• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.13
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• pp.73-79
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• 1989

During nineteenth century, there broke out a great revolution in the history of girl's costume and with new condition toward girls. 1. Girl's costume followed their mother's attitude of the era and it was influenced by mother's costume. 2. Girl's costume was closely related with politics, economy, society culture and thought of the era. 3. Rousseau's Englightment made a revolution on girl's costume and it was direct revolution which affected on the French Revolution and the independence America. 4. Development of textile industry by industrial revolution brought on a change in raw material, quality, and quantity of textile, more gave a variety to raw material and ornament of girl's costume. 5. The invention of Sewing machine made it possible ready made production of girl's costume.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.66 no.2
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• pp.32-44
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• 2016

Having set a trend for luxury fashion brand markets since the $17^{th}$ century, France has established the norms and the forms of the fashion business. In addition, it has maintained its status as a leading fashion power by discovering economic value from the intangible value of design and brand, and developing fashion into a high value-added industry. This paper aims to examine the socio-cultural factors that have exerted a positive influence on the formation of "fashion power" in France from a historical perspective. It will focus on four major external historical factors that made France the top fashion power: insights and innovation of French leaders as well as their constant concerns and efforts for the promotion of fashion, a tradition of experimental cultures and arts, open and the public-centered social environment and an atmosphere of cherishing the values of creation, and the establishment of a legitimate system that protects them.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.295-307
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• 2001

This study was investigated to a effect of sociocultural environment on the vicissitudes of headgear in Europe on 19th Century. Form of headgear was increasingly more functional and simple. It was needed various items with various usage. Since Industrial Revolution the french Revolution. A diffusion of sport and increase of leisure time gave rise to entrance of mass headgear with reasonability and simplicity. But female headgear was more decorative than males. Until late 19th century when female has participated in social performance, female headgear was not functional and simple form. More often female took male headgear(fedora, straw boater, cap, tc.) than bonnet when female role-awareness was changed and sport is diffused.

• Archives of design research
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.139-147
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• 1999

There are numerous possible approaches to an investigation of the evolution of modern design. the intent of this study is to inquire into the history of 20th-century design as modern project. The French Revolution and the Industrial revolution at the end of 18th century brought about a wide spectrum of social and economic changes in Europe. The bourgeoisie took the leading part in these reforms and they attempted to establish the new aesthetic value of items of everyday use. The turning point in history led to the advent of modern design. This study attempts to provide a conceptual overview of significant stags in modern design's development this paper, it is hoped, will provide an opportunity to place modern design in a social and aesthetic context.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.13 no.4 s.40
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• pp.55-74
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• 2004

This study researched the art-educational thoughts as a modern idea influenced with the social and philosophical transitions in the 19th century. Moreover, this study focused on Frank Lloyd Wright's educational thoughts, because those educational revolutions had appeared as one of the results that Western society's character was rapidly changed by those revolutions, so called, Industrial Revolution, American and French Revolution, and Cultural Revolution of Romanticism, from late 18th century, and eventually because that revolutionary educational ideas had closely and basically many relations with Wright's thought. As a result, even though Wright's education such an apprenticeship was a traditional shape, which was not the old-fashioned educational method discipling to the skillful man, but against the existing education through the self-learning from experiences in nature. That is similar to transcendentalists such as Emerson who searched for having an inspiration in Nature. Namely, Wright himself had struggled against the existing dualistic educational concepts through Wright's monistic thoughts on art-education including architecture based on not naturalism but the philosophy of nature by romantic idealistic philosophers such as Shelling, Fickle, Kant, Hegel including with his Master, Sullivan, and by revolutionary educators such as Freobel, Ruskin, Dewey, and above all by his Unitarian doctrine. However, Wright's thoughts was at that time so radical, and as Wright himself acknowledged that, 'because the philosophy back of it, of course, as you know, is midway I guess between East and West', such all philosophical objects to influence on Wright were so abstruse idea which is usually called 'Romantic' or 'Mystic' that is mingled with East's and West's essence. That is, because Wright himself catched that the theories and methods of the art-educational thoughts would not be easily perceived, and he judged that in a word as a character which could not be taught. After all, Wright's romantic progressivist art-educational thoughts have not been perceived, disseminated in general and widely.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.55-65
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• 2002

The eighteenth century in Great Britain was the period of transformation, Great Britain externally experienced several wars intermittently mid internally transformed into the industrial country in the course of the 18th century. British shipowners were faced with short of seamen mainly due to several wars and expansion of shipping tonnage British shipowners tried to solve the mooing problem by decreasing the number of seamen from 22-23 sailors per ship of 100 tonnage in 1710's to 5 in 1810 and increasing seamen's wage from shillings per common seaman per month in the 17th century to 25 shillings in the middle of the 18th century and equation omitted during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. What caused and resulted by specialized shipowners to cope with changeable market situation with flexibility was decrease of the number of seamen per ship and increase of wage.