• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.132-143
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• 2023

Objective: The aim was to study the influence of cooling milk at 9℃ at the farm versus keeping it at 20℃ on Parmigiano Reggiano cheese lipolysis. Methods: A total of six cheesemaking trials (3 in winter and 3 in summer) were performed. In each trial, milk was divided continuously into two identical aliquots, one of which was kept at 9℃ (MC9) and the other at 20℃ (MC20). For each trial and milk temperature, vat milk (V-milk) and the resulting 21 month ripened cheese were analysed. Results: Fat and dry matter and fat/casein ratio were lower in MC9 V-milk (p≤0.05) than in MC20. Total bacteria, mesophilic lactic acid and psychrotrophic and lipolytic bacteria showed significant differences (p≤0.05) between the two V-milks. Regarding cheese, fat content resulted lower and crude protein higher (p≤0.05) both in outer (OZ) and in inner zone (IZ) of the MC9 cheese wheels. Concerning total fatty acids, the MC9 OZ had a lower concentration of butyric, capric (p≤0.05) and medium chain fatty acids (p≤0.05), while the MC9 IZ had lower content of butyric (p≤0.05), caproic (p≤0.01) and short chain fatty acids (p≤0.05). The levels of short chain and medium chain free fatty acids (p≤0.05) were lower and that of long chain fatty acids (p≤0.05) was higher in MC9 OZ cheese. The principal component analysis of total and free fatty acids resulted in a clear separation among samples by seasons, whereas slight differences were observed between the two different milk temperatures. Conclusion: Storing milk at 9℃ at the herd affects the chemical composition of Parmigiano Reggiano, with repercussion on lipolysis. However, the changes are not very relevant, and since the cheese can present a high variability among the different cheese factories, such changes should be considered within the "normal variations" of Parmigiano Reggiano chemical characteristics.

• 마이크로전자및패키징학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.29-35
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• 2003

SnAg, SnAgCu, SnCu 무연솔더합금을 주조 상태에서 냉간압연한 후 열적으로 안정화한 시편 (TS)과, 실제 솔더 범프와 유사한 미세구조의 수냉에 급속 냉각(WQ)된 시편 두가지를 $100^{\circ}C$에서 크리프 실험을 행하였다. 급속냉각한 시편의 냉각속도는 140-150 K/sec로 primary $\beta-Sn$ 크기가 TS 시편보다 5∼10배 정도 작았으며, 기지내 primary $\beta-Sn$이 차지하는 분율은 증가하였다. 반면에 공정상 내의 $Ag_3Sn$상의 크기는 더 작아졌다. 크리프 실험 결과 WQ 시편의 최소크리프 변형율 속도($\{beta}_{min}$)가 TS 보다 약 $10^2$배 정도 작았으며. 더 큰 파괴시간을 보였다. TS-SnAg의 크리프파괴는 $Ag_3Sn$ 또는 $Cu_6Sn_5$에서의 공공의 핵생성, power-law 크리프에 의한 공공의 성장, 그리고 크리프 공공의 상호 연결로 일어났으며, WQ-SnAgCu는 시편이 두께가 얇아 네킹에 의해 파괴가 일어났다.

• 한국건설순환자원학회논문집
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.70-78
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• 2023

철강산업 부산물인 고로슬래그는 대부분이 콘크리트 혼화재 등으로 재활용되고 있지만, 제강슬래그는 아직까지 뚜렷한 재활용 용도가 마련되지 않고 있다. 특히 제강슬래그는 배출과정에 있어서 다량의 유리석회(Free CaO)를 함유하고 있어, 유리석회에 의한 팽창 붕괴성을 가지고 있기 때문에 콘크리트용 골재로 재활용하기 위해서는 이에 대한 검토가 필요한 실정이다. 최근에는 고온의 액상 제강슬래그를 고압의 압축공기로 분무하여 슬래그를 매우 작은 크기의 입자로 공기 중에 노출시킴으로써 급냉하는 방식인 아토마이징 공정이 개발되어 적용되고 있다. 따라서 이러한 방법으로 배출되는 전기로 산화슬래그 잔골재를 콘크리트용 골재로 사용하기 위해서는 충분한 물리·화학적 검토가 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 국내 E사에서 철강제조 공정의 부산물로 배출되는 전기로 산화슬래그 잔골재를 대상으로 물리·화학적 검토를 실시하였다. 즉, 아토마이징 공정을 통해 생산되는 전기로 산화슬래그 잔골재가 콘크리트용 골재로서 사용 가능한가에 대하여 실험적으로 검토함으로써 향후 전기로 산화슬래그 잔골재의 활용에 기초적인 자료를 제공하고자 한다. 실험결과, 전기로 산화슬래그 잔골재는 대부분의 항목에서 콘크리트용 잔골재의 품질규준을 만족하고 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.648-655
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• 2014

This paper describes the continuing effort to develope a single acting free-piston Stirling engine/alternator combination for use of the household cogeneration. Free piston Stirling engines(FPSE) use variations of working gas pressure to drive mechanically unconstrained reciprocating elements. Stirling cycle free-piston engines are driven by the Stirling thermodynamic cycle which is characterized by an externally heated device containing working gas that is continuously re-used in a regenerative, reversible cycle. The ideal cycle is described by two isothermal process connected by two constant volume processes. Heat removed during the constant volume cooling process is internally transferred to the constant volume heating process by mutual use of a thermal storage medium called the regenerator. Since the ideal cycle is reversible, the ideal efficiency is that of Carnot. Free-piston Stirling engine is have no crank and rotating parts to generate lateral forces and require lubrication. The FPSE is typically comprised of two oscillating pistons contained in a common cylinder. The temperature difference across the displacer maintains the oscillations, and the FPSE operate at natural frequency of the mass-spring system. The power is generated from a linear alternator. The purpose of this paper is to describe the design process of the single acting free-piston Stirling engine/alternator. Electrical output of the single acting free-piston Stirling engine/alternator is about 0.95 kW.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.165-169
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• 1977

용액의 열처리 온도까지의 온도 상승시간과 열처리 후 냉각시간이 무시될 수 있을 정도로 단시간이어서 고온에서의 측정이 가능한 연속 살균장치를 이용하여 열처리온도 $110^{\circ}C$와 $140^{\circ}C$범위 내에서 horseradish peroxidase의 열에 의한 불활성화 속도와 열역학적 자료를 측정 수집하였다. 그 결과 peroxidase의 열에 의한 불활성화 enthalpy, 146.4kJ/mol, free enegy of activation 113 kJ/mol, entropy of activation 82.9 J/mol.k를 얻었다. 본 실험에서 얻은 자료를 기초로하여 일반 미생물 살균 그래프와 비교하고 고온 단시간 살균공정(HTST)에서 효소의 불활성화에 충분한 열처리 시간을 고려해야함을 토론하였다.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.43-57
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• 1999

The fluid flow and heat transfer in a thin liquid film are investigated numerically. The flow Is assumed to be two-dimensional laminar and surface tension is considered. The most important characteristics of this flow is the existence of a hydraulic jump through which the flow undergoes very sharp and discontinuous change. Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian(ALE) method is used to describe moving free boundary and a modified SIMPLE algorithm based on streamline upwind Petrov-Galerkin(SUPG) finite element method is used for time marching iterative solution. The numerical results obtained by solving unsteady full Navier-Stokes equations are presented for planar and radial flows subject to constant wall temperature or constant wall heat flux, and compared with available experimental data. It Is discussed systematically how the inlet Reynolds and Froude numbers and surface tension affect the formation of a hydraulic jump. In particular, the effect of temperature dependent fluid properties is also discussed.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제26권9호
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• pp.1923-1930
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• 2002

In this paper, we present modeling and simulation of microlens formation by means of a deep X-ray lithography followed by a thermal treatment of a PMMA (Polymethylmethacrylate) sheet. According to this modeling, X-ray irradiation causes the decrease of molecular weight of PMMA, which in turn decreases the glass transition temperature and consequently causes a net volume increase during the thermal cycle resulting in a swollen microlens. In this modeling, the free volume theory including the relaxation process during the cooling process was considered. The simulation results indicate that the modeling in this study is able to predict the fabricated microlens shapes and the variation pattern of the maximum heights of microlens which depends on the conditions of the thermal treatment. The prediction model could be applied to optimization of microlens fabrication process and to designing a micro mold insert for micromolding processes.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제17권8호
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• pp.714-721
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• 2005

The water jet impingement cooling with boiling is one of the techniques to remove heat from high heat flux equipments. The configuration of surface roughness is one obvious condition of affecting the performance on heat transfer in nucleate boiling, The present study investigates the water jet impinging single-phase convection and nucleate boiling heat transfer for the effect of surface roughness to enhance the heat transfer in free surface and submerged jet. The distributions of the averaged wall temperature as well as the boiling curves are discussed. Jet velocities are varied from 0.65 to 1.7 m/s. Surface roughness by sand blast and sand paper varies from 0.3 to 2.51 ${\mu}m$ and cavity shapes on surface are semi-circle and v-shape, respectively The results showed that higher velocity of the jet caused the boiling incipience to be delayed more. The incipient boiling and heat transfer increase with increasing surface roughness due to a large number of cavities of uniform size.

• 한국건축시공학회지
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.442-451
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• 2011

Blast furnace slag is recycled as a high value-added material, while steel slag is difficult to recycle or is recycled as a low-grade filler material due to its expansive characteristics. Its property is caused by the high content of free lime and instable steel oxides. Recently, an innovative and rapid cooling method for melting steel slag has been developed in Korea, which reduces free lime content to a minimum level and increases the stability of steel oxides. However, researches on the long-term stability are not sufficient so far. Therefore, this study, focusing on the electric arc furnace oxidizing slag in the steel slag, aims to investigate the properties of the steel slag aggregate, its long-term volume stability and the engineering strength of mortar, and using it as a fine aggregate. This study result indicated that it was possible for it to be used as concrete aggregate because the volume change of the steel slag appeared to be stable.

• 한국태양에너지학회 논문집
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.37-49
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• 2018

In this paper a new kind of unit-prefabricated building is shown. The unit-prefabricated buildings are made up living unit, energy unit, water unit. The design trend implemented the energy insulation, solar PV panels, energy storage system which are maintained for zero energy buildings. We made a prototype for zero energy flexible residential unit. The first step, we was evaluated the physical performance, insulation, airtightness. The second step, we was evaluated energy performance building to design heating and cooling system to combined PV system. As a results, the insulation performance wall was $0.18W/(m^2{\cdot}K)$. The results of air-tightness was 12.13 ACH@50 (1/h). The building energy demand ratings and solar energy generation has the possible to be ballanced.