• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.138-143
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• 2015

This study was carried out to evaluate the preventive effect of three forms of Korean ginseng roots (fresh, white and red) against bisphenol A (BPA) toxicity in mouse male germ cells (GC-2spd, TM3, TM4). ROS (reactive oxygen species) generation were measured by DCF-DA (2',7'-dichlorohydrofluorescein diacetate) assay. Also, semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to quantify the mRNA expression levels of apoptosis-related genes, Bax (pro-apoptotic gene) and Bcl2 (anti-apoptotic gene). ROS generation was increased by $50{\mu}M$ BPA, but definitely decreased by treatment with Korean ginseng extracts (fresh, white and red) in mouse male germ cells. In especial, Korean fresh ginseng extract reduced significantly ROS production to normal control. In addition, Korean fresh and white ginseng extracts suppressed the apoptosis of mouse male germ cells by fine-tuning mRNA levels of apoptotic genes changed by BPA. In general, Korean fresh ginseng extract was more effective than white ginseng extract for reducing BPA-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in mouse male germ cells. Therefore, Korean fresh and white ginseng may help to alleviate biphenol A toxicity in mouse male germ cells.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 1984년도 학술대회지
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• pp.185-190
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• 1984

수삼(Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer)의 휘발성 향기성분을 SE-54 fused silica capillary를 이용한 개스크로와 질량분석방법을 이용해서 연구했다. 수삼을 수증기 종류해서 얻어진 증류물을 diethyl ether로 추출해서 농축하고 이 농축물을 중성, 산성, 폐놀성 및 염기성 분획으로 분리했다. 가장 방향이 풍부하고 원 수삼취와 비슷한 중성분획을 분석한 결과 인삼의 주요한 향기성분은 200종 이상 많은 성분중 monoterpene과 sesquiterpene계 성분이었다. Sesquiterpene 화합물은 질량 204를 갖는 azulene, menthene, napthalene계 화합물이었다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.299-306
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• 1996

This study was undertaken to examine the effects of fresh ginseng on the physicochemical and microbiological changes in dongchimi juice fermented under various conditions. The pH was somewhat lower in dongchimi juice added with 2.0% and 4.0% of fresh ginseng than that without ginseng, whereas the titratable acidity was higher in dongchimi juice with 2.0% and 4.0% of ginseng addition than the control. The addition of fresh ginseng to dongchimi preparation increased the numbers of total viable bacteria, lactic acid bacteria including Leuconostac mesenterotdes in dongchimi juice during fermentation. The changes in the counts of lactic acid bacteria were similar to those of total viable cells throughout the experiment except the initial stage of fermentation. However, the number of Leucosfastoc mesenternidgs decreased after the palatable stage. Key words : Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, dongchlmi juice, pH, titratable acidity, microbiological changes.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제56권1호
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• pp.29-35
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• 2013

This study was performed to analyze 48 kinds of pesticide residues using gas chromatography (GC)/nitrogen phosphorous detector, GC/micro electron capture detector, GC/mass selective detector, and high performance liquid chromatograph/diode array detector in 186 fresh ginseng samples collected in the Seoul area from 2010 to 2011. Fresh ginseng dietary intakes were estimated using the data from the 2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition examination survey. Residual pesticides were detected in 79 samples (42.5%) with eight different fungicides. Only 20 samples (10.8%) exceeded the maximum residue limits (MRLs) for pesticides registered by the Korea Food & Drug Administration. Among them, tolclofos-methyl residues (10.2%) exceeded the MRL for fresh ginseng in 18 ginseng seedlings and one of the two-year old fresh ginseng plants, and the residual level in just one ginseng seedling violated the MRL for pyrimethanil. The results showed that residual pesticides levels in marketable fresh ginseng around Seoul were relatively safe. The percent acceptable daily intake (%ADI) was calculated using pesticide residues in fresh ginseng and dietary intakes of fresh ginseng. The risk caused by pesticide residues in fresh ginseng was very low.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.431-438
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• 2015

Background : This study was conducted to determine out the effect of storage temperature on the quality of fresh ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) during distribution. Methods and Results : Fresh ginseng was washed, packed in $30{\mu}m$ low density polyethylene (LDPE) film, then stored at 0, -2 and $-4^{\circ}C$. After 4 weeks of storage, ginseng was then stored at $5^{\circ}C$, as a simulation of the distribution process. Ginseng stored at $-4^{\circ}C$ showed higher respiration rate, ethylene production and electrolyte conductivity during the distribution phase than those stored at 0 and $-2^{\circ}C$. Decay and browning rate rapidly increased following 3 weeks of distribution in samples stored $-4^{\circ}C$. However ginseng stored $-2^{\circ}C$, which is below freezing point, for 4 weeks did not show the physiological change or quality deterioration. Ginsenoside contents decreased during storage for all plant, but did not differ significantly between storage temperatures. Conclusions : Storage at temperatures below $-2^{\circ}C$ can negatively affect respiratory characteristics and electrolyte leakage and increase quality deterioration and decay rates during distribution.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.290-295
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• 2022

Background: Dried and red ginseng are well-known types of processed ginseng and are widely used as healthy food. The dried and red ginseng quality may vary with the storage period of raw ginseng. Therefore, herein, the effect of the storage period of fresh ginseng on processed ginseng quality was evaluated through multicomponent quantification with statistical analysis. Methods: A method based on ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole mass spectrometry in multiple-reaction monitoring mode (UPLC-MRM-MS) was developed for quantitation of ginsenosides and oligosaccharides in dried and red ginseng. Principal component analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis were conducted to evaluate the dynamic distributions of ginsenosides and oligosaccharides after different storage periods. Results: Eighteen PPD, PPT and OLE ginsenosides and nine reducing and nonreducing oligosaccharides were identified and quantified. With storage period extension, the ginsenoside content in the processed ginseng increased slightly in the first 2 weeks and decreased gradually in the following 9 weeks. The content of reducing oligosaccharides decreased continuously as storage time extending, while that of the nonreducing oligosaccharides increased. Chemical conversions occurred during storage, based on which potential chemical markers for the storage period evaluation of fresh ginseng were screened. Conclusion: According to ginsenoside and oligosaccharide distributions, it was found that the optimal storage period was 2 weeks and that the storage period of fresh ginseng should not exceed 4 weeks at 0 ℃. This study provides deep insights into the quality control of processed ginseng and comprehensive factors for storage of raw ginseng.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.505-512
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• 2000

수삼을 물로 세척하고 기능성 연포장재 필름주머니(ONY/LDPE/L-LDPE; 20$\times$30 cm, 93${\mu}m$)로 개별 포장하여 $25^{\circ}C$에서 20일간 저장하면서 수삼의 외관품질 변화 및 관능적 특성을 조사하였다. 수삼의 외관품질은 저장 후 10일째부터 열화되기 시작하였고 15일이 경과되면서 열화빈도가 급격히 증가하여 20일째에는 전체 수삼의 75%가 열화되었다. 저장 중 수삼의 외관품질 열화는 주로 경도 저하에 의하여 일어났으며 곰팡이 발생 빈도는 낮았다. 20일이 경과된 수삼 중 정상 수삼은 조직이 단판하고 인삼냄새와 쓴맛이 강했던 반면, 경도가 저하된 수삼은 조직이 물렁거리고 끈적이는 정도가 심하였으며 자극적인 냄새, 신냄새, 단맛 및 신맛이 강한 경향을 나타냈다.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.459-466
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• 2011

수삼의 적정 저장 온도 규명을 위하여 수삼을 $-3^{\circ}C$, $-1.5^{\circ}C$ 및 $0^{\circ}C$에 각각 저장하면서 저장 중 수삼의 품질 변화를 조사하였다. 수삼의 저장 중 변질율은 저장 8주까지 저장온도가 낮을수록 변질율이 낮았으나 이후부터는 오히려 $-3^{\circ}C$에서 저장한 수삼의 변질율이 급격히 증가하였다. 수삼의 변질된 면적을 기준으로 산출한 변질정도는 전반적으로 $0^{\circ}C$에서 저장한 수삼이 가장 심하였고, 다음은 $-1.5^{\circ}C$에서 저장한 수삼이었으며, $-3^{\circ}C$에서 저장한 수삼이 가장 낮았다. 중량 감소율은 $-1.5^{\circ}C$에서 저장한 수삼이 가장 낮았고, $-3^{\circ}C$와 $0^{\circ}C$에서 저장한 수삼은 유사한 수준이었다. 미생물 수는 저장 12주까지는 저장온도가 낮을수록 적은 것으로 나타났으나 저장 14주 이후에는 $-3^{\circ}C$에서 저장한 수삼의 미생물 수가 급격히 증가되어 총균 수는 $0^{\circ}C$와 $-1.5^{\circ}C$에서 저장한 수삼과 유사한 수준이었고, 곰팡이 수는 오히려 높은 것으로 나타났다. 표면색도는 $-3^{\circ}C$에서 저장한 수삼이 $0^{\circ}C$와 $-1.5^{\circ}C$에서 저장한 수삼에 비해 비교적 변색이 빠르게 진행되는 것으로 나타났다. 수삼 뇌두부위의 전해질 용출도는 저장기간이 경과함에 따라 증가하였는데 $-3^{\circ}C$에서 저장한 수삼이 $-1.5^{\circ}C$ 및 $0^{\circ}C$에서 저장한 수삼보다 높았다. 수삼의 관능적 품질은 저장 4주 후까지 저장온도에 따른 차이를 나타내지 않았고, 수삼 뇌두부위의 품질이 3.0이하로 평가된 시점은 $-3^{\circ}C$에서는 저장 8주 후, $-1.5^{\circ}C$에서는 12주 후, $0^{\circ}C$에서는 14주 후 이었고, 종합적인 관능적 품질이 3.0이하로 평가된 시점은 $-3^{\circ}C$에서는 저장 10주 후, $-1.5^{\circ}C$ 및 $0^{\circ}C$에서는 저장 14주 후이었다.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.203-210
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• 2005

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate anti-cancer effects of various ginseng herbal acupuncture in mice and expression of cytokine mRNA. Methods: Anti-cancer effects of various ginseng herbal acupuncture were tested by measuring the increase of life span of mice suffering from peritoneal cancer induced by Sarcoma-180, and expression of mRNA manifestation using RT-PCR. The results are as follows: Results: 1. Increase of life span of mice suffering from peritoneal cancer induced by Sarcoma-180 was measured for anti-cancer effects. As a result, 115% increase was shown in the cultivated wild ginseng group, 11.1% increase in the red ginseng group, and no increase was detected in either white ginseng and fresh ginseng groups. 2. Measuring the expression of cytokine mRNA manifestation, expression of $interferon-{\gamma}$ was slightly increased in the cultivated wild ginseng group compared to the control group, but manifestation of interleukin-10 was slightly decreased. 3. For the red ginseng, white ginseng, and fresh ginseng experiment groups II, IL-2, IL-4, $INF-{\gamma}$, and IL -10 all showed increase suggesting possible error occurring during the test process. Conclusion: From the results obtained in this study, we can reason that the ginseng we use may not match the ginseng cited in the texts of the past. Anti-cancer effects of cultivated wild ginseng can be more potent than those of white and fresh ginseng.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.119-125
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• 2014

According to the results of my study on the chromatographic analysis of fresh ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) roots, most of the contents of protopanxadiol ginsenosides $Rb_1$, Rc, $Rb_2$, and Rd are derived from the corresponding malonyl ginsenosides in fresh ginseng by a heat process. Also, I confirmed that acetyl ginsenosides are naturally occurring constituents in fresh ginseng, not decarboxylates from malonyl ginsenosides. Seven neutral ginsenosides $Rg_1$, Re, Rf, Rc, $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, and Rd were transformed to specific conversions in red ginseng preparation conditions. The conversion paths progress by three rules concluded from my study. These conversion rules are I: the ether bond is stable at positions 3 and 6 in the dammarane skeleton, II: the ether bond between sugars is stable in glycosides, and III: the ether bond to glycosides is unstable at position 20 in the dammarane skeleton.