• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.206-212
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• 2002

인삼 본래의 향기 강도를 기기분석적으로 평가할 수 있는 방법을 확립하기 위해서, SPME-GC를 이용한 휘발성 향성분 분석값과 코로써 느끼는 강도와의 상관관계를 연구하였다. 여러 장소에서 재배된 인삼시료(수삼, 백삼, 홍삼)에 대한 향기성분석결과와 코로써 느끼는 측정 결과와의 상관관계를 분석해 본 결과, 백삼과 홍삼의 경우에 관능평가에 의한 향의 강도가 높으면 GC의 peak area값도 크다는 상호관계를 얻음으로써 인삼 본래 향의 강도를 객관적으로 표기 할 수 있는 계기를 마련할 수 있었다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.205-214
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• 2020

Background: This article aims to compare and analyze the contents of ginsenosides in ginseng of different plant ages from different localities in China. Methods: In this study, 77 fresh ginseng samples aged 2-4 years were collected from 13 different cultivation regions in China. The content of eight ginsenosides (Rg₃, Rc, Rg₁, Rf, Rb₂, Rb₁, Re, and Rd) was determined using rapid resolution liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (RRLC-Q-TOF MS/MS) to comparatively evaluate the influences of cultivation region and age. Results: Ginsenoside contents differed significantly depending on age and cultivation region. The contents of ginsenosides Re, Rc, Rg₁, Rg₃, and Rf increased with cultivation age, whereas that of ginsenoside Rb₁ peaked in the third year of cultivation. Moreover, the highest ginsenoside content was obtained from Changbai (19.36 mg/g) whereas the lowest content was obtained from Jidong (12.05 mg/g). Ginseng from Jilin Province contained greater total ginsenosides and was richer in ginsenoside Re than ginseng of the same age group in Heilongjiang and Liaoning provinces, where Rb₁ and Rg₁ contents were relatively high. Conclusion: In this study, RRLC-Q-TOF MS/MS was used to analyze ginsenoside contents in 77 ginseng samples aged 2-4 years from different cultivation regions. These patterns of variation in ginsenoside content, which depend on harvesting location and age, could be useful for interested parties to choose ginseng products according to their needs.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.475-482
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• 2013

The main active components of Panax ginseng are ginsenosides. Ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg1 are accepted as marker substances for quality control worldwide. The analytical methods currently used to detect these two compounds unfairly penalize steamed and dried (red) P. ginseng preparations, because it has a lower content of those ginsenosides than white ginseng. To manufacture red ginseng products from fresh ginseng, the ginseng roots are exposed to high temperatures for many hours. This heating process converts the naturally occurring ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg1 into artifact ginsenosides such as ginsenoside Rg3, Rg5, Rh1, and Rh2, among others. This study highlights the absurdity of the current analytical practice by investigating the time-dependent changes in the crude saponin and the major natural and artifact ginsenosides contents during simmering. The results lead us to recommend (20S)- and (20R)-ginsenoside Rg3 as new reference materials to complement the current P. ginseng preparation reference materials ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg1. An attempt has also been made to establish validated qualitative and quantitative analytical procedures for these four compounds that meet International Conference of Harmonization (ICH) guidelines for specificity, linearity, range, accuracy, precision, detection limit, quantitation limit, robustness and system suitability. Based on these results, we suggest a validated analytical procedure which conforms to ICH guidelines and equally values the contents of ginsenosides in white and red ginseng preparations.

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.16-20
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• 2021

We aimed to compare the content of ginsenosides and the pharmacokinetics after the oral administration of four different ginseng products at a dose of 1 g/kg in rats. The four different ginseng products were fresh ginseng extract, red ginseng extract, white ginseng extract, and saponin enriched white ginseng extract prepared from the radix of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. The ginsenoside concentrations in the ginseng product and the rat plasma samples were determined using a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Eight or nine ginsenosides of the 15 tested ginsenosides were detected; however, the content and total ginsenosides varied depending on the preparation method. Moreover, the content of triglycosylated ginsenosides was higher than that of diglycosylated ginsenosides, and deglycosylated ginsenosides were not present in any preparation. After the single oral administrations of four different ginseng products in rats, only four ginsenosides, such as 20(S)-ginsenosides Rb1 (GRb1), GRb2, GRc, and GRd, were detected in the rat plasma samples among the 15 ginsenosides tested. The plasma concentrations of GRb1, GRb2, GRc, and GRd were different depends on the preparation method but pharmacokinetic features of the four ginseng products were similar. In conclusion, a good correlation between the area under the concentration curve and the content of GRb1, GRb2, and GRc, but not GRd, in the ginseng products was identified and it might be the result of their higher content and intestinal biotransformation of the ginseng product.

• 인삼문화
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• 제6권
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• pp.13-34
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• 2024

The abolishment of the red ginseng monopoly act by the Korean government in 1996 resulted in a drastic change in the Korean ginseng industry, leading to a significant increase in the market size and consumption of ginseng products. Red ginseng is most popular type, with approximately 74% of harvested fresh ginseng being processed into various red ginseng products. Since 1997, there has been a substantial increase in the cultivation of ginseng for production of red ginseng, which, in turn, has contributed to the proliferation of ginseng processing companies. To investigate the products of ginseng manufacturing businesses, we select 200 companies primarily engaged in ginseng processing or specializing solely in ginseng. Our survey on the status of ginseng industry covered 8 different categories. 1) Root ginseng: There were 66 companies involved in manufacturing red ginseng root, accounting for 33.0% of all surveyed companies. This was followed by black ginseng root with 36 companies (18.0%) and red ginseng fine roots with 22 companies (11%). 2) Red ginseng products: A total of 144 companies were involved in manufacturing red ginseng pouches, making it the most common product category. This was closely followed by 142 companies producing pure(100%) red ginseng extract concentrate. 3) Fermented red ginseng products: Companies producing fermented red ginseng extract concentrate products were the most numerous, totaling 26. Following this, companies producing fermented red ginseng stick and pouch products were next in line. 4) Ginseng products: There were 15 companies involved in the production of ginseng products, with the majority focusing on ginseng tea. 5) Black ginseng products: Companies producing black ginseng extract concentrate were the most numerous, with 31 companies, followed by 26 companies producing black ginseng extract pouches. 6) Taegeuk ginseng products: Only 5 companies were involved in the production of taegeuk ginseng products. 7) Fermented black ginseng, and 8) Ginseng berry products: These categories are manufactured by less than 5 companies each. However, the variety in ginseng berry products suggests the potential for future growth. In the 2000s, a trend emerged with the development of new processed products aimed at enhancing the functional components of red ginseng, and these products have captured the attention of consumers. However, this study primarily focuses on black ginseng, fermented red ginseng/fermented black ginseng, and ginseng berry products as they have exerted a significant influence on the overall ginseng industry.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.175-180
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• 1992

홍삼(紅參)에서 내공발생(內空發生)은 품질저해요인(品質沮害要因)으로서 큰 비중을 자지하고 있다. 내공발생(內空發生)의 원인을 구명하고자 전국 주요산지의 재배환경 조건과, 그 산지에서 생산한 수삼(水蔘)을 각 포장별로 홍삼제조후 내공발생율(內空發生率)을 6개년간 조사하여 그 관계를 해석하고 여기서 얻은 주 요인들을 확인코자 몇개의 포장시험을 수행하여 확인한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 홍삼에서 내공발생은 약 70%가 인삼동체의 주피부와 중심부 경계면에서 발현하므로 수삼의 주피부와 중심부간의 소질 차이에서 시인되는 것으로 보인다. 2. 홍삼에서 내공발생률이 27.5% 이상일 때는 천지삼율 저하와 밀접한 관계에 있지만 그 이하로 적게 발생할 때는 내공외의 다른 요인이 크게 작용하는 것으로 보였다. 3. 광(光)이 많이 들어가는 해가림구조(전후주고(前後柱高), 전후주(前後柱) 및 해가림 폭(幅)/후주고(後柱高) 비(比)가 큼)에서 내공발생율(內空發生率)이 높은 경향이나 유의성은 없었으며, 투광율(透光率) 15.9% 까지는 내공발생(內空發生)이 줄어들다가 그 이상으로 높아지면 다시 증가하였다. 4. 토양수분(土壤水分)과 내공발생율(內空發生率)과의 관계는 내공발생율(內空發生率)이 27.5% 이상으로 심할때는 부상관(負相關)이고 그 이하에서는 정상관(正相關)을 보여, 토양수분은 내공발생이 많을 때에는 내공(內空)요인으로 크게 기여하는 것으로 보이며, 토양공극율(土壤孔隙率)도 같은 경향이었다.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.131-136
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• 2012

수삼 중 azoxystrobin과 difenocoanzole의 잔류특성을 구명하기 위하여 2009년 3년근 수삼에 시험농약을 안전사용기준에 따라 2년간 살포한 후 잔류량을 분석하였으며, 시험농약의 정량한계는 0.003 mg/kg이었다. 회수율이 87.58-112.79%임을 감안할 때 수삼 중 잔류농약 분석법은 적합하였다. 3년근 및 4년근 수삼 중 azoxystrobin의 잔류량은 각각 0.004-0.011 mg/kg과 0.007-0.016 mg/kg이었으며, difenoconazole은 3년근과 4년근 수삼에 0.003-0.007 mg/kg과 0.007-0.01 mg/kg 잔류하여 누적잔류특성은 나타나지 않았다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.123-128
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• 2008

GC-${\mu}$ECD 이용한 수삼, 건조인삼, 홍삼 중 DDT(o,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDE, o,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDD, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDT)의 효율적인 분석방법을 살펴본 결과는 다음과 같다. 단순하며 소량의 용매를 사용하는 동시분석법을 이용하여 인삼으로부터 DDT(DDD 및 DDE포함)를 추출하고 헥산 및 6% 에테르 함유 헥산으로 SPE-Florisil(500 mg) 정제하는 것이 GC-${\mu}$ECD 크로마토그램에서 인삼고유성분과 DDT(DDD 및 DDE포함) 피크의 분리도와 회수율 측면에서 가장 효율적이었다. 또한 인삼 중 저농도(0.01-0.05 mg/kg) DDT(DDD 및 DDE포함) 이성질체를 SPE-Florisil(500 mg) 정제 전 30% 황산 처리 후 원심분리로 인삼 고유성분을 제거하여 정확성을 높였다. 동시다성분법 추출 후 황산처리 및 SPE-Florisil(500 mg) 정제방법을 이용한 수삼, 건조 인삼분말, 홍삼분말에 DDT(DDD 및 DDE포함) 이성질체 표준용액을 0.01 mg/kg 농도가 되도록 첨가하여 실험한 회수율은 87.9-99.6%이었으며 표준편차는 0.9-5.9%였다. 또한 검출한계(Method Detection Limits)는 0.003-0.009 mg/kg이었다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.36-40
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• 1991

A field experiment was conducted to examine the growth of one and two year old American ginseng (Panax guinguefolium L.) in the arid interior of British Columbia, Canada. For both years of plants, early season growth was characterized by rapid stem and leaf dry matter production. Root growth commenced in early June and continued until early September. One year old roots had a dry weight of 0.1 to 0.2g at the end of the growing season. The two years old roots commenced the growing season at 0.Is and increased in dry matter by a factor of ten-fold. Dry to fresh weight ratios for both years were similar for root, leaf and stem samples at the end of the growing season. Leaf area index for both years showed similarities in progression over the growing season. As a consequence of the effectiveness of the microclimate modification employed to permit American ginseng cultivation (elevated shade cloth and surface mulch), plant growth and development was extremely good. This indicates the potential for the cultivation of American ginseng in dryland environments.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.270-284
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• 1985

In order to investigate the change of physicochemical properties of ginseng root starch during storage and heat treatment, the roots were stored for 15 days at 5 $^{\circ}C$, 15 $^{\circ}C$, 3$0^{\circ}C$ and 45$^{\circ}C$, and heated for 15 hours at 6$0^{\circ}C$, 7$0^{\circ}C$, 8$0^{\circ}C$, 9$0^{\circ}C$, respectively. The starch content was decreased from about 40% to 23-26% and sucrose content was increased from 4% to 12-16% during storage for 15 days at 5-45$^{\circ}C$. Maltose, which was not detected in fresh samples, was increased up to 8.5% during storage or heat treatment. Granular size of the starch was decreased and some of the granules were broken during storage. Amylose content in the starch was decreased from 33% to 20%, and blue value and alkali number of the starch were increased slightly, and solubility and swelling power of the starch were decreased during storage. 3 The higher storage temperature and the longer storage time, the starch was more susceptible to gelatinize, and the viscosity of the starch was lowered with the susceptibility of gelatinization. The susceptibility of degradation of the starch by the amylase was increased and amylolytic activities in ginseng root were, also, increased during storage.