• Neonatal Medicine
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.13-20
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• 2010

Purpose : Because infants who have been hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) are usually ill or premature, they are hospitalized repeatedly after their discharge. We intended to survey the frequencies and the medical costs of those rehospitalizations. Methods : The NICUs of 7 major hospitals were included. The subjects were 3,451 infants that were admitted to the NICU from July 2005 to June 2006, and discharged to home. The frequency, causes, mean cost and distribution and proportion of National Health Insurance coverage and non covered costs were analyzed. Results : The rate of rehospitalization after discharge from the NICU over 1 year was 14.8%. If multiple cases are considered as individual cases, it is 21.7%. The major causes of admission were pneumonia (15.8%), bronchiolitis (14.5%), gastroenteritis (10.4%), urinary tract infection (6.3%) and sepsis (6.3%). The mean cost for each admission was 1,652 thousand won. The mean cost of National Health Insurance coverage was 1,170 thousand won and non covered coat were 472 thousand won 70.9% and 28.6% respectively. Conclusion : The ratio of rehospitalization of infants after their discharge from the NICU over 1 year was approximately 20% and it means that follow-up management of these infants is very important and meticulous concerns after discharge should be given. However the rehospitalization and the non-coverage proportion of National Health Insurance cost is considerably high. It strongly implies that National Health Insurance should cover much more proportion, and personal cost exemption should be proceeded in case of rehospitalization of infants after discharge from the NICU.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.22-44
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• 1994

Clinical observations were done on 67 cases with Diabetes Mellitus in CVA patients who were confirmed by CT scan and observed for over 1 week, admitted to the Dept. of Internal Medicine in Oriental Medical Hospital of Dongguk University from January 1992 to December 1993. The results were as follows; 1. 86 patients (15.3%) with Diabetes Mellitus were found in 561 CVA patients, the 6th decade of age was 40.2%, the ratio of male to female was 0.72:1. 2. The local distribution of CVA was similar to common CVA, and occlusive CVD was 83.6%, cerebral hemorrhage was 16.4% in this study. 3. The association between blood glucose and years were not significant. The largest ratio of fasting blood glucose were 140-199 mg/dl (44.6%) in admission, below 139 mg/dl (51.8%) in discharge in case of occlusive CVD. In cerebral hemorrhage, that were 140-199 mg/dl(45.5%) in dmission, below 139 mg/dl (45.5%) in discharge. The largest ratio of pp2hrs blood glucose were 200-299mg/dl in admission and discharge both occlusive CVD and cerebral hemorrhage. 4. The total sensitivity of urine glucose was 71.6%, and sensitivity of urine glucose in cerebral hemorrhage (81.8%) was more higher than that of occlusive CVD (69.6%). 5. Below 4 years had the highest prevalence(44.8%) in duration of diabetes mellitus. Patients usually used oral hypoglycemic agents(41.8%), insulin injection(23.9%) treatment and non-therapeutic was 17.9% in this study. 6. Predisposing factors and symptoms in admissin were similar to common CVA. The conscious disturbance on attacck was 41.1% in occlusive CVD, and that was 63.7% in cerebral hemorrhage. 7. The most common ratio of the season's attack was spring (44.8%), 8. The frequency of post history was as follows, hypertension (44.8%), heart disease (10.4%), and they were in below 199 mg/dl (83.3%) of fasting blood glucose. 9. The family history of CVA was 46.3%, and they was higher than nondiabetic patients. 10. The recurrence rate of CVA was 28.4%, and that of occlusive CVD(28.6%) was higer than cerebral hemorrhage's (18.2%). 11. The smoker was 52.2%, the drinker was 38.9%. 12. The complications was occured in 10 cases (14.9%) after admission, and they frequently occured than common CVA. 13. In admission, the ratio of systolic blood pressure in over l60mmHg was 42.9%, that of diastolic blood pressure in over l00mmHg was 12.5% in occlusive CVD. In cerebral hemorrhage, the ratio of systolic blood pressure in over l60mmHg was 54.5%, that of diastolic blood pressure in over l00mmHg was 27.3%. 14. The average beginned time of physical theraphy was, generally lated, 8.3 days in occlusive CVD, 11.2 days in cerebral hemorrhage. Average admitted period was longer than common CVA, and was 29.2 days in occlusive CVD, 11.2 days in cerebral hemorrhage. 15. The degree of recovery were 82.1% in occlusive CVD, 72.7% in cerebral hemorrhage. 16. The herb medications were various Sunghyanggeonggisans, Sopungtang, Ganghwalyupungtang, Yanggyuksan etc. were used most frequently, and Yukmijihwangtang, Gamidaebotang, Mangeumtang etc. were used as discharge.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.509-519
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• 1987

Annual reproductive cycle of the Damselfish, Chromis notatus collected monthly at the four coastal areas around Chejudo, Korea are studied on the bases of histological observations of gonadal tissue and various quantitative variables including gonadosomatic index (GSI), fatness, egg diameter composition and the first maturity. The ovary consisted of a pair of saccular structure with many ovarian sacs. Oogonia proliferated along the germinal epithelium of the ovarian sac. Young oocytes with basophilic cytoplasm showed several nucleoli along the nuclear membrane. When the oocytes reached about $450{\mu}m$ in diameter, nucleus migrate toward the animal pole, nuclear membrane disappeared and most of cytoplasm were filled with yolk materials and oil drops. After ovulation, residual follicle and growing oocytes remaining in the ovarian sacs degenerated. But early young oocytes without follicle layer were not degenerated, and growing continuously till the next year. The testis consisted of a pair of lobular structures in the right and left were united in the posterior seminal vesicle. Cortex of testis was composed of many sperm ducts connected with lobuli. GSI began to increase from March, starting season of longer day length and higher water temperature, and reached the maximum value between June and August. It began to decrease from September with the lowest value appearing between October and February without any evident variation. The annual reproductive cycle could be devided into five successive stage : growing(April to Many), mature(May to August), ripe and spent (June to August) and recovery and resting stage(September to March). The spawning peak occurred from June to August. According to the frequency distribution of egg diameter, Chromis notatus was a polycyclic species to spawn twice or more in a spawning season. Fatness, correlated with gonadal phases, was remarkably decreased by spawning. Percentage of the first maturity . in femate and male fish ranging from 7.0 to 7.9 cm were $50\%$ and from 9.0 to 9.9 cm in total length $100\%$.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.349-376
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• 1996

In orther to find the characteristics of each constitution, the examinee of Kyung Hee medical center was diagnosed constitution, and resulted body measures and diagnosis. That was considered and the results are as follows 1. The Diagnosis result of Sa-sang Constitutional Medicine is that there are 110 persons of Taeum-In(56. 1%), 58 persons of Soum-In(29.6%), 28 persons of Soyang-In(14. 3%). 2. The distribution of occupation, there are many of Taeum-In who are engaged in business, administeration, and management and many of Soeum-In who are engaged in reserch. 3. QSCC(I) has a tendency that other constitutions diagnose to Taeyang-In, the quastionare 1 has the accuracy of 76. 4% to diagnose Soeum-In. 4. Taeum-In sweats easily but Soeum-In doesn't sweat easily, Taeum-In has a good appetite and likes cold food and digests well, but Soeum-In has a poor appetite and like hot food and digest poorly. 5. The degree of obesity is the highest in Taeum-In. 6. The systoric blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure is high in Taeum-In and the high blood pressure are frequent in Taeum-In. 7. Triglyceride is the highest in Taeum-In and the Hyperlipidemia is the most frequent in Taeum-In, but Total cholesterol has no difference among constitutions. 8. GPT GGT is higher in Taeum-In than Soyang-In, but GOT has no difference among constitutions. 9. The frequency of fatty liver is the highest in Taeum-In.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.192-198
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• 1993

In 1984, a magnetic resonance spectrometer(magnetic resonance analyser, MRA $I_{TM}$) was developed by Sigrid Lipsett and Ronald J. Weinstock in the USA, Biomedical applications of the spectrometer have been examined by Dr. Hoang Van Duc(pathologist, USC), and Nakamura, et al(Japan). From their theoretical views, the biophysical functions of this machine are to analyse and synthesize a healthy tissue and organ resonance pattern, and to detect and correct an abnormal tissue and organ resonance pattern. All of the above functions are based on Quantum physics. The healthy tissue and organ resonance patterns are predetermined as standard magnetic resonance patterns by digitizing values based on peak resonance emissions(response levels or high pitched echo-sounds amplified via human body). In clinical practice, a counter or neutralizing resonance pattern calculated by the spectrometer can correct a phase-shifted resonance pattern(response levels or low pitched echo-sounds) of a diseased tissue and organ. By administering the counter resonance pattern into the site of pain and trigger point, it is possible to readjust the phase-shifted resonance pattern and then to alleviate pain through regulation of the neurotransmitter function of the nervous system. For assessing clinical effectiveness of pain relief with MRA $I_{TM}$ this study was designed to estimate pain intensity by the patient's subjective verbal rating scale(VRS such as graded to no pain, mild, moderate and severe) before application of it, to evaluate an amount of pain relief as applied the spectrometer by the patients subjective pain relief scale(visual analogue scale, VAS, 0~100%), and then to observe a continuation of pain relief following its application for managing acute and chronic pain in the 102 patients during an 8 months period beginning March, 1993. An application time of the spectrometer ranged from 15 to 30 minutes daily in each patient at or near the site of pain and trigger point when the patient wanted to be treated. The subjects consisted of 54 males and 48 females, with the age distribution between 23~40 years in 29 cases, 41~60 years in 48 cases and 61~76 years in 25 cases respectively(Table 1). The kinds of diagnosis and the main site of pain, the duration of pain before the application, and the frequency of it's application were recorded on the Table 2, 3 and 4. A distinction between acute and chronic pain was defined according to both of the pain intervals lasting within and over 3 months. The results of application of the spectrometer were noted as follows; In 51 cases of acute pain before the application, the pain intensities were rated mild in 10 cases, moderate in 15 cases and severe in 26 cases. The amounts of pain relief were noted as between 30~50% in 9 cases, 51~70% in 13 cases and 71~95% in 29 cases. The continuation of pain relief appeared between 6~24 hours in two cases, 2~5 days in 10 cases, 6~14 days in 4 cases, 15 days in one case, and completely relived of pain in 34 cases(Table 5~7). In 51 cases of chronic pain before the application, the pain intensities were rated mild in 12 cases, moderate in l8 cases and severe in 21 cases. The amounts of pain relief were noted as between 0~50% in 10 cases, 51~70% in 27 cases and 71~90% in 14 cases. The continuation of pain relief appeared to have no effect in two cases. The level of effective duration was between 6~12 hours in two cases, 2~5 days in 11 cases, 6~14 days in 14 cases, 15~60 days in 9 cases and in 13 cases the patient was completely relieved of pain(Table 5~7). There were no complications in the patients except a mild reddening and tingling sensation of skin while applying the spectrometer. Total amounts of pain relief in all of the subjects were accounted as poor and fair in 19(18.6%) cases, good in 40(39.2%) cases and excellent in 43(42.2%) cases. The clinical effectiveness of MRA $I_{TM}$ showed variable distributions from no improvements to complete relief of pain by the patient's assessment. In conclusion, we suggest that MRA $I_{TM}$ may be successful in immediate and continued pain relief but still requires several treatments for continued relief and may be gradually effective in pain relief while being applied repeatedly.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.115-121
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• 2002

To develop a new method of conjugation and to determine the distribution of R plasimds, we isolated multi-drug resistant strains from fish pathogenic bacteria in the farms of south and east seacoasts of Korea. Out of the 134 isolates examined, 10 showed resistance to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, streptomycin, ampicillin, colistin, nalidixic acid, oxolinic acid and kanamycin. One out of 10 multi-drug resistance bacteria, Vibfio damsela JE1 (V. damsela JE1), contained transferable R plasmid of chlorarnphenicol- tetracycline resistance genes and other nucleic acids encoding ampicillin and kanamycin resistance. The presence of the R plasmid was confirmed by conjugation using the chromocult medium (CC) as a selective and differential medium for transconiugants with identification based on the growth or colors of the colonies. The frequency of R plasmid transfer with filter mating method was come out much higher than that of broth mating method and appeared to be dependent upon the mating time and temperature. The optimum conditions for filter mating method were found to be 30$^{\circ}C$ and 24hrs as mating temperature and period, respectively, Moreover, donor cells with R plasmid, both isolate and standard bacteria, were shown to have an ability to transfer the plasmid against Escherichia coli K-12 HB101 (E. coli HB101) and Edwardsiella tarda (E. tarda) RE14 at fairly high frequencies, finally, we isolated 3 isolates of Sphingomonas sp., carrying R plasmid from 12 multi-drug resistant bacteria in normal microflora of the flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) group used for the isolation of V emsela JE1 four months before. The same size and gene transfer chayateristics of R plasimds with those of V damsela JE1 confirmed that normal microflora have the reservoir activity for R plasmid in natural aquatic environment.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.191-202
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• 2007

To identify the detailed attenuation structure in the southern Korean Peninsula, a numerical test was conducted for the Q tomography inversion to be applied to the accumulated dataset until 2005. In particular, the stochastic pointsource ground-motion model (STGM model; Boore, 2003) was adopted for the 2D Q tomography inversion for direct application to simulating the strong ground-motion. Simultaneous inversion of the STGM model parameters with a regional single Q model was performed to evaluate the source and site effects which were necessary to generate an artificial dataset for the numerical test. The artificial dataset consists of simulated Fourier spectra that resemble the real data in the magnitude-distance-frequency-error distribution except replacement of the regional single Q model with a checkerboard type of high and low values of laterally varying Q models. The total number of Q blocks used for the checkerboard test was 75 (grid size of $35{\times}44km^2$ for Q blocks); Q functional form of $Q_0f^{\eta}$ ($Q_0$=100 or 500, 0.0 < ${\eta}$ < 1.0) was assigned to each Q block for the checkerboard test. The checkerboard test has been implemented in three steps. At the first step, the initial values of Q-values for 75 blocks were estimated. At the second step, the site amplification function was estimated by using the initial guess of A(f) which is the mean site amplification functions (Yun and Suh, 2007) for the site class. The last step is to invert the tomographic Q-values of 75 blocks based on the results of the first and second steps. As a result of the checkerboard test, it was demonstrated that Q-values could be robustly estimated by using the 2D Q tomography inversion method even in the presence of perturbed source and site effects from the true input model.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.424-434
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• 2009

Statement of problem: Problems such as loosening and fractures of retained screws and fracture of implant fixture have been frequently reported in implant prosthesis. Purpose: Implant has weak mechanical properties against lateral loading compared to vertical occlusal loading, and therefore, stress analysis of implant fixture depending on its material and geometric features is needed. Material and methods: Total 28 of external hexed implants were divided into 7 of 4 groups; Group A (3i, FULL $OSSEOTITE^{(R)}$Implant), Group B (Nobelbiocare, $Br{\aa}nemark$ $System^{(R)}$Mk III Groovy RP), Group C (Neobiotec, $SinusQuick^{TM}$ EB), Group D (Osstem, US-II). The type III gold alloy prostheses were fabricated using adequate UCLA gold abutments. Fixture, abutment screw, and abutment were connected and cross-sectioned vertically. Hardness test was conducted using MXT-$\alpha$. For fatigue fracture test, with MTS 810, the specimens were loaded to the extent of 60-600 N until fracture occurred. The fracture pattern of abutment screw and fixture was observed under scanning electron microscope. A comparative study of stress distribution and fracture area of abutment screw and fixture was carried out through finite element analysis Results: 1. In Vicker's hardness test of abutment screw, the highest value was measured in group A and lowest value was measured in group D. 2. In all implant groups, implant fixture fractures occurred mainly at the 3-4th fixture thread valley where tensile stress was concentrated. When the fatigue life was compared, significant difference was found between the group A, B, C and D (P<.05). 3. The fracture patterns of group B and group D showed complex failure type, a fracture behavior including transverse and longitudinal failure patterns in both fixture and abutment screw. In Group A and C, however, the transverse failure of fixture was only observed. 4. The finite element analysis infers that a fatigue crack started at the fixture surface. Conclusion: The maximum tensile stress was found in the implant fixture at the level of cortical bone. The fatigue fracture occurred when the dead space of implant fixture coincides with jig surface where the maximum tensile stress was generated. To increase implant durability, prevention of surrounding bone resorption is important. However, if the bone resorption progresses to the level of dead space, the frequency of implant fracture would increase. Thus, proper management is needed.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.45-51
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• 2003

A nationwide survey on choledochal cyst was undertaken among 39 members of the Korean Association of Pediatric Surgeons. The members were required to complete a questionnaire and the case registration form for each patient during the five year period of 1997 to 2001. Three hundred and forty eight patients were registered from 32 institutions. The average number of patients per surgeon was one to two every year. The male to female ratio was 1:3.4. The age of patients on diagnosis was $49.0{\pm}44.4$ months. The geographic distribution was 34.8% in Seoul and Kyoungki-do, 33.3% in Kyoungsang-do, 17.9% in Cholla-do, and 8.5% in Choongchung-do, in order of frequency. The three common clinical presentations were abdominal pain (63.8%), vomiting (35.3%), and jaundice (29.1%). Only seven patients (2%) presented with classic triad, and 25 patients were diagnosed by antenatal ultrasonographic examination. According to the Todani Classification, 238 patients (7l.3%) were type 1, 3 (0.9%) type 11, and 93 (27.8%) type IV. At the time of the operation, three important associated conditions were choledocholithiasis in 45 patients (15.1%), liver fibrosis (Grade 1-4) in 35, and previous operative procedure for biliary diseases in 10. Associated anomalies were observed in 13 patients (3.8%). Three hundred thirty nine (98.8%) of 343 lesions were treated by Cyst excision and Roux-Y hepaticoiejunostomy. One hundred seventy-six patients had an anomalous arrangement of the pancreatobiliary ductal system (APBD): APBD was not in 92 patients, biliary duct joined to the pancreatic duct in 51, and pancreatic duct joined to the biliary duct in 26. There were 8.5% early, and 7.7% late phase operative complications. The major complications were bleeding, anastomotic leakage, and acute pancreatitis. The combination of acute abdomen and choledochal cyst may suggest spontaneous rupture. Because of the development of late intrahepatic bile duct stones, long term follow up after cyst excision and hepaticojejunostomy is required. The optimal time of surgical intervention should also be considered in the situation of routine use of antenatal ultrasonographic examination. This is the first review of the choledochal cyst in Korea and provides baseline data for future comparisons.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.15-28
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• 2005

Objectives: The purpose of this cross-sectional study was aimed to investigate the status of bowel health behaviors, prevalence of constipation and risk factors related to self-reported constipation in high school students. Methods: The study subjects were 1,882 students of six high schools located in a metropolitan city, who were selected by the accidental sampling from June to August, 2002. We analyzed the data by frequency analysis, chi-square test, and multivariate logistic regression using SPSS ver. 10.0. Results: The result of this study were summarized as follows: 1. A prevalence rate of self-reported constipation was 25.2%. A rate in male students was 13.4% and in female students 36.5%. 2. In regard to therapeutic behavior, 52.1% of study student with change in bowel habit had not find particular counsellor, 38.9% of the student had counselling with parents. 16.3% of students in constipation group had taken laxative medicine for treating the constipation. 73.5% of the student in constipation group had suffered from anal pain during defecation, but 48.0% in normal group. 41.6% of the student in constipation group had a experience of rectal bleeding after defecation, but 23.7% in normal group. So constipation related symptoms distribution had showed statistically significant difference between two group. 3. From the multivariate analysis by self-reported method, the risk factors related to the constipation were sex(female), experience of diet for weight reduction, absence of the breakfast and intake of vegetable more than 3 times per weeks. Conclusions: we had reconfirmed that we should improve eating habits to prevent and treat the constipation in a result of this study. Intervention that is target to girl students, abstain from weight reduction diet, regularity of taking meals, intake more vegetables, stress management should be provided to prevent the constipation especially in Korean high school students. Further prospective designed study are needed to establish the causal-effect relationship between so many risk factors with constipation.