosis of water through the lung alveolar membrane occured in all animals. Fresh water caused hemodilution and sea water caused hemoconcentration. 6. In sea water flooded animal more volume of water was recovered through the tracheal canule than the volume injected into trachea. This was interpreted as the consequence of the shift of water from plasma to alveolar sac. 7. Relative freight of lung was greater in fresh water group than sea water group. In all animal lung edema ensued. 8. The mechanisms of cardiac output variations were discussed.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.793-796
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• 2006

In this study, the rheological properties of fresh concrete of fresh mortar and concrete were investigated experimentally by shear box test. The pore water pressure in fresh mortar was measured as an influence factor of shear deformation of fresh mortar. As the result, it was clarified that the rheological properties is affected by the pore water pressure in fresh mortar and, the correcting method of shear stress in case of shear box test was obtained.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.371-379
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• 2010

Fresh water injection test in a fractured bedrock aquifer was applied as an efficient approach to lower saline concentrations in the saltwater-freshwater transition zone formed by seawater intrusion in a coastal area. The methodology and effectiveness of fresh water injection for hydraulically controlling seawater intrusion is overwhelmingly site dependent, and there is an urgent need to characterize the permeable fractures or unconsolidated porous formations which can allow for seawater flow and transport. Considering aquifer characteristics, injection and monitoring boreholes were optimally designed and completed to inject fresh water through sand layer and fractured bedrock, respectively. We devised and used the injection system using double packer for easy field operation and maintenance. Overall fracture distribution was systematically identified from borehole image logs, and the section of fresh water injection was decided from injection test and monitoring. With fresh water injection, the fluid electrical conductivity of the monitoring well started to be lowered by the inflow of fresh water at the specific depth. And this inflow leaded to the replacement of the fluid in the upper parts of the borehole with fresh water. Furthermore, the injection effect lasted more than several months, which means that fresh water injection may contribute to the mitigation of seawater intrusion in a coastal area.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.192-202
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• 2010

Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) has been recognized as a provider for freshwater, nutrients, and dissolved constituents from continents to the oceans and paid more attention with regard to the mass balance of water or dissolved constituents on local and global scales. The submarine discharge of fresh groundwater (fresh SGD) through seepage or springs in coastal ocean may be especially important in aspects of water resource and marine environment managements in the future. Based on the worldwide compilations of observed fresh SGD, our review reveals that fresh SGD occurs in various marine environments along most shoreline of the world and the global estimates of fresh SGD were approximately 0.01-17% of surface runoff. In addition, the input of fresh SGD calculated and investigated in this study were about 50%, 57%, 89%, and 420% of total river discharge in Jeju Island, Yeongil Bay, Masan Bay, and Yeoja Bay, respectively. These inputs from fresh SGD along the shoreline of Korea Peninsula are much higher than those of the whole world, greatly vary with the region. However, since these estimates are based on the water balance method mainly used in coastal ocean, we have to perform continuous monitoring of various parameters, such as precipitation, tide, evapotanspiration and water residence time, which have an impact on the water balance in a lot of areas for evaluating the precise input of fresh SGD. In addition, since the method estimating the input of fresh SGD has brought up many problems, it is required to make an intercomparison between various methods such as hydrogeological assumption, numerical modeling, and seepage meter.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.315-319
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• 2003

The quality, quantity, color, and characteristics were found out cultured seawater pearls and freshwater pearls. In the XRF measurement Ca chemical combinations were the main elements and Sr was detected at higher levels for the sea-water pearl and Si, S, Ca, Mn, P and other elements were found at higher levels for the fresh-water pearls. Such differences is judged to be caused by the ion diluted in sea and fresh water which affects the pearl elements. Although near similar structural peak was shown for the FT-IR measurement, the fresh-water pearl showed a lower peak for the 2344 wave. For the results of PL, the peak for fresh-water measured with Hd-Cd Laser at 455 nm was higher and with the Ar-ion Laser measurements, peaks were high at 545 nm and 570 nm for fresh-water pearl and sea-water pearls respectively.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.220-223
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• 2003

Hematology and serum chemistry data were collected over a 12-yr period for California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) in Everland zoological Gardens. The objective of this study was to determine hematology and serum chemistry values for the California sea lion lived in fresh-water captive environment, including a comparison between male and female. The results didn't show any difference between male and female in statistics. However, hyponatremia was shown in some case compared with reported blood data of California sea lion. That was supposed that it was associated with a fresh-water captive environment.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.353-360
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• 2007

We practiced fresh water injection test to identify its applibility as a method of seawater intrusion mitigation technique, and monitored the change of borehole fluid conductivity and the behavior of injected fresh water using borehole multichannel electrical conductivity monitoring and well-logging, and DC resistivity and SP monitoring at the surface. Well-logging and multichannel EC monitoring showed the decrease of fluid conductivity due to fresh water injection. We note that such an injection effect lasts more than several month which means the applibility of fresh water injection as a seawater intrusion control technique. Although SP monitoring did not show meaningful results because of weather condition during monitoring and the defects of electrodes due to long operation time, DC resistivity monitoring showed its effectiveness and applicability as a monitoring and assessment techniques of injection test by means of imaging the behavior and the front of fresh water body in terms of the increase of resistivity with reasonable resolution. In conclusion, we note that geophysical techniques can be an effective method of monitoring and evaluation of fresh water injection test, and expect that fresh water injection may be an practical method for the mitigation of seawater intrusion when applied with optimal design of injection well distribution and injection rate based on geophysical evaluation.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.84-93
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• 2000

To provide the basic information for the water improvement and control of water resource in Boryung fresh water reservoir watershed, the characteristics of stream sediments and water quality of the watershed were investigated through 16 times totally, form November in 1998 to March in 2000. The COD values of stream water quality of the Boryung fresh-water reservoir watershed ranged from 0.75 to 6.38. Total -N concentration affected by the livestock wastes and agricultural activity ranged from 0.45 to 21.80mg/L and which was almost over the quality standard of agricultural water(1.0mg/L). Total-P concentration ranged from 0~0.176 mg/L and average value 0.031 mg/L . The contents of heavy metals from 138.4 to 3,457.3mg/kg and total-P were from 210.0 to 468.3 mg/kg. These were very high according to the influence by the livestock waste and sewage water partly.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.13 no.2_3
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• pp.71-75
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• 1969

Chemical changes in components of ginseng roots by heat treatment were observed. We have let the roots of fresh ginseng, of steamed ginseng and the water soluble parts obtained from preparing steamed one be subject to our research. Acids, bases, neutral substances and genins from each one of the above came up to 12 fractions. Having the fractions through column chromatography and TLC test thereafter, we determined the Rf values of each spots presented. Among so many similar values of them, 15 spots of heterogenous component in the fresh ginseng and 6 spots in the steamed one, and 10 spots in that of water soluble parts wre detected. Considering this data obtained, we can assume that partialor all of some components of fresh ginseng might be passed into water parts while preparing steamed ginseng from fresh ones and also some components of the later (fresh ginseng) might have been converted into other substances while being heated.

• 한국태양에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.04a
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• pp.221-226
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• 2008

This study was carry out evaluation of seasonal performance for the decentralized desalination system with the solar thermal system and the photovoltaic power system. First operating demonstration system was set up in Cheju in 2006. These system comprises the desalination unit with designed daily fresh water capacity of $2m^3$ and is supplied by a $120m^2$ evacuated tubular solar collector, a $6m^3$ heat storage tank, and a 5kW photovoltaic power generation supply the electricity for hydraulic pumps to move the working fluids. In a spring season day average $392W/m^2$, the daily fresh water showed to produce about 340liter. In a summer season day average $296W/m^2$, the daily fresh water showed to produce about 328liter. In a autumn season day average $349W/m^2$, the daily fresh water showed to produce about 277liter. In a winter season day average $342W/m^2$, the daily fresh water showed to produce about 271liter.