• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.314-317
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• 2007

Automotive rear subframe of aluminum tube was developed by using hydroforming process, based on the numerical analysis and physical tryouts. In the previous study, the effect of prebending was evaluated on the basis of forming limit diagram which had been obtained from free bulging, T-shape forming and cross-shape forming, using the developed tube hydroformability testing system. In order to get the sound products, appropriate internal pressure is to be imposed corresponding to the axial feeding. In this study, the loading path, the combination of internal pressure and axial feeding during the process, was optimized to ensure minimum thickness variation and dimensional accuracy, by using response surface method.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.57-62
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• 1995

Casein or soybean protein was subjected to there action with caffeic acidtyrosinase system at 30-35$\circ$C, pH 6.8 with aeration for 5hr. The resulting brown proteins were washed with acetone until the washings were on longer colored. However, modified protein still retained a light brown. The effects of the modified proteins and brown compounds on male Wistar strain rats were studied by pair-feeding of a cholesterol-free diet for 14days. Significant decrease in protein digestibility for the rats fed with the modified proteins were observed. Weight gain and protein digestibility were not influenced by feeding brown compounds, but the feeding of brown compound from casein caused an enlargement of caecum. The concentrations of serum cholesterol and triglyceride in the rats fed with modified proteins and brown compounds were mostly unchanged against the rats fed with untreated proteins. These results suggest that the decrease in protein digestibility induced by enzymic browning-reaction did not cause the decrease in concentration of serum cholesterol.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.8
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• pp.1118-1125
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• 2003

Research was carried out to clarify whether a suppression of dry forage intake during the early stages of feeding in ruminants is caused by feeding induced hypovolemia which is produced by the accelerated secretion of parotid saliva. Goats with a parotid fistula were fed roughly crushed alfalfa hay cubes, commercial ground concentrate feed and $NaHCO_3$ twice daily (10:00-12:00, 16:00-18:00). The animals were free access to drinking water all day prior to, during and after experiments. The animals were intraruminally infused every day prior to the morning feeding period with parotid saliva collected from the parotid fistula over a 24 h period. The present experiment consisted of two treatments, non-infusion (RNI) and intraruminal infusion of parotid saliva (RSF). In the RSF treatment, 4-5 kg of parotid saliva (280-290 mOsm/l) collected over a 24 h period was intraruminally infused 1 h prior to the commencement of the morning feeding. During feeding, eating and parotid saliva secretion rates were measured. Blood samples were also periodically collected from the jugular vein. During and after 2 h feeding, water intakes were measured, respectively. These measurements were used to define thirst levels. It is thought that rumen fill in the RSF treatment was higher than the RNI treatment. Plasma osmolality in the RSF treatment increased in the first half of the 2 h feeding period due to the intraruminal infusion of parotid saliva. Therefore, parotid saliva secretion rates in the RSF treatment were lower than the RNI treatment for 30 min period from 30 to 60 min after the commencement of feeding. On the other hand, plasma total protein concentration and hematocrit in the RSF treatment decreased by 3.2 and 3.3% prior to the commencement of feeding due to the intraruminal infusion of parotid saliva. In the first half of the 2 h feeding period, plasma total protein concentration and hematocrit in the RSF treatment showed a tendency to decrease compared to the RNI treatment. Thirst level in the RSF treatment during feeding was approximately 31.3% less than the RNI treatment. Upon the completion of the 2 h feeding period, cumulative feed intake in the RSF treatment was significantly larger (19.7%) than the RNI treatment. The results suggest that a suppression of dry forage intake during the early stages of feeding in goats is partly caused by feeding induced hypovolemia, which is produced by the accelerated secretion of parotid saliva.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.223-232
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• 1988

Fifty-two wether lambs weighing 30 kg were randomly assigned to 5 treatment groups; 1) initial slaughter. 2) control-maintenance (CON-MT), 3) control-ad libitum (CON-AL), 4) cimaterol-maintenance (CIM-MT) and 5) cimaterol-ad libitum (CIM-AL). Ad libitum-fed animals had free access of a high-concentrate diet, whereas maintenance animals were restricted in feed intake to maintain the initial weight of 30 kg for 90 days. Cimaterol was administered in the feed at 10 mg/kg. Regardless of feeding level, the administration of CIM improved carcass weight (p < .05), dressing % (p < .01), longissimus muscle area (p < .01), leg conformation and muscling (p < .01), USDA yield and quality grades (p < .01) and protein concentration (p < .01) in carcass as well as in muscle. Cimaterol feeding decreased organ wt (p < .01), baekfat depth (p < .01), intramuscular fat and overall fatness. Cimaterol was effective for muscle accretion even under restricted feeding condition. The greater accretion of muscle was the result of the hypertrophy of both type I and type II muscle fibers but the hypertrophy of type II fiber (110%) was much greater than that of type I fiber (37%). Cimaterol feeding decreased muscle DNA concentrations but the number of nuclei per muscle fiber was not changed, indicating that the lower DNA concentration was due to the dilution effect caused by the hypertrophy of muscle fiber. As evidenced by lower flank streaking, lower marbling and darker muscle, CIM feeding adversely affected meat quality. Meat tenderness was also adversely affected, resulting in significantly (p H .01) tougher meat in CIM-fed animals.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.22-28
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• 2003

Increasing conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content in dairy products has been a research Interest due to the potential health benefits resulted from consuming CLA. Attempts were made to obtain high level natural CLA containing fatty acid fractions from milk fat through bovine feeding of sunflower oil (SO) and urea fractionation. SO feeding changed the fatty acid profile of milk fat. increasing the CLA content five-fold at eight weeks of trial. Milk fat obtained from S0-fed cows was hydrolyzed to free fatty acids, which were then fractionated with urea at various ratios. The profiles of fatty acids were also greatly influenced by urea fractionation. Long-chain unsaturated fatty acids, Including CLA, were concentrated in milk fat after the fractionation, whereas saturated long-chain counterparts were eliminated. The highest level of CLA was achieved by the fractionation at 2:1 urea/fatty acid ratio (UFR2). CLA level was elevated 2.5-fold, and the Cl8:1/C18:0 fatty acid ratio was increased 120 times after the fractionation. The level of CLA in high CLA-milk fat (24mg/g fat) obtained from the feeding study was further increased through urea fractionation up to 52mg/g fat, 10 folds as high as CLA in the control milk fat (5mg/g fat).

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.74-85
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• 1993

Effect of Si metal powders addition with the plasma transferred arc(PTA) overlaying process on characteristics of the alloyed layer in aluminum alloy(A5083) has been investigated. The overlaying conditions were 175-250A in plasma arc current, 500mm/min in travel speed, the 5-20g/min in powder feeding rate. Main results obtained are summarized as follows. 1)Sufficient size of molten pool on surface of base metal was required for forming an alloyed layer; in a fixed travel, the formation of alloyed layer with clear and beautiful surface depend upon the plasma arc current and powder feeding rate; the greater plasma arc current and the smaller powder feeding rate were, the better bead was formed. Optimum alloyed conditions by which an excellent alloyed bead obtained was 225A in plasma arc current. PTA process made it possible to form an alloyed layer with up to 67wt% Si. 2)Microstructure in the alloyed layer was in accord with prediction from the Al-Si phase diagram 3)The hardness of the alloyed layer increased in proportion to Si content. 4)As volume fraction of primary Si increased, the specific wearness of the alloyed layer was significantly improved. However, no further improvement was found when the volume fraction was greater than about 30%. 5)Utilizing the PTA process, a crack free alloyed layer with maximum hardness of about Hv 310 could be obtained.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.173-178
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• 1998

The feeding effects of Herba hottuynia extracts on the lipids profiles and the content of TAB-reactive substances were evaluated in rats fed a high cholesterol diet. Hot water or ethanol extracts of the dried leave were evaporated and lyophilized . The experimental animals wer edevided to four groups and fed the following diets for 4 weeks : BAsal (cholesterol-free diet), CHOL(cholesterol-enriched diet),CW (cholesterol plus water extract) and CE(cholesterol plus ethanol extract). Dietary cholesterol increased significantly the activities of serum GOT and GPT, but the extracts feeding (0.5% of diet) did not influence the activities induced by dietary cholesterol. Although dietary cholesterol increased significantly the concentrationof serum andliver cholesterol, it tended to decrease the concentation of serum triglycerides. CHolesterol feeding had a lowering effect on the lipid peroxidation value of serum, but not inliver.Furthermore, the extracts feeding, especially water extract, decreased markedly the liver peroxidation value. The results suggest that Houttyunia cordata extracts have an in vivo antioxidant effect, judged from the TBA value in the liver rats fed a high cholesterol diet.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2003

A new technique combining forced-feeding and dorsal aorta cannulation was developed to monitor concentration of nutritions in the blood circulation and their metabolites in rainbow trout. To study the effect of dorsal aorta cannulation on stress, 30 rainbow trout (523$\pm$5.4 g; Mean$\pm$SD) were divided into 6 groups of 5 individuals each. A group was anesthetized and blood samples were taken at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24 or 48 h after dorsal aorta cannulation. Hematocrit peaked at 6 h and returned to 0 values by 12 h after dorsal aorta cannulation. Plasma cortisol and glucose concentrations also peaked at 6 h and returned to 0 values by 48 h after dorsal aorta cannulation. Based on the plasma cortisol and glucose concentrations, the rainbow trout recovered from the operation of dorsal aorta cannulation within 48 h. To compare the patterns of plasma free amino acid concentrations after force-feeding in the fish with dorsal aorta cannulation, 5 dorsal aorta cannulated individuals (511$\pm$6.2 g) were kept in a cage. After 48 h starvation, they were anesthetized and blood samples were taken at 0, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36 or 48 h after forced-feeding. The concentration of all plasma free amino acids, except isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan, also peaked at 4 h and returned to 0 values by 24 h after feeding. The combined technique allows forced-feeding and repeated sampling of blood in rainbow trout with minimum stress.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.24 no.12
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• pp.1232-1237
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• 1991

The cervical esophageal stricture has various surgical modalities and difficulties in reconstruction. We had experienced a case of successful reconstruction of the cervical esophageal restenosis using the free jejunal graft, on 30 year old man had had esophageal stricture after ingestion of lye. He had undergone colon interposition[esophagocologastrostomy] with left colon feeding gastrostomy. But restenosis was occurred just above of the cervical esophagocolostomy site several times of balloon dilatation were failed. So, we decided to use of the free jejunal graft. The free jejunal graft was isolated about 15cm length with it`s vascular arcades. The graft was irrigated with the mixed solution as isotonic saline, heparin and papaverine chloride. The artery of graft was anastomosed to the branch of the external carotid artery in end to side with continuous sutures of the 8.0 Prolene. The vein of the graft was anastomosed to the branch of the anterior facial vein in end to end with continuous sutures of the 8.0 prolene. Postoperative course was uneventful and the patient was discharged after removal of the tracheostomy cannula and gastrostomy tube.

• Neonatal Medicine
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.204-210
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• 2011

Purpose: Feeding intolerance is common in very low birth weight infants(VLBWI); however, research on the etiology is limited. We investigated the incidence of allergic enterocolitis (AEC) as a cause of feeding intolerance and present the clinical characteristics of VLBWIs. Methods: The medical records of VLBWIs admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of Samsung Medical Center between January 2009 and July 2010 were retrospectively analyzed. AEC was defined as patients who had feeding intolerance with eosinophila and who responded to hypoallergenic feeding intervention. Feeding intolerance symptoms included blood tinged stools, abdominal distension, residual feeding and regurgitation. Eosinophilia was defined as an eosinophil count ${\geq}$700 cells/$mm^3$. Patients with feeding intolerance were divided into the AEC or non-AEC group. Results: Of the 181 patients, 161 (88.9%) had a feeding intolerance, and 119 (65.7%) had eosinophilia. Seventeen infants were diagnosed with AEC. No difference in mean gestational age, birth weight, antibiotics duration, TPN duration, hospitalization, or symptom onset day was observed between patients with AEC and non-AEC patients. The percentage of eosinophilia was significantly higher in patients with AEC than in non-AEC patients. Two patients (12%) improved with restricted breast milk, 10 patients (59%) with extensively hydrolyzed formula and five patients (29%) with free amino acid-based formula. Conclusion: Our results suggest that AEC should be considered in VLBWIs who have clinical features of feeding intolerance and eosinophilia. An aggressive increase in feeding would be possible through feeding intervention in VLBWIs with feeding intolerance.