• 만화애니메이션 연구
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• 통권39호
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• pp.451-472
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• 2015

연환화(連環畵)는 중국 만화사 초기에 발생하여 회화와 서사가 결합한 중국의 독특한 문예 양식으로 발전하였다. 또한 중국 만화사에서 연환화와 만화는 한때 형식이 융합되는 경향도 있어 1920년대에는 만화 스타일로 창작된 연환화가 매우 유행하기도 했다. 이를 연쇄 만화라고도 부른다. 1950-1960년대에 중국 연환화는 독립적으로 발전해 고유한 형식적 특징을 나타내기에 이르며 기법적으로도 성숙한 '황금시기'를 맞았다. 이 시기 연환화 작품은 서사의 극적 표현, 보다 현실적인 인물 묘사를 보여주며 표현수법 및 예술양식 등은 매우 큰 발전을 거두었으며 작품의 예술적인 완성도가 크게 높아졌다. 허유즈(賀友直)의 "산향거변(山鄕巨變)"과 화싼촨(華三川)의 "백모녀(白毛女)"가 예술성과 완성도 면에서 손꼽히는 이 시기의 대표작이다. 제2장에서는 중국 연환화의 기원 및 발전에 대해 살펴보았는데, 이를 통해 중국 연환화가 매 시기 내용과 형식의 결합에서 새로운 성과를 거두었다는 사실을 알 수 있었다. 또한 중국 연환화의 발전 과정에서 1950-1960년대의 작품들이 예술성과 완성도 면에서 가장 큰 성과를 거두었다는 사실을 확인했다. 따라서 제3장에서는 중국 연환화의 '황금시기' 대표작인 "산향거변"과 "백모녀"의 구체적인 이미지를 다각적인 각도에서 분석함으로써 서사의 극적 표현, 현실적인 인물 묘사 등이 어떻게 구체적인 예술성을 획득했는지 보여주고자 했다. 분석은 인물의 성격 묘사, 화면 구도, 배경 및 기법의 활용, 연출 방식 등에 대해 중점적으로 이루어졌다. 이 두 작품을 연구한 목적은 구체적인 작품의 분석을 통해 훌륭한 연환화의 조건을 확인하고, 연환화의 회화 기법 및 연출 구도 등 예술적 성과가 중국의 초기 만화에 끼친 영향을 고찰하는 데 있다. 이 두 작품은 현실적인 삶의 모습을 담아내는 데 주력하며 내용을 전달하는 데 보다 효과적인 표현을 창조하고자 새로운 연출과 기법을 시도하였다는 의의를 지닌다. 또한 동양과 서양 회화의 미학적인 장점을 두루 흡수하여 작가 나름의 개성이 돋보이는 새로운 스타일을 완성하였다는 점에서 그 성과가 돋보인다. 두 작품은 표현 형식과 회화 기법에서 차이를 보이지만 모두 중국적인 삶의 짙은 정취와 '민간(民間)'의 분위기를 자아낸다는 공통점을 지닌다.

• 역사민속학
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• 제27호
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• pp.267-361
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• 2008

본고에서는 청말(淸末) 중국 지식인들 사이에서 널리 유행한 황제신화(黃帝神話)와 전통적인 황제(黃帝)전설과의 괴리를 살피고, 나아가 근대중국 '네이션(민족)'구조 형성의 역사과정과 그것이 내포하고 있는 모순, 또 그로 인해 야기되었던 수많은 사회적 충돌에 대해 살피고자 하였다. '네이션(혹 민족)'은 일종 '상상(想像)의 공동체'로서 근대적인 창조물임이 틀림없다. 그럼에도 이러한 '상상'을 하는 행위자들은 항상 그 시선을 아득히 먼 과거에로 돌리고자 한다. 즉 민족의 기원에 확실한 '역사적 근거'를 마련하고자 한다는 것이다. '황제(黃帝)'라는 존재가 바로 이러한 청(淸)왕조 말기라는 시대상황의 수요에 의해 '중화민족'의 시조로 정립되었던 것이며, 20세기 중국 민족의 기호[심볼]로 자리매김하였다. 황제(黃帝)라는 이 기호[심볼]를 중심으로 한 중국 민족의 창조는 청(淸)의 통치를 종식시키고자 한 반만혁명(反滿革命)이라는 현실 정치에 그 목적을 두고 있었으며, 혈연적인 연관성에 바탕을 둔 배타적인 공동체 구성에 불과할 수밖에 없었다. 민족에 관한 '상상'은 단선적으로 진행되는 것만은 아니다. 예를 들어 20세기 초, 논란의 초점으로 된 '황제기년(黃帝紀年)'과 '공자기년(孔子紀年)'의 논쟁은 두 가지 서로 다른 민족관념의 충돌이었다. 또 일부 한족(漢族) 지식인들은 '황제(黃帝)'의 종족개념을 확대하여 '대민족주의(大民族主義)'로써 '소민족주의(小民族主義)'를 대체하고자 하였다. 일부 만주족(滿洲族) 출신의 학자들도 '황제(黃帝)의 후예'임을 자처하면서 스스로의 역사기억을 새롭게 쓰고자 시도하게 된다. 결국 근대 중국의 민족구조를 당시의 정치 문화적인 상황과 연관시켜 분석해봤을 때, 지극히 구조적인 기호[심볼]로써 '황제(黃帝)'관념은 사실상 여러 세력들이 자신들의 이익을 실현시키고자 각축전을 벌였던 하나의 치열한 투쟁의 장(場)이었던 것이다. 한 중 일 동아시아 3국은 역사문제를 해결함에 있어, 이성적(理性的)인 접근보다는 항상 민족주의라는 감성적(感性的)인 목소리를 앞세우곤 한다. 특별히 중국은 경제대국화와 함께 사회 구성원들의 이탈을 방지하고자, '중화민족'이라는 가상의 공동체 형성에 힘을 기울이고 있는 것이 사실이다. 또 이러한 시도가 극에 치달을 경우, 자칫 동아시아에 커다란 부정적인 영향을 미칠 것은 역사적 경험으로부터도 충분히 짐작 가능한 것이다. 역자(譯者)로서는 이러한 서양에서 이미 거의 폐기되다시피 된 구시대적인 민족주의 일변도의 접근에 제동을 걸 필요가 있다고 생각한다. 최근 들어, 베네딕트 엔더슨의 "상상의 공동체(민족주의의 기원과 전파에 대한 성찰) Imagined communities: reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism" (윤형숙 역, 나남출판, 2002)가 한국 학계에 널리 소개면서 민족주의에 대한 성찰의 목소리가 높아지고 있다. 이러한 시점에서 민족주의에 관한, 특히나 중국의 민족주의의 형성에 관한 본고가 가져다주는 의미 또한 남다르다. 물론 본고 역시 이론의 틀은 "상상의 공동체"의 것에서 크게 벗어나지는 않지만, 그러한 이론의 틀에 '중국민족의 형성' 이라는 구체적인 사례를 끼워 맞춰 봤을 때 우리가 현재 알고 있는 '사실'과는 전연 다른 새로운 결과를 보여주고 있다는 점에서 참신한 시도라고 보아진다. 따라서 이러한 이론의 틀에로의 대입이, 비단 중국뿐만 아니라 한국의 경우도 검토해볼 계기를 마련해 주지 않을까 생각하는 바람에서 본고를 번역하여 학계에 소개하고자 한다.

• 한국사회정책
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.1-23
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• 2016

이 글에서는 박근혜 정부가 적극적으로 추진해온 노동시장 구조개혁을 둘러싼 노동정치의 국면에서 한국노총과 민주노총이 보여온 정책대안과 활동전략을 중심으로 우리 노조운동의 전략적 역량을 검토하며 비판적으로 평가하고 있다. 정부 주도의 노동시장유연화 정책이 계획대로 성사된 것은 아니지만, 노동계가 그들이 바라는 고용안정성을 강화하는 진보적인 노동개혁을 관철시키는'파워의 역설'을 이뤄내지 못하였을 뿐 아니라 정부의 개혁정책에 대해 전략적 역량을 제대로 발휘하지 못하였다. 특히, 양노총은 조합원대중의 결집된 동원(조직연대자원)과 시민사회 친노동정치 세력과의 광범한 연대(연결망자원), 우호적 지지여론의 확보-강화(담론자원), 그리고 활동체계 조직자원 등의 효능적 집행(인프라자원)을 이뤄낼 수 있는 전략적 역량을 제대로 행사하지 못해온 것으로 평가된다. 노동시장 구조개혁을 둘러싼 노동정치에 있어 행사되는 노조운동의 전략적 역량에는 대중적 담론의 형성과 확산이 무엇보다 중요하다. 왜냐하면, 제한된 운동자원과 불리한 권력지형의 제약에 놓여 있는 노조운동으로서는 조직 안의 대중적 결집과 강력한 동원을 이뤄냄과 동시에 조직 밖의 시민사회로부터 대중적 지지와 동참을 이끌어낼 수 있는가의 여부가 그들의 정치적 협상력이나 사회적 영향력을 더욱 중요하게 좌우하기 때문이다. 노동개혁을 둘러싼 노동정치의 국면에서 노조운동으로서는 조직안팎에 대한 프레밍 조정 총화 학습의 전략적 능력을 효과적으로 행사하는 것이 더욱 중요해진다. 최근의 노동개혁국면에서 우리 노조운동은 보유한 자원을 제대로 가동-활용치 못하고 타성적 방식으로 저항운동을 전개함으로써 스스로 조직 안팎의 대중으로부터 운동적 효능감을 잃어가고 있는 것에 대해 깊은 성찰이 요구된다. 또한, 노동시장의 진보적 개혁을 도모함에 있어 정 경 언의 보수 권력연합 앞에서 분열된 조직노동과 야당 및 시민사회의 각개적 대응이 무기력할 수 밖에 없는 만큼, 친노동 세력과 집단들간에 유기적 연대-공조 네트워크를 만들어내는 것이 필요하다.

• 한국화예디자인학연구
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• 제43호
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• pp.123-138
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• 2020

본 연구는 2011~2019년의 9년간 화훼장식 전문 월간지에 나타난 플라워 주얼리 작품을 추출하고, 추출된 플라워 주얼리 작품을 대상으로 표현유형, 표현기법, 사용된 식물재료와 비식물재료의 종류와 수 등을 작품별, 연도별로 분석하여 국내 플라워 주얼리의 트렌드를 알아보고자 실시하였다. 표현유형별로 살펴보면 머리장식의 경우 20.83%, 목걸이의 경우 57.29%, 귀걸이의 경우 5.21%, 리스트의 경우 10.42%, 기타 6.25%로 총 96작품으로 분석되었다(χ²=94.833, p<.001). 표현기법의 사용빈도를 분석한 결과 각 작품당 머리장식, 목걸이, 리스트는 5~6가지의 표현기법, 귀걸이는 2~4가지의 표현기법을 사용하여 제작되었다. 사용된 표현기법은 소재 결합기법 34.43%, 꽃과 잎의 이용기법 30.17%, 시각적 기법 16.63%, 집단화 기법 14.12%, 테크닉 강조기법 4.26%, 기타 0.39%로 나타났다(χ²=455.222, p<.001). 가장 많이 사용된 기법은 프레이밍 기법 16.63%, 노팅기법 16.44% 순으로 나타났다. 플라워 주얼리에 사용된 식물 재료는 절화의 경우 호접란 22.61%, 천일홍 13.48%, 글로리오사 9.57%, 에피덴드럼7.39%, 왁스플라워 6.96%, 골든볼 4.78% 등으로 나타났다(χ²=718.104, p<.001). 절지의 경우 말채나무 70.00%로 가장 많이 사용되었고, 다래덩굴, 노박덩굴, 능수버들이 각각 10.00% 사용되었다(χ²=10.800, p=.013). 절엽의 경우 엽란 24.65%, 아스파라거스 스마일락스 24.62%, 콩란 11.54%, 러브체인 6.15% 등으로 나타났다(χ²=269.385, p<.001). 열매의 경우 청미래덩굴의 열매 44.44%, 하이페리쿰 33.33%, 미국자리공 11.11% 등으로 나타났다(χ²=11.444, p=.022). 플라워 주얼리 제작에 사용된 비식물재료는 2mm 알루미늄와이어 47.34%, 카파와이어 33.73%, 1mm 알루미늄와이어 10.06% 등으로 나타났다(χ²=186.704, p< .001). 와이어 이외에 진주 53.57%, 리본 12.50%, 스팽글과 깃털 4.14% 등의 순으로 나타났다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.54-66
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• 1991

As a result of measuring illumination and making up a question at home visit directly by investigator who trained over twenty days period from October 4 to 24, 1990, in order to render help which illumination problem against house, society against eyes or framing of health instruction potgram by seizing natural lighting actual conditions of house and actual conditions of wearing spectacles and by investigating interrelationship, I can summarize as follows. 1) In property of investigation subject, woman 66.9%, In an age, the twenties was largest of 27.4%, the forties was 20.2%, the fifties was 18.6%, the thirties was 17.4%. In academic career, those of upper secondary school grauates was largest of 28.6%, those who possess university career was 25.9%, those who middle school career was 20.9%, decoding of Korean alphabet was 2%. 2) By a residence area, a big city was 43.3%, farming and fishing villages were 20.3%, the rest was a small town and the administrative office of town, township. In positon of house, the middle area was 43.6%, resident of suburb area was 38.0%. In form of house, a Korean-style house was 40.8%, a western-style house was 34.8%, an apartment house was 11.0%. In the a standard of living, the middle classes 77.2%, the lower classes were 15.3%. In residential house unit of area, from 21 to 30 unit of area was largest of 31.5%, from 10 to 20 unit of area was 19.9%, from 31 to 40 was 18.7%. 3) The wearing spectacles rate of study user was 44.1%. By the area, those who wearing spectacles was more than a half of 50.8% in the resident of big city area. As passing from the farm area to the city, that is being resident of big city was high wearing spectacles rate. In position of house, as being residence in central street showed high wearing spectacles rate. (central street was 51.5%, the middle area was 44.5% and the suburb area was 40.1%.) It seemed similarity difference a variable by position of house from wearing spectacles in standard of 1%. By form of house, wearing spectacles rate those who resident in apartment house was 49.5%, that rate those who resident in a western-style house was high of 49.0%, that rate those who resident in a Korean-style house was the lowest 39.0%. By social position of resident in room, in students case who study showed very high, as university students were very high of 62.3% idn wearing spectacles rate, middle and high school students 'were 50.0%, members of society were 47.6%, workers 20.3%. It seemed similarity difference from academic career in standard of 1%. By an age, the thirties was high of 54.1% in wearing spectacles rate, the twenties was 43.2%, the teenage was the lowest of 11.8%. 4) In illumination of study, over 200Lux was high of 40.1%. but below 99Lux which inappropriate illumination to see the books was 32.4%. Average by area, below 99Lux was 22.7% and over 400Lux was 50.0% in case of wooden floor. As examine by area, below 99Lux was high of 27.0% a case of wooden floor in the big city area, it was not good in illumination passing from the farm area(15.0%) to the city(19.0%). Average illlumination by area of the main living room below 99Lux was high of 37.5%, less than 200Lux was 58.5% of whole. In general, illumination of the main livingroom was inappropriate. By area, the big city was 32.5% below 99Lux, the middle and small city area were 33.8%, town and township area were 45.0%, farming and fishing area were 42.8%. By area, in the big city, illumination of study was 52.5% over 200Lux and 28.9% below 99Lux. In case of the middle and small city, study user of below 99Lux was 38.8% and over 200Lux was 46.9%. In case of the seat of town township, below 99Lux was 34.1% and over 200Lux was 39.7%. In case of farming and fishing area, illumination of study was 33.4% below 99Lux and 48.4% over 200Lux. It tends to high rate of inappropriate illumination. 5) By position of house, in case of wooden floor, less than 100Lux was 24.5% in central street. It was bad illumination than others position of house. In case of the main livingroom, less than 100Lux was 40.4% in the suburb area. It was bad iliumnation than others position of house. In case of study, less than 100Lux was 35.4% in the middle area, it was worse in illumination. In case of the main living room, is seemed similarity difference in standard of 1%. 6) By form of house, in case of wooden floor, illumination of less than 100Lux was 23.8% in a western-style house, it was bad illumination than others form of house. In case of the main livingroom, illumination of less than 100Lux was 47.4% in a Korean-style house, it was remarkably bad illumination than others form of house. In case of study, a Korean-style house was 38.8%, it was very bad illumination than others form of house. In case of the main livingroom and study, it seemed similatrity difference each as P < 0.01 and P < 0.05 in standard of 1%. 7) The wearing spectacles rate of those who use room of illumination over 400Lux was 40.7%, and that of those who use room of illumination less than 100Lux was 28.1%. It seemed similarity differecce in standard of 1%. 8) In period of wearing spectacles, 21.3% of total investigator-highest-was from before five years, 8.6% was from before three years. Among those who use of illumintion less than 99Lux, 34.0% began to wear spectacles from before two years 31.7% was from before five years, 30.3% was from before four years. It seemed similarity difference from period of wearing spectacles by illumination in standard of 1 %. 9) Among cause which sight grow worse, the first was that it was each 33.2% and 27.4% in response rate because watch TV nearly to wearing spectacles person and non-wearing person. The second was that a lot of seeing books was 25.3% in wearing spectacles person and response rate for dark illumination was 7.4% in nonwearing spectacles person. It seemed similarity difference in standard of 1%. (P < 0.01). 10) In experience which take medicine good for eyes, it was 50.1% in wearing spectacles person and 8.5% in non-wearing spectacles person. It seemed similarity difference in standard of 1%(P < 0.01). As we have seen above, inappropriate illumination can be a cause of wearing spectacles. Nevertheless, actually, is realities to indifferent against illumination of house. So it must learn knowledge about health obstacle of illumination through society instruction and school eduction against students as well as general residents. In case that natural lighting is inappropriate structural of house, we must be able to maintain appropriate illumination through artificial illumination. And so eyes which is core of human life have to be protected, related the authorities, related group, and all health medical personnel will organically cooperate with and make efforts.

• 한국직업건강간호학회지
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• 제3권호
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• pp.54-70
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• 1993

According as the automation of clerical work(OA ; Office Automation) develops, the use of VDT(Visual or Video Display Terminal) is increasing suddenly. But, in proportion to the spread of office automation(OA tendency), the self-conciousness syptom attendant upon the work is appearing also (Kim, Jung Tae, Lee, Young Ook, 1990). The apparatuses of office enable the clerical workers to be convenient and perform mass businesses. But, they are increasing the opportunity to be exposed to VDT syndrom, techno stress, computer terminal disease, pain by muscle strain(RSI), bradycausia of noise nature, and electromagnetic waves, etc. which are referred to as the new type of occupational diseases to the workers. It is the real situation that the workers to use VDT is complaining of the physical inconvenience sense in the recent newspaper and literature, it is the point of time that the sydrome to come from VDT use and computer terminal disease, etc. must be classified into the occupational disease(Lee, Kwang Young 1990, Lee, Kyoo Hak 1990, Lee, Won Ho 1991, Lee, Si Young 1991, Lee, Joon 1991, Choi, Young Tae 1991, Heo, Seung Ho 1989). In addition, it is the real situation that the scientifitic study result about the scope that electromagnetic waves has influence on the human body has not been suggested yet, and criticism on the stable exposure permission standard about electromagnetic waves to be emitted from VDT and on the problem in the health about electromagnetic waves is continuing. (IEEE Spectrum, 1990). In addition according to the experience of nursery business of industry field, it is the real situation that the patients who consult complaining of physical and mental inconvenience sence, among the users of apparatus of office automation, are reaching 10% of the patients coming to doctor's room. Therefore, it is necessary to confirm the self-consciousness symptom that the clerical workers complain of multilaterally with the actual state examination about the use of the apparatuses of offices automaton. Thus, this study was tried as th basic data for the cosultation and education for the maintenance and furtherance of the health of workers as the nurse of industry field, by confirming the contents of self-consciousness symptom attendant upon the use of the apparatus for office outomation making the financial institution in which the spparatus for office automation in most frequently used as the subject, and by examining whether there is the difference according to the subject of study, the data were collected, by using the questionnaire method, making 200 workers who consented to the study participation as the subject, among the persons who have spent over 3 months since they used the apparatuses for office automation and didn't receive the treatment in hospital due to the clerical disease for recent 3 years. The period of data collection was from Oct. 9, 1991 to Oct. 12. As for the measurement instrument about the complaint if self-consciousness symptom attendant upon the use of apparatuses fo office automation, the question item on the complaint symptom of health problem attendant upon the treatment of VDT that Kim(1991) developed and on CMI health problem and the question items on the fatigue degree due to industry were used by previous examination to 25 persons. Collected data were analyzed with the statistical method such as percentage, arithmetic mean, Person correlation coeffient, Kai square verfication, t-test, ANOVA, etc. by using SPSS/PC+ program, and the result is as follows : 1. The self-consciousness symptom that the clerical workers complained of most frequetly appeared high in 'My eyes are tired'(99.4%), 'I feel fatigue and weariness'(99.4%), 'I feel that my head is heavy5(90.0%), 'eyesight fell'(88.8%), 'I have a stiff neck'(88.8%), 'I fell pain in the shoulder'(85.0%), 'I feel cold and painful in the eyes'(76.9%), 'I feel the dry sense of eyeball'(76.2%), 'My nerves are edgy, and I an fretful, (75.6%), 'I feel pain in the waist'(73.2%) and 'I fell pain in the back'(72.8%). It emerged that the subject use the apparatuses for office automation complained of self-consciousness symptoms related to visual symptoms and musculoskeletal symptoms. 2. As for the general feature of examination subjects, the result to see the distribution by classifying into sex, age, school career, use career of apparatuses for office automation, skillfulness degree of the use of apparatus for office automation, use hours of the apparatuses for office automation per 1 day, type of business of the apparatus for office automation, rest hours during the use of apparatus for office automation, satifaction degree of business of office automation, and work circumstance, etc. emerged as follows : As for the sex of subjects, the distribution showed that men were 58.8% and women were 41.3%, Age was average 26.9. As the distribution of school career, the distribution showed that4below the graduation of high school' was 58.8%, 'graduation from junior college-university' was 35.0%, and 'over graduate school' was 6.3%. In the question to ask the existence or non-existence of experience of health consultation in connection with the work of office automation, the response that I had the consultation exprience and I feel the necessity emergerd as 90.1% And, the case that the subject who didn't wear the glasses or lens before using the OA apparatus wear glasses or lens after using OA apparatus emerged as 28.3% of whole. As for the existence or non-existence of use career of OA apparatus, the case under 3 years was highest as 52. 7%. As for the skillfulnness degree about the use of apparatus for office automation, most of them are skillful with the fact that 'common' was 44.4%, 'skill' was 42.5%, and 'unskillful' was 13.1% As for the use average hours of the apparatus for office automation per 1 day, the distribution showed that the case under 3-6 hours was 33.1%, the case under 6-9 hours was 28.1%, the case under 3 hours was 30.6%, and the case over 9 hours was 8.1% Main OA business and the use hours for 1 day showed in the order of keeping and retrieval, business of information transmission(162min), business of information transmission(79.3 min), business of document framing(55.5 min), and business of duplication and printing(25.4min). as for the rest during the use of apparatus for affice automation, that I take rest occasion demands the major portion, but that I take after completing the work emerged as 33.8%. Though the subiness gets to be convenient by the use of the apparatus for of office automation, respondents who showed the dissatisfaction about the present OA business emergd high as 78.1%. The work circumstances of each office was good with the fact that the temperature of office was 21.8, noise was average 42.7db, and the illumination was average 364.4 lx, in the light of ANSi/HFS 100 Standard. 3. Sight syptom, musculoskeletal symptom, skin and other symptoms showed the significant difference according to the extent of skillfulness of the apparatus for office automation. All the symptoms exept skin symptom showed the difference according to the use hours of the apparatus for office automation. All the question items exept the sytoms of digestive organs and the rest hours during the apparatus for office automation showed the signicant difference. The question item which showed the signicant difference from the satisfaction degree of present OA business showed the significant difference from all the question item classified into 6 groups. But, age and school career didn't significant difference from the complaint of any self-consciousness symptoms.