• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.306-316
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• 2013

Microstructure and fracture behavior of a multi-phase low-density steel were investigated. After hot-rolling and heat treatment, the microstructure of low-density steel was composed of coarse ferrite grains and elongated bands which include second phases such as austenite, martensite and ${\kappa}$-carbide depending on holding time during isothermal heat treatment. After tensile test, microcracks were observed at martensite or ${\kappa}$-carbide interface in the elongated bands. Coarse ferrite grains showed cleavage fracture behavior regardless of second phase. The cleavage fracture of ferrite could be attributed to their coarse grain size and solute atoms that increase ductile-to-brittle transition temperature of ferrite. Despite of the tendency of cleavage fracture in coarse ferrite grains, a specimen having coarse spheroidized ${\kappa}$-carbide particles in the elongated bands showed high total elongation of 30%. Thus, the easiness of plastic deformation in the elongated band seems to play an important role in retardation of cleavage crack formation in coarse ferrite grains.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.259-271
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• 2019

It is important to obtain reasonable predictions of the extent of the damage during maritime accidents such as ship collisions and groundings. Many fracture models based on different mechanical backgrounds have been proposed and can be used to estimate the extent of damage involving ductile fracture. The goal of this study was to compare the damage extents provided by some selected fracture models. Instead of performing a new series of material constant calibration tests, the fracture test results for the ship building steel EH36 obtained by Park et al. (2019) were used which included specimens with different geometries such as central hole, pure shear, and notched tensile specimens. The test results were compared with seven ductile fracture surfaces: Johnson-Cook, Cockcroft-Latham-Oh, Bai-Wierzbicki, Modified Mohr-Coulomb, Lou-Huh, Maximum shear stress, and Hosford-Coulomb. The linear damage accumulation law was applied to consider the effect of the loading path on each fracture surface. The Swift-Voce combined constitutive model was used to accurately define the flow stress in a large strain region. The reliability of these simulations was verified by the good agreement between the axial tension force elongation relations captured from the tests and simulations without fracture assignment. The material constants corresponding to each fracture surface were calibrated using an optimization technique with the minimized object function of the residual sum of errors between the simulated and predicted stress triaxiality and load angle parameter values to fracture initiation. The reliabilities of the calibrated material constants of B-W, MMC, L-H, and HC were the best, whereas there was a high residual sum of errors in the case of the MMS, C-L-O, and J-C models. The most accurate fracture predictions for the fracture specimens were made by the B-W, MMC, L-H, and HC models.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.327-335
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• 2004

Effect of spherodization of cementite on static and dynamic deformation behaviors of SCM415 steels was investigated in this study. Dynamic torsional test was conducted using torsional Kolsky bar with the strain rate of $1.6{\times}10^3/s$. Three type of specimens were used with different spherodization degree of cementite. Dynamic test results were analyzed comparing with static tensile results and microstructural changes. The obtained results are as follows; 1) All the specimens of static and dynamic tests showed a ductile fracture mode of dimple. Specimens of the dynamic test showed adiabatic shear bands on the beneath of fracture surface. 2) In static tensile test, decreased tensile strength and increased uniform and non-uniform elongations appeared as spherodization degree of cementite increased. 3) In dynamic torsional test, decreased shear strength and increased uniform elongation appeared as spherodization degree of cementite increased. 4) Due to the largest uniform elongation, superior cold forgeability at high speed is expected on high spherodization degree of cementite.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.241-248
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• 2003

Biaxially textured Ni tapes were fabricated by a cold working and recrystallization heat treatment processes from powder compact rods. The processing parameters associated with the cube texture formation in Ni tapes were systematically investigated by using X-ray diffraction and pole-figure analysis. The Ni powder used in this study was 5 $\mu$m in size and 99.99% in purity. To find the optimum sintering temperature, tensile tests were performed for Ni rods sintered at various temperatures. The Ni rods sintered at 100$0^{\circ}C$ showed poor elongation and low fracture strength, while the Wi rods sintered above 100$0^{\circ}C$ revealed good mechanical properties. The higher elongation and fracture strength of the Ni rods sintered at higher temperatures than 100$0^{\circ}C$ are attributed to the full densification of the sintered rods. The sintered Ni rods were cold-rolled with 5% reduction to the final thickness of 100 $\mu$m and then annealed for development of rube texture in rolled Ni tapes. The annealed Ni tapes depicted strong cube texture with FWHM(full-width at half-maximum) of in-plane and out-of-plane in the range of 8$^{\circ}$ to 10$^{\circ}$. The NiO deposited on the Ni tapes by MOCVD process showed good epitaxy with FWHM=10$^{\circ}$, which indicates that the Ni tapes can be used as a substrate for YBCO coated conductors.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.7-14
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• 2023

We investigated the effect of multiple tempering on the microstructure and mechanical properties of AISI 4340 steel. The austenitized and quenched AISI 4340 steels were tempered at 550, 600, and 650℃ for 1, 2, and 4 h by single-tempering (ST). The multiple tempering was conducted for 4 h by double-tempering (DT, 2 h + 2 h), and quadruple-tempering (QT, 1 h + 1 h + 1 h + 1 h). As tempering temperature increases, yield strength and ultimate tensile strength decrease and elongation increases due to recovery and recrystallization of martensite and coarsening of carbides. At 550℃, as the number of tempering cycles increases, the yield strength and tensile strength decrease at the expense of fracture elongation. At 600 and 650℃, the yield strength and tensile strength increase with increasing the number of tempering cycles while fracture elongation maintains similar values. The multiple tempering at the same tempering time of 4 h improves the modulus of toughness at all tempering temperatures, which is presumed to be due to the change in carbide precipitation behavior by multiple tempering.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.122-131
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• 1995

The research trends for metal matrix composites have been on basic mechanical properties, fatigue behavior after aging and fractographic observations. In this study, the fatigue crack initiation as well as the fatigue crack growth behavior and the fracture mechanism were investigated through observations of the fracture surface on silicon carbide particles reinforced aluminum metal matrix composites(SiCp/Al). Based on the fractographic study done by scanning electron microscope and replica, crack growth path model and fracture mechanism are presented. The mechanical properties, such as the tensile strength, yield strength and elongation of SiCp/Al composites are improved in a longitudinal direction, however, the fatigue life is shorter than the basic Al6061 alloys. From fractographic observations, it is found that the failure mode is ductile in basic Ai6061 alloys. And because some SiC particles were pulled out from the matrix and a few SiC particles could be seen on the fracture surface of SiCp/Al, crack growth paths are believed to follow the interface of the matrix and its particles.

• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.58-66
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• 1989

The effect of heat treating temperature and ${\alpha}$ phase In the ${\beta}$ phase matrix were investigated for ${\beta}-CuZnAl$ shape memory alloys by tension test, fatigue test, and shape memory effect test. After heat treatment at $677^{\circ}C$, $750^{\circ}C$, $800^{\circ}C$ and $850^{\circ}C$ for 10 min. respectively, static fracture stress(${\sigma}_f$), fatigue fracture stress(${\tau}_{max}$) at $10^6$ cycle, and elongation(${\epsilon}_f$) was $24.2kg/mm^2$, $17.21kg/mm^2$ and 11.8%, respectively. As heat treating temperature decreased, fracture surfaces of the specimens were changed from the intergranular to the transgranular fracture mode. Especially, the a phase precipitated in the ${\beta}$ phase matrix had an effect on crack propagation and the fracture surface was characterized by dimple-like pattern when crack propagated in transgranular cracking mode. Precipitation of the ${\alpha}$ phase in the ${\beta}$ phase matrix lowered the transformation temperature by $10^{\circ}C$, and about 2.5 vol.% ${\alpha}$ phase did not affect the shape memory effect examined by the bending test.

• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.52-61
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• 1994

The effect of Ni addition, on the mechanical properties and fracture characteristics of Mo-Cu and Mo-Ni-Cu alloyed ductile iron austenitized at $900^{\circ}C$ and austempering temperatures of $250^{\circ}C$, $300^{\circ}C$ and $350^{\circ}C$. The tensile strength, yield strength and hardness are decreased and elongation and impact value are increased in both Mo-Cu and Mo-Ni-Cu alloyed austempered ductile iron, with increased austempering temperature. According to the austempering temperature are increased, the amount of retained austenite are increased. Maximum value of fracture toughness is obtained at $350^{\circ}C$ austempering temperature at this condition, the amount of retained austenite came to 40% in Mo-Ni-Cu alloyed ADI and 34% in Mo-Cu alloyed ADI. The fracture surface of ADI which had represented high toughness are showed a quasi-cleavage pattern and a dimple pattern with micro void. Comparing the fracture characteristics of Mo-Cu alloyed ADI with that of Mo-Ni-Cu alloyed ADI, the latter was superior to the former.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.812-818
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• 2003

The aim of this study is to investigate the fabrication processes on the microstructual changes and mechanical properties of large 7175 aluminum die forgings. The billets range from 370 to 720 mm in diameter were homogenized and hot forged after direct chill casting. The strength and elongation of the homogenized cast billets were revealed nearly same level independent of the billet diameter. However, these properties of ø370 mm cast billet were superior to those of $\Pie720$ mm billet under$ T_{6}$ / condition. The tensile strength of die forged specimens under $T_{6}$ condition increased up to 20% than that of solution treatment, however, the elongation was reduced to 50%. The fracture toughness of die forged specimens under $T_{6}$ condition was 35.6∼39.0 MPa$.$$m^{1}$2 irrespective of the billet size and free forging processes, but this property increased up to 10% by$V_{74}$ treatment. The fracture toughness of die forged specimen manufactured with ø370 mm cast billet showed nearly same level of ø720 mm billet which was processed using MF or Cog free forging followed by die forging.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.66-75
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• 2013

In this study, the effect of coating thickness($20{\mu}m$ and $30{\mu}m$) on microstructure and tensile properties in Yb:YAG disk laser welds of Al-Si-coated boron steel (1.2mmt) was investigated. In the case of as welds, the quantity of ferrite was found to be higher in base metal than that in HAZ (Heat Affected Zone) and fusion zone, indicating, fracture occurrs in base metal, and the fracture position is unrelated to the coating thickness. Furthermore, yield strength, tensile strength of base metal and welded specimens showed similar behavior whereas elongation was decreased. On the other hand, base metal and HAZ showed existence of martensite after heat treatment, the fusion zone indicated the presence of full ferrite or austenite and ferrite during heat treatment ($900^{\circ}C$, 5min), After water cooling, austenite was transformed to martensite, and the quantity of ferrite in fusion zone was higher as compared with in base metal, resulting in sharply decrease of yield strength, tensile strength and elongation, which leads to fracture occured at fusion zone. In particular, results showed that because the concentration of Al was higher in 30um coating layer specimen than that of 20um coating specimen, after heat treatment, producing a higher quantity of ferrite was higher after heat treatment in the fusion zone; howevers, it leads to a lower tensile property.