• Wind and Structures
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2024

In order to effectively simulate nonstationary stochastic turbulent wind fields, four separation hybrid (SEP-H) models are proposed in the present study. Based on the assumption that the lateral turbulence component at one single-point is uncorrelated with the longitudinal and vertical turbulence components, the fluctuating wind is separated into 2nV-1D and nV1D nonstationary stochastic vector processes. The first process can be expressed as double proper orthogonal decomposition (DPOD) or proper orthogonal decomposition and spectral representation method (POD-SRM), and the second process can be expressed as POD or SRM. On this basis, four SEP-H models of nonstationary stochastic turbulent wind fields are developed. In addition, the orthogonal random variables in the SEP-H models are presented as random orthogonal functions of elementary random variables. Meanwhile, the number theoretical method (NTM) is conveniently adopted to select representative points set of the elementary random variables. The POD-FFT (Fast Fourier transform) technique is introduced in frequency to give full play to the computational efficiency of the SEP-H models. Finally, taking a long-span bridge as the engineering background, the SEP-H models are compared with the dimension-reduction DPOD (DR-DPOD) model to verify the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed models.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.235-241
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• 2024

Gas identification techniques using pattern recognition methods were developed from four micro-electronic gas sensors for noxious gas mixture analysis. The target gases for the air quality monitoring inside vehicles were two exhaust gases, carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NO_x), and two odor gases, ammonia (NH₃) and formaldehyde (HCHO). Four MEMS gas sensors with sensing materials of Pd-SnO₂ for CO, In₂O₃ for NO_X, Ru-WO₃ for NH₃, and hybridized SnO₂-ZnO material for HCHO were fabricated. In six binary mixed gas systems with oxidizing and reducing gases, the gas sensing behaviors and the sensor responses of these methods were examined for the discrimination of gas species. The gas sensitivity data was extracted and their patterns were determined using principal component analysis (PCA) techniques. The PCA plot results showed good separation among the mixed gas systems, suggesting that the gas mixture tests for noxious gases and their mixtures could be well classified and discriminated changes.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제66권
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• pp.379-387
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• 2023

Dog owners seek treatment when their pets develop cancer. IMMUNIES is traditional herbal medicine-based figment made of 10 natural herbs, designed to maintain host immune function. The major component of IMMUNIES is Dendropanax morbiferus. This clinical pilot study monitored the toxicity and efficacy of IMMUNIES. Four senile dogs with spontaneously occurring mammary and liver cancers were enrolled in this study and treated orally daily for 3 months, and their blood/urine biochemical profiles were examined each month. IMMUNIES was well tolerated during the treatment period. Blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and C-reactive protein levels decreased in all four dogs, whereas red blood cells and hematocrit were within the normal range. IMMUNIES also changed the expression of several molecular targets in the anticancer pathway, such as pro-NAG-1, p53, and cyclin D1. Although the tumors did not completely respond to IMMUNIES, the biochemical profiles and clinical examination showed a stabilized cancer status for 3 months. Thus, IMMUNIES was found to be safe and well-tolerated in the dosage range tested and exhibited cancer antiproliferative activity in canine cancer. Future studies should address other potential benefits of IMMUNIES, including correlative assessments of immune function, quality of life, and owner satisfaction.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.312-323
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• 1999

모데미풀 자생지 4지역(광덕산, 태기산, 점봉산, 소백산)에 대한 유연관계를 알아보기 위하여 외부형태, 주성분분석과 유집분석, 식생 및 토양분석을 실시하였다. 연구 결과, 외부형태형질 중 유의성이 있는 형질로는 주로 꽃에 관한 형질과 삭과에 대한 형 질, 즉 꽃받침의 길이와 폭, 꽃받침지수, 꽃받침 열편에 거치의 존재유무, 화경의 길이와 분지 유무 등은 4집단을 구분하는데 유의성이 있는 형질로 나타났다. 그러나 식물의 높이, 총포, 종자의 특징 등은 변이가 매우 심하여 형질로서 가치가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 13가지의 양적 형질을 이용한 주성분분석 결과 주성분1(31.3%), 주성분2(20, 7%), 주성분 3(15.8%)이 총 67.79%의 기여율을 보였으며 주성분 1과 2를 이차원공간에 도시한 결과 태기산집단은 다른 세집단과 구별이 가능하였다. 평균연결방법과 Ward's법에 의한 유집분석 결과, 유집군들의 구성은 거의 동일하게 나타났으며, 집단간에는 서로 중복되어 나타나 구별이 불가능하였다. 식생조사 결과 상대피도와 상대빈도에 의한 중요치는 모데미풀이 50.82%로 가장 높게 나타났으며 그 다음으로는 눈개승마(12.64%), 현호색 (11.62%), 박새(11.45%), 홀아비바람꽃(8.96%), 벌깨덩굴(8.76%), 터리풀(7.06%), 진범(5.66%), 큰개별꽃(5.45%), 솜때(5.25%)의 순으로 나타나 이 종류들이 모데미 풀과 친화도가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 지역별로는 전지역에서 모데미풀이 가장 높았고 중요치가 높은 종류들은 자생지 별로 약간 차이를 보였다. 종다양성은 평균 1.40으로 나타났으며 광덕산(1.31)이 가장 높고 점봉산(1.17)이 가장 낮았다. 토양의 pH는 평균 5.25로 대부분 비슷하였고, 소백산은 Mg의 함량은 가장 낮았지만, E.C., 포장용수량, 유기물, 인산, Ca, K함량이 가장 높게 나타났다. E.C., 유기 물함량, Ca의 함량은 광덕산이 가장 낮았으며, 점봉산은 Mg의 함량이 가장 높은 반면 포장용수량, 인산, K의 함량이 가장 낮게 나타났다.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.171-176
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• 2012

As langasite $A_3BC_3D_2O_{14}$ compounds with piezoelectric properties exhibit no phase transition up to the melting point of 1,400-$1,500^{\circ}C$, many high temperature applications are expected for the SAW filter, temperature sensor, pressure sensor, and so on, based on the digital transformation of wider bandwidth and higher-bit rates. It has a larger electromechanical coupling factor compared to quartz and also nearly the same temperature stability as quartz. The $La_3Ga_5SiO_{14}$ (LGS) crystal with the $Ca_3Ga_2Ge_4O_{14}$-type crystal structure was synthesized and the crystal structure was analyzed by Mill et al. It is also an important feature that the growth of the single crystal is easy. In the case of three-element compounds such as $[R_3]_A[Ga]_B[Ga_3]_C[GaSi]_DO_{14}$ (R=La, Pr and Nd), the piezoelectric constant increases with the ionic radius of R. In this study, crystal structures of four-element compounds such as $[A_3]_A[B]_B[Ga_3]_C[Si_2]_DO_{14}$ (A = Ca or Sr, B = Ta or Nb) are analyzed by a single crystal X-ray diffraction, and the mechanism and properties of the piezoelectricity depending on the species of cation was clarified based on the crystal structure.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.47-58
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• 1995

This study was performed to test the validity and reliability of the Health Self-Determinism Index for Children(HSDI-C), an instrument designed to measure dimensions and strength of motivation in health behavior, to improve the applicability of the tool through application to the various samples. The convenient sample of 148 (boys=75, girls=72 third grade=42, fourth grade=22, fifth grade=32, sixth grade=52 : Caucasian=72, Asian=30, African=19) comprised the children at a chatholic elementary school in Chicago. The children completed English version of HSDI-C from December 5th, 1994 to January l0th, 1995. The findings were as follows : 1. Four factors of HSDI-C were isolated through the principal component analysis and oblique rotation, and explained 48% of the variance in total score. Low correlations among four factors were anticipated because each factor contributed uniquely, All items of the tool loaded above .30 on one of 4 factors. But items loaded on each factor in this study were very different from those in the previous studies. 2. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for internal consistency was .81 for the total items and .57∼ .81 for 4 subscales. 3. The differences of HSDI-c mean scores between boys and girls and that of among races were not statistically signifcant, but the mean score of girls and the Caucasian were relatively high. The total mean score of the scale was highest at the 3rd grade, decreased at the 4th or 5th grade, and reincreased at the 6th grade. The trend of mean score of four subscales was similar to that of total mean score. According to the results, suggested below : 1. The items loaded on each factor in this study were very different from those in the previous studies. To clear away the problem of the conceptual confusion, HSDI-C needs to be performed to various and large samples. 2. Unexpectedly, the HSDI-C mean score decreased at middle school age. A longitudinal study will be helpful to search for the change trend of the intrinsic motivation. 3. To improve the applicabilty of the HSDI-C, various reliability and validity test methods besides factor analysis or internal consistency are recommended.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.1423-1450
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• 2015

The paper presents the details and results of an experimental study on bolted end-plate joints of industrial type steel building frames. The investigated joints are commonly used in Lindab-Astron industrial buildings and are optimized for manufacturing, erection and durability. The aim of the research was to provide an experimental background for the design model development by studying load-bearing capacity of joints, bolt force distribution, and end-plate deformations. Because of the special joint details, (i.e., joints with four bolts in one bolt-row and HammerHead arrangements), the Eurocode 3 standardized component model had to be improved and extended. The experimental programme included six different end-plate and bolt arrangements and covered sixteen specimens. The steel grade of test specimens was S355, the bolt diameter M20, whereas the bolt grade was 8.8 and 10.9 for the two series. The end-plate thickness varied between 12 mm and 24 mm. The specimens were investigated under pure bending conditions using a four-point-bending test arrangement. In all tests the typical displacements and the bolt force distribution were measured. The end-plate plastic deformations were measured after the tests by an automatic measuring device. The measured data were presented and evaluated by the moment-bolt-row force and moment-distance from centre of compression diagrams and by the deformed end-plate surfaces. From the results the typical failure modes and the joint behaviour were specified and presented. Furthermore the influence of the end-plate thickness and the pretension of the bolts on the behaviour of bolted joints were analysed.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.552-560
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• 1999

In this study, we investigated the effects of lowering the fat and cholesterol in the diets of 26 Korean hypercholesteolemic men($\geq$240mg/dl). They consumed 2378kcal/day with 20.9% of the energy deriving from fat, and a cholesterol intake of 282mg(118mg/1000kcal). The experimental diet consisted of 2400kcal, the same as their usual diet, but the fat content was restricted to 15%, and the cholesterol level to below 100mg/1000kcal. The subjects kept to this diet for four weeks and were asked to maintain their usual life activities during the experimental period. The dietary intake and levels of plasma lipid, lipoprotein-cholesterol and apoprotein of the subjects were analyzed before, two weeks into, and after four weeks dietary intervention. After two of the dietary intervention, there were no significant changes of plasma total cholesterol or triglyceride levels but there was some changes of phospholipid level. However, after four weeks, the levels of plasma total cholesterol, triglyceride, and phospholipid had decreased significantly: 18.2%, 32.9%, and 11.9%, respectively. And the LDL-cholesterol and VLDL-cholesterol levels also showed a marked reduction of 18.1%, and 33.0% respectively without change of HDL-cholesterol level. There were no changes in the levels of Apo-A 1, Apo-B, or Lp(a). The changes of the plasma lipid levels were significantly associated with the changes in dietary fat intake but not the cholesterol intake. In conclusion, although the responses to the dietary intervention varied among the individual subjects, the lowering of dietary fat component from 21% to 15% of energy intake seems to be an effective way to reduce plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels without decreasing HDL-cholesterol level. It was also found that the restriction of dietary cholesterol to below 100mg/1000kcal not seem to be effective for the hypercholesterolemic patient who already consuming below 300mg/day of cholesterol.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.277-281
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• 2006

Fourier transform - infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) provides biochemical profiles containing overlapping signals from a majority of the compounds that are present when whole cell extracts are analyzed. We attempted to determine the ripeness of strawberry fruit flesh by FT-IR. Fruit ripeness was divided into four developmental stages based on fruit skin color: 'yellow-green', 'pink-green', 'pink', and 'red' stages. Principal component analysis of FT-IR data of inside fruit flesh extracts clustered samples of four different developmental stages into three discrete groups: (1) 'yellow-green' group, (2) 'pink-green' group, and (3) 'pink' and 'red' group. The most remarkable difference between four different developmental stages was found in the carbohydrate fingerprint region $(1,000-1,100cm^{-1})$ of the FT-IR spectrum, indicating that differences in carbohydrate compounds represented the ripeness of strawberry fruit. Overall results indicate that FT-IR in combination with PCA enables discrimination of the ripeness of strawberry fruit flesh.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.26-33
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• 2020

The plastic waste problem is deepening all over the world. Plastic wastes have serious impacts on our lives as well as environ- mental pollution. The production and use of plastics increases every year, but once they are produced, they usually roam the earth for hundreds or thousands of years to pollute the environment. Although there is growing interest in plastic issues around the world and environmental regulations are being tightened, but no clear solution has yet been found. This study suggests Environmental degradation index (EDI). EDI can help raise consumers' attention to plastic wastes. In addition, EDI will contribute to reduce them in the future. As far as we know, this is the first study. We developed EDI for the confectionery packaging. This study defines four factors that may affect the environment of confectionery packaging: greenhouse gas emissions, energy consumption, methane emissions, and packaging space ratio. Then we quantify the value of each element and compute EDI as the sum of the four component values. In order to evaluate the feasibility of EDI proposed in this study, confectionery-packaging materials distributed in Korea were collected and analyzed. First, the types of confectionery are classified into pies, biscuits, and snacks and basic data was collected. Then the values of the four components were calculated using existing research data on the environment. We can use the proposed EDI to determine how much a product packing affects the environment.