• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.351-367
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• 2011

Few previous researches have been studied in terms of franchisees' perceptions of franchisors' entrepreneurial activities within the boundary of restaurant franchising industry settings. The sampling frame for this study included 605 restaurant franchisees in the business-format franchising system in Korea and data were collected from 1 October 2009 to 28 February 2010. This study, from franchisees' views, investigated the relationship among franchisors' entrepreneurship, external environment, organizational structure(mechanistic-organic) and managerial performance, with structural equation modeling(SEM). The research findings were, firstly, external environment positively affected entrepreneurship which positively affected market orientation and managerial performance, and secondly, market orientation made franchisors select organic structure and heighten managerial performance. Also, external environment led franchisors to adopt organic structure and aggravated their managerial performance. The implications of these findings were as follows. Firstly, the more franchiors had initiatives, innovatedness and risk-taking attitudes, the higher they had managerial performances and market orientation. Secondly, franchisors should keep and heighten market share with keeping in mind with customer orientation, competition orientation, harmony between departments, long-term orientation and profitability. Thirdly, continuous and cautious environmental scanning was necessary because external restaurant environment made organizational structure being changed and managerial performance being aggravated.

• Journal of Industrial Convergence
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.29-38
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• 2022

Because of the need of actual performance of education, this study aims to understand how the factors of educational content and organizational characteristics affect organizational commitment and work performance, which are organizational effects, through learning transfer. As a result, task value, job relevance, and organizational compensation had a significant effect on learning transfer, learning transfer had a significant effect on organizational commitment and work performance, and organizational commitment had a significant effect on work performance. In order to increase the learning transfer of education, when specifying the connection with the actual job and strengthening the compensation system of the members, the learning transfer can be increased and eventually connected to performance. Since limited variables are considered, a more representative sample or professional group should be extracted through future research. In future studies, it will be possible to closely grasp the relationship between learning transfer and organizational effectiveness by setting representative samples and specifying variables.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.8 no.7
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• pp.191-198
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• 2017

This study offers the possibility of a new integrated product of video technology and public culture content. The Development of 'the Urinal of Emotional Type with Screen' will introduce a new sanitary pottery product and it will be a new attempt to combine hygiene pottery product with high-tech electronic product. It is a product development idea that presents the new marketability of the sanitary pottery product with the improvement of awareness of the restroom and the idea of wit through public information notification and advertisement effect. For the commercialization of the product, the prototype will be made through a separate production process with the design of this project, through 3D rendering, 3D mockup and so on. Various product expansions can be consulted with manufacturers after that. It is a new approach of image making with high quality and differentiated pricing strategy, that targeting small-scale business, such as franchise coffee shops and liquor stores with high quality and differentiated pricing strategy, and it will lead the market trend with various marketing availability through differentiated video contents.

• The Journal of Bigdata
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.35-49
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• 2018

It seems unrealistic to say that fried chicken, often known as the American soul food, has one of the biggest markets in South Korea. Yet, South Korea owns more numbers of fried chicken restaurants than those of McDonald's franchise globally[4]. Needless to say not all these fast-food commerce survive in such small country. In this study, we propose a predictive model that could potentially help one's decision whilst deciding to open a store. We've extracted all fried chicken restaurants registered at the Korean Ministry of the Interior and Safety, then collected a number of features that seem relevant to a store's closure. After comparing the results of different algorithms, we conclude that in order to best predict a store's survival is FDA(Flexible Discriminant Analysis). While Neural Network showed the highest prediction rate, FDA showed better balanced performance considering sensitivity and specificity.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.245-261
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• 2020

The aim of this study is to investigate the correlation between the support activities provided by the franchiser and how they affect the intention of the contract renewal and business performances made by franchisees, developing dynamic trust between these transactional partners. Various supportive activities between franchiser and franchisees were divided into financial and non-financial activities and dynamic trust into Transitional-based trust, Calculative-based trust, Relational-based trust, and Balanced-based trust. These trust types, which are variable and adjustable based on the opportunistic behaviors of business parties, were applied to define the impact of the support activities on the contract renewal intention and the performances. This study was developed around domestic franchisees. An investigator visited business owners and manager level-employees, explained the purpose of the survey prior to the response, and the answers were directly written by hands. A total of 348 copies were used for the analysis. As the results of the analysis, first, financial support activities were found to have a positive(+) effect on transitional-based trust, calculative-based trust, and balanced-based trust. On the other hand, non-financial support activities were found to have a positive(+) effect on calculative-based trust, relational-based trust, and balanced-based trust, and there was no significant relationship on transitional-based trust. Second, the dynamic trust had a statistically significant positive(+) effect on inducing the contract renewal. Lastly, in the relationship between the dynamic trust and its impact on business performances, only transitional-based trust, and relational-based trust were found to have a positive(+) effect on the financial performances. In addition, relational-based trust showed a meaningful positive(+) relationship on the non-financial performances, and non-financial performace showed a meaningful positive(+) relationship on the re-contract intention. From the results, it can be concluded that the financial and non-financial activities for a win-win partnership between franchiser and franchisees are essential in not only forming dynamic trust but also boosting business performances as well as maintaining the business relationship. Thus, it suggests that building a win-win partnership can be promoted more efficiently by specifying activities best suitable for a particular relationship. In addition, a specific set of activities could be presented for establishing the level of trust that is formed in situations that vary depending on transaction risks and interdependency arising from having the transactional relationship based on the contract as the franchise industry features. Eventually, it is expected that this study can provide a way to promote the qualitative improvement of the franchise industry by identifying factors essential to establishing a sustainable win-win system and relationships that can improve the business performance of franchisees.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.55-77
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• 2008

The purpose of this research is to understand the effects of environmental uncertainty on transaction characteristics, industry factors, and performance in Korean franchising markets. This research tried to investigate both the characteristics of B-to-C service factors and B-to-B industry factors of franchising industry from the perspectives of CLalt, trust, communication, and other important variables. Hypothetical research model was proposed and, by using SPSS and AMOS, research hypotheses and structural equation models were empirically tested and supported. The results showed that environmental uncertainty has negative effects on relationship characteristics and industry characteristics of franchise. Trust showed positive impact on the performance. Managerial implications and limitations of the study results were also discussed. Future research direction was suggested.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.73-101
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• 2010

Using data collected from franchisees from Busan, we empirically examined the relationship both structural (tie strength), relational (trust), and cognitive (shared value) of social capital and between those dimensions and the patterns of economic performance and noneconomic performance (relationship continuity intention). So we established 9 hypotheses to test the structural relationship among dimensions of social capital and performances like below. H1: A franchisee's perceived tie strength with its franchisor will positively influence its trust in the franchisor. H2: A franchisee's perceived shared value with its franchisor will positively influence its trust in the franchisor. H3: A franchisee's perceived tie strength with its franchisor will positively influence its economic performance. H4: A franchisee's perceived shared value with its franchisor will positively influence its economic performance. H5: A franchisee's perceived trust in its franchisor will positively influence its economic performance. H6: A franchisee's perceived tie strength with its franchisor will positively influence its relationship continuity intention with the franchisor. H7: A franchisee's perceived shared value with its franchisor will positively influence its relationship continuity intention with the franchisor. H8: A franchisee's perceived trust in its franchisor will positively influence its relationship continuity intention with the franchisor. H9: A franchisee's perceived economic performance will positively influence its relationship continuity intention with the franchisor. The conceptual model specifying the relationship among dimensions of social capital and performances is presented in Fig. 1. Tests of the hypotheses were performed using a structural equation model. This model also reflected a good fit to the data ($\chi^2$=101.12 df=62 p=0.004, RMSEA=0.050 GFI=0.936 AGFI=0.895 NFI=0.959 CFI=0.986). The standardized solution estimated by the AMOS 7 program was for interpreting the structural results (Table 1). As was expected, tie strength and shared value were founded to be significant predictors of trust (H1 supported; H2 supported). Tie strength and trust have a significant positive effect on economic performance (H3 supported; H5 supported). But shared value have not a significant effect on economic performance (H4 Rejected). Tie strength were not associated with relationship continuity intention (H6 Rejected). While on the other higher shared value, trust, and economic performance have a significant effect on the relationship continuity intention (H7 supported; H8 supported; H9 supported). The results show integratedly that, first, tie strength does not affect directly but affects indirectly on relationship continuity intention via trust and economic performance. Second, shared goals affect directly and do indirectly via trust on relationship continuity intention. But shared goals does not affect via economic performance on relationship continuity intention. Finally, the study suggests important implications for both research and practice for franchise system especially.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.193-211
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• 2021

Recently, interest in Korean Wave craze and K-beauty, led by K-pop, is increasing. In addition, the popularity and influence of the domestic beauty service industry has increased, and the economic and cultural ripple effects have been continuously expanding. The need to professional manpower training in response to the demand for manpower due to the growing development of domestic beauty services is emphasized, and the number of trainees who are actual consumers of beauty academy is increasing. Therefore, the purpose of our study is to examine the importance of quality factors of educational services to achieve educational purposes in the educational services provided by the Beauty Academy and the relationship between relationship commitment and educational service performance. Furthermore, it is to draw the importance of administrative support services, educational programs as well as educational service provision activities. However, the research for professional manpower training according to the provision of beauty services is insufficient compared to the development speed of the beauty industry. Therefore, at the present time when beauty service education is emphasized, our study will examine the relationship between relationship commitment and educational service performance based on the quality of education service by the students of domestic beauty academy. The measurement variables set for our study are program, instructor quality, tuition, external service, service fairness, relationship commitment, trust level, and educational service performance. The variables were analyzed and derived through the survey, and the following contents were derived from the empirical analysis. First, the quality of education service provided by the beauty academy, such as program, external service, service fairness, relationship commitment and trust level, had a significant effect on relationship commitment. Educational services provided by the institute, such as the systematicity and diversity of educational programs, enabled students to have a uniform relationship commitment. The quality of education service itself is to learn the expertise necessary for providing beauty service from the standpoint of the students and play an organic role in the relationship with the institute. Second, the moderating effect of trust level between academies and students was significant in the quality of education service and the relationship commitment. This means that students will feel higher level of service quality through the practical trust relationship of the students about the educational services provided by the institute. Based on the results of the empirical analysis, the implications of our study are to find ways to improve the students' ability and satisfaction represented by the results of educational services. This is because the quality of education services provided by the institute called Beauty Academy will have a great impact on the career choice of educational facilities and students. The characteristics of consistency, convenience, and knowledge orientation of education itself should be considered comprehensively, and a strong market position should be established through image formation through external service factors, which are external environments of academies.Furthermore, in terms of presenting differentiated strategies with competitors, the educational service quality factors play a significant role in the commitment to the relationship with the students, so the role of relationship marketing will be important for the psychological stability experienced by the students by grasping the demand accompanying the behavior of the students in advance.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.261-276
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• 2020

This study seeks to find an effective support plan through the success factors recognized in the early stages of startup and those recognized after success by grasping the success factors of successful small business entrepreneurs at each stage from the pre-start stage to the growth stage. To this end, a qualitative study through interviews was conducted with successful convenience store franchisees to derive success factors from the start-up preparation stage to the early stage and growth stage. The success factors of starting a small business were studied in consideration of the characteristics of franchise convenience store startups using the ERI model and the ERIS model applied in the study on the performance of startups. The success factors were studied using the multisite service firm life cycle of Sasser et al.(1978) reflecting the results. As a result of the study, the key factors of successful franchisees were the selection of the location of the first store, the selection of strategic additional stores, and the successful renewal of the contract. Depending on the characteristics of the founder, the enterprising franchisees took an active attitude in selecting strategic locations for additional stores and defending the commercial district, while the relatively conservative franchisees showed an active attitude toward store operation and renewal from a management perspective. In particular, the entrepreneur's mind is important in the preparation stage, and the importance of the entrepreneur's management strategy was discovered in the entire business cycle. Based on the results of this study, this study specifically sought out a start-up plan to effectively apply it to the future growth stage.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.40-52
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• 2009

Franchising is one of the fastest growing types of business. It is already popular and well-known in the U.S., and has been growing in many other countries including Korea. Furthermore, many Korean franchising companies have expanded their business overseas actively. According to the data by the Ministry of Industry and Resource, 82 companies out of a sample of 500 franchising companies are already operating in many foreign countries and 48% of them have started their foreign business since 2006. This clearly indicates the fast growing current trend of foreign operation by Korean franchising companies. In spite of the fast growing trend of foreign expansion in the industry, academic research on internationalization of franchising companies is extremely difficult to find. Accordingly, academic research on the issue is necessary and urgent in Korea. Among the various research questions on internationalization of franchising business, this study intends to investigate the difference in organizational factors between the franchising companies doing foreign operation and those doing business only domestically. More specifically, this research has the following purposes. First, considering the lack of theoretical basis of previous studies, resource-based theory and agency theory are employed as the theoretical bases. Second, this study explains the difference in internationalization based on organizational factors such as company size, history and growth rate. Third, the five hypotheses regarding the difference in organizational factors are presented and tested empirically, which is the first attempt in the area of this topic. Finally, the study attempts to clarify the conflicting implications among theories regarding some organizational factos such as growth rate. As the theoretical background, resource-based theory and agency theory are discussed. According to resource-based theory, a firm can grow continuously when it has competence and resource, and also the ability to develop them. The competence and resource can include capital, human resource, management skill, market information, ability to manage risk, etc. Meanwhile, agency theory views the relationship between franchisor and franchisee as an agency relationship. In agency theory, bonding capability and monitoring capability are the two key factors which promote internationalization of franchising companies. Based on the two theories, a conceptual model is designed. The model consists of two groups of variables. One is organizational factors including size, history, growth rate, price bonding and geographic dispersion. The other is whether a franchising company is operating overseas or not. We developed the following five research hypotheses basically describing the relationship between organizational factors and internationalization of franchising companies. H1: The size of franchising companies operating overseas is larger than that of franchising companies operating domestically. H2: The history of franchising companies operating overseas is longer than that of franchising companies operating domestically. H3: The growth rate of franchising companies operating overseas is higher than that of franchising companies operating domestically. H4: The price bonding of franchising companies operating overseas is higher than that of franchising companies operating domestically. H5: The geographic dispersion of franchising companies operating overseas is wider than that of franchising companies operating domestically. Data for the analyses are obtained from 2005 Korea Franchise Survey data co-generated by Ministry of Industry and Resource, GS1 Korea, and Korea Franchise Association. Out of 2,804 population companies, 2,489 companies are excluded for various reasons and 315 companies are selected as the final sample. Prior to hypotheses tests, validity and reliability of the measures of size, history, growth rate and price bonding are examined for further analyses. Geographic dispersion is not validated since it is measured using nominal data. A series of independent sample T-tests is used to find out whether there exists any significant difference between the companies internationalized and those operating only domestically for each organizational factor. Among the five factors, size and geographic dispersion show significant difference, growth rate and price bonding do not reveal any difference and, finally, history factor shows conflicting results in the difference depending on how to measure it.