• 제목/요약/키워드: Four-component

검색결과 1,367건 처리시간 0.023초

우리나라 초등학교 수학 교과서에서 제시하는 좌변이 단항식인 등식의 양태 분석 (An Analysis on Aspects of Equalities with Monomial Left-hand Side Presented in Korean Elementary School Mathematics Textbooks)

  • 고준석;최종현;이승은;박교식
    • 한국초등수학교육학회지
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    • 제20권4호
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    • pp.583-599
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    • 2016
  • 본 논문에서는, 식을 구성하는 요소에 초점을 맞추어 교과서에서 제시하는 좌변이 단항식인 등식의 양태를 분석하고 있다. 이에 따르면, 교과서에서는 좌변이 단항식인 등식을 체계적으로 도입 취급하기 보다는 학생들이 이미 알고 있는 것처럼 취급하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 분석을 바탕으로 다음 네 가지 제언을 결론으로 제시한다. 첫째, A형 등식(우변에 1종류의 계산 기호와 2개 이상의 수 또는 변수 또는 명수가 있는 등식)과 B형 등식(우변에 2종류 이상의 계산 기호와 3개 이상의 수 또는 변수 또는 명수가 있는 등식)을 명시적인 설명에 의해 도입할 필요가 있다. 둘째, 숫자식, ${\Box}$(빈칸)이 있는 식, 단어가 있는 식, ${\Box}$(변수)가 있는 식, 문자식의 취급 순서를 명확히 설정할 필요가 있다. 셋째, 좌변이 단항식인 등식이 다양한 의미로 사용된다는 것에 주목하게 할 필요가 있다. 넷째, 좌변이 단항식인 등식을 구성하는 수의 범위를 분수, 소수까지 넓힐 필요가 있다.

Ovarian transcriptomic analysis of Shan Ma ducks at peak and late stages of egg production

  • Zhu, ZhiMing;Miao, ZhongWei;Chen, HongPing;Xin, QingWu;Li, Li;Lin, RuLong;Huang, QinLou;Zheng, NenZhu
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제30권9호
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    • pp.1215-1224
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    • 2017
  • Objective: To assess the differences in ovarian transcriptomes in Shan Ma ducks between their peak and late stages of egg production, and to obtain new transcriptomic data of these egg-producing ducks. Methods: The Illumina HiSeq 2000 system was used for high throughput sequencing of ovarian transcriptomes from Shan Ma ducks at their peak or late stages of egg production. Results: Greater than 93% of the sequencing data had a base quality score (Q score) that was not less than 20 (Q20). From ducks at their peak stage of egg production, 42,782,676 reads were obtained, with 4,307,499,083 bp sequenced. From ducks at their late stage of egg production, 45,316,166 reads were obtained, with 4,562,063,363 bp sequenced. A comparison of the two datasets identified 2,002 differentially expressed genes, with 790 upregulated and 1,212 downregulated. Further analysis showed that 1,645 of the 2,002 differentially expressed genes were annotated in the non-redundant (NR) database, with 646 upregulated and 999 downregulated. Among the differentially expressed genes with annotations in the NR database, 696 genes were functionally annotated in the clusters of orthologous groups of proteins database, involving 25 functional categories. One thousand two hundred four of the differentially expressed genes with annotations in the NR database were functionally annotated in the gene ontology (GO) database, and could be divided into three domains and 56 categories. The three domains were cellular component, molecular function, and biological process. Among the genes identified in the GO database, 451 are involved in development and reproduction. Analysis of the differentially expressed genes with annotations in the NR database against the Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes database revealed that 446 of the genes could be assigned to 175 metabolic pathways, of which the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling pathway, insulin signaling pathway, fructose and mannose metabolic pathways, gonadotropin releasing hormone signaling pathway and transforming growth factor beta signaling pathway were significantly enriched. Conclusion: The differences in ovarian transcriptomes in Shan Ma ducks between their peak and late stages of egg production were elucidated, which greatly enriched the ovarian transcriptomic information of egg-producing ducks.

Effect of choline chloride supplementation on milk production and milk composition of Etawah grade goats

  • Supriyati, Supriyati;Budiarsana, I. Gusti Made;Praharani, Lisa;Krisnan, Rantan;Sutama, I. Ktut
    • Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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    • 제58권8호
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    • pp.30.1-30.12
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    • 2016
  • Background: The effect of choline chloride supplementation through forced drinking combined with concentrate diets containing Ca-fish oil on milk production and milk composition of Etawah Grade goats was evaluated. Choline chloride is an essential component in ruminant diets as it is required for fat metabolism. Method: The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design with three types of treatments and eight replications. The trial had two successive experimental periods; the first, during the eight weeks of late pregnancy, and the second, during the first 12 weeks of lactation. Twenty-four Etawah Grade does in the second gestation period were divided into three treatment groups. Commercial choline chloride 60 % in corncobs-based powder was used as a source of choline chloride. The treatments were no supplementation (control) and supplemented with either 4 g or 8 g/2days of choline chloride. Choline chloride was given to the animals through a forced drinking technique, after dissolving it in 60 ml drinking water. The initial body weight of does was $38.81{\pm}3.66kg$. The does were penned individually, and were given fresh chopped King Grass ad libitum and 700 g/day of concentrate diets containing Ca-fish oil, starting eight weeks prior to expecting kidding and continuing for 12 weeks of parturition. Results: All nutrient intakes were not significantly different (p > 0.05) among the treatments during the late pregnancy and the lactation periods. Supplementation did not affect (p > 0.05) the average daily gains and feed conversion ratio during pregnancy but gave effects (p < 0.05) on the average daily gains, feed conversion ratio and income over feed cost during lactation. The highest average daily milk yields and 4 % fat corrected milk yields were found in goats supplemented with 4 g/2days of choline chloride and increased by 17.00 % and 24.67 %, respectively, compared to the control. Moreover, milk composition percentage and milk constituent yields improved significantly (p < 0.05) in those supplemented with 4 g/2days of choline chloride. Conclusion: The supplementation of 4 g/2days of choline chloride through forced drinking increased milk yields, the 4 % fat corrected milk yields, milk composition, milk constituent yields, and improved feed conversion ratio and income over feed cost of Etawah Grade goats.

한국 젊은이의 안면미 선호경향에 관한 연구 : 얼굴의 측모평가를 중심으로 (A STUDY ON THE FACIAL ESTHETIC PREFERENCES AMONG KOREAN YOUTHS: ASSESSMENT OF PROFILE PREFERENCES)

  • 송세진;최익찬
    • 대한치과교정학회지
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    • 제22권4호
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    • pp.881-920
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    • 1992
  • This study was designed to assess profile preferences among Korean youths in the year 1992. Facial esthetics was evaluated by means of silhouette profiles, eliminating the influence of a number of aspects that may affect judgment when normal lateral photographs are used. The main points of preference to be clarified here are as follows. First, on facial convexity, Second, on nasion depth, Third, on mentolabial sulcus depth, Fourth, on the position of upper and lower lips, Fifth, on facial type according to Angle's classification of malocclusion, Sixth, on Song's tangents. The 54 subjects printed in questionnaire as black and white silhouettes were selected from 300 tracings from cephalometric radiographs of people whose age ranging from 11 to 20 years. Photographs of six female subjects were retouched by computer graphic software and printed in color and black/white photographs which were used for adaptation of eyes of participants in selecting profiles in silhouette. They constitute 2 questions. The 54 subjects were grouped as 22 questions, each of them composed of 6 subjects, according to the aspects to be clarified. Twenty four questions in total were asked to assess profile preferences. For the assessment, the profile line, the facial esthetic triangle, Song's tangents, and Angle's classification of malocclusion were introduced. The profile line is composed of 11 component points which are Trichion, Glabella, Nasion, Pronasale, Subnasale, Labrale superius, Stomion, Labrale inferius, Supramentale, Pogonion, and Gnathion. The facial esthetic triangle is composed of 3 tangents: A-tangent which is the tangent of dorsum of nose, B-tangent which is the line passing through Sn and Ls, and C-tangent which is drawn on the turning point of the curve which lies between mentolabial sulcus (Sm) and pogonion (Pg). Angle's classification has 3 types of malocclusion which are Class I, Class II, and Class III. Class II malocclusion is subdivided into Division 1 and Division 2. The participants of the survey were composed of 861 college students (448 male students, 413 female students) whose majors grouped as Fine Arts. Liberal Arts, and Natural Sciences, and whose mean age 21.8 years. The statistics program SPSS/PC + of SPSS Inc. was used to analyze answers of participants. Crosstabulation, Chi-square test, and Kendall test were done. The conclusions are as follows: First, Korean youths have a tendency to prefer the slightly convex face to the flat or concave face. Second, they prefer a moderately deep nasion. Third, they prefer a moderately deep mentolabial sulcus. Fourth, they prefer the position of lips which are near to Ricketts' E-line. The position of the upper lip which is slightly posterior to E-line is preferred. The upper lip which lies too far anterior or posterior to the lower lip is not perferred. Fifth, they prefer most, according to Angle's Classification of Malocclusion, Class I facial profile which has a slight inclination to Class II division 2. The order of preference is Class I, Class II division 2, Class III, and Class II division 1. Sixth, they prefer the type 2 and 3 of Song's tangents. The facial profile within which A-and B-tangent meet is preferred. The facial profile which has Cotangent that .meets with A-tangent slightly posterior to the crossing point of A-and B-tangent or that parallels with B-tangent is preferred.

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Effect of fermented blueberry on the oxidative stability and volatile molecule profiles of emulsion-type sausage during refrigerated storage

  • Zhou, Hengyue;Zhuang, Xinbo;Zhou, Changyu;Ding, Daming;Li, Chunbao;Bai, Yun;Zhou, Guanghong
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제33권5호
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    • pp.812-824
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    • 2020
  • Objective: The aim of this work was to assess the effect of fermented blueberry (FB; 2%, 4%, and 6%) on the oxidative stability and volatile molecule profiles of emulsion-type sausage stored at 4℃ for 28 days. Methods: The antioxidant activity of FB was determined through radical-scavenging activity against 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl radicals. Four formulations of sausage treatments with different FB levels (0%, 2%, 4%, 6%) were prepared, then peroxide value (POVs), thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) values, protein carbonyls and thiol groups were measured. The aroma profiles of sausages for each treatment was also determined. Results: The half maximal inhibitory concentration indicated that FB had greater scavenging ability than ascorbic acid against DPPH and hydroxyl radicals. Sausages with FB significantly retarded increases in POVs and TBARS, as well as in the content of protein carbonyls during all storage days (p<0.05). Particularly, 4% and 6% FB-treated sausages had better oxidation inhibition effects. However, FB accelerated the reduction in thiol groups (p<0.05). Additionally, FB inhibits the excessive formation of aldehyde compounds; for example, hexanal, which may cause rancid flavors, decreased from 58.25% to 19.41%. FB also created 6 alcohols (i.e., 2-methyl-1-propanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, and phenylethyl alcohol), 5 ester compounds (i.e., ethyl acetate, ethyl lactate, and ethyl hexanoate) and 3-hydroxy-2-butanone in the sausages that contribute to sausage flavors. The principal component analysis showed that the aroma profiles of sausages with and without FB are easily identified. Conclusion: The addition of FB could significantly reduce the lipid and protein oxidation and improve oxidative stability for storage. Also, adding FB could inhibit rancid flavors and contribute to sausage flavors.

가열처리에 의한 록차의 화학성분 변화 (Changes in some Compounds by Heat Treatment of Green Tea)

  • 조철희;김수일조도현
    • KSBB Journal
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    • 제4권1호
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    • pp.40-47
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    • 1989
  • 가열조작에 의한 녹차 화학성분의 변화를 알아보기 위하여 1차 가공이 끝난 녹차반제품(Crde green tea)을 10$0^{\circ}C$, 115$^{\circ}C$, 14$0^{\circ}C$, 16$0^{\circ}C$에서 각각 30분간 처리한 후당류, 향기성분, 비타민C, 질소화합물 탄닌, 카페인 및 가용성 물질을 분석하는 반면 향미에 대한 영향을 관능검사에 의하여 평가하였다. 고속액체 크로마토그라피(H.P.L.C)에 의해서 녹차의 유리당으로 surcrose, fructose, glucose 및 raffinose가 확인되었고 1개의 미확인 당류가 분리되었으며, 향기성분으로는Gas Liquid Gas Liquid Chromatography에 의해서 26~34개의 물질이 분리되었으나 그중 linalool, furfual benzyl alco-hol을 비롯한 16개 물질만이 동정되었다. 가열처리에 의하여 대부분의 물질이 감소되었으나 총질소, 수용성질소는 거의 감소하지 않았고 특히 유리아미노산, 유리당, 비타민C, 탄닌의 감소가 크게 나타났으며 관능검사에 의해서는 115$^{\circ}C$처리구에서 녹차 반제품에 대한 몇몇 성분의 감소률은 총당 17%, 환원당 15%, 비타민C 36%, 유리아미노산 12%, 탄닌 15%로 나타났고 수분함량도 저장이 적당한 3~4%이하가 되었다. 한편 16$0^{\circ}C$처리구에서의 감소률은 총당 38%, 환원당 53%, 비타민C 55%, 유리아미노산 74%, 탄닌 23%로 가열처리온도 상승에 따라서 각 성분의 감소률이 크게 증가하였고 특히 유리아미노산의 감소률이 현저하였다.

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동물모델을 이용한 MMSC(DL-Methionine Methylsulfonium Chloride)의 기능성소화불량증 개선효과 (The Improvement Effect of MMSC (DL-Methionine Methylsulfonium Chloride) in Functional Dyspepsia Animal Models)

  • 김재민;차명희;이돈행;이운규
    • 한국식품영양과학회지
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    • 제42권12호
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    • pp.2076-2081
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    • 2013
  • 본 연구는 cisplatin 및 atropine으로 유발된 기능성소화불량증 동물모델에서 MMSC의 위 배출능 및 위장관 전이 지연의 개선 효과를 연구한 후, 기능성소화불량증을 치료하기 위한 약물의 기초자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 기능성소화불량은 뚜렷한 기질적 병변 없이 여러 가지 다양한 소화불량 증상에 의한 진단이기 때문에 치료 또한 단순하지가 않다. 대부분의 증상이 호전과 악화를 반복하며 음식, 스트레스 등에 의해 변화가 심하므로 임상적으로 효과 판정이 어렵고, 더욱이 위약만을 투여하더라도 증상의 호전이 있을 수 있으므로 어떠한 치료가 의미 있게 효과가 있는지를 판단하는데 애로점이 많다. 이번 연구에 대조물질로 비교한 약물도 현재 사용되는 위장질환 치료물질로 위 배출능에서 시험물질보다 좋은 결과 값을 얻었지만, 위장관 전이 지연 개선 실험에서 시험물질 MMSC와 비교하였을 때 약물의 효과가 다르게 나타났다. 결론적으로 MMSC를 투여한 그룹이 유발그룹에 비해 위 배출능 및 위장관의 전이 비율이 유의적으로 증가하였음을 확인하였다. 위장관 운동 촉진제로 시판되는 약물을 투여한 그룹보다는 그 비율이 다소 낮게 관찰되었지만 시판 약물의 고용량 투여와 비교하여 저용량의 MMSC에도 불구하고 위배출능의 효과를 확인하였으므로 고용량의 MMSC투여 시 위 배출능의 개선 효과가 높게 관찰될 가능성 역시 배제할 수 없어 향후 보다 구체적인 연구가 수행되어야 할 것으로 판단된다.

퇴화조건에 따른 꼭두서니 염색물의 퇴화물 연구 (Analysis of Degradation Products in Madder Dyed Fabrics in Selective Degradation Conditions)

  • 안춘순
    • 한국의류학회지
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    • 제29권12호
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    • pp.1608-1618
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    • 2005
  • 본 연구는 꼭두서니와 그 표준 색소인 알리자린으로 염색한 직물에 조건적 퇴화를 유도하고, 가스 크로마토그라피 질량분석기(GC-MS)를 이용해 퇴화물을 분석하여 이를 선행연구에서 밝혀진 표준 알리자린 색소의 퇴화물과 비교함으로써 대조구로서의 꼭두서니 염료의 정보를 완성하는데 그 목적을 둔다. 아울러 퇴화 전후 염직물의 색차를 측정하여 조건퇴화에 따른 색의 변화를 조사하였다. 퇴화조건은 상온 (RT), 저온$(7^{\circ}C)$ (LT), 고온$(100^{\circ}C)$(OV)의 세 종류의 온도 조건과 염료 폐수처리 용도로 활용되고 있는 $H_2O_2/UV$법 (PER)을 사용하였다. 퇴화시간은 6시간, 24시간, 48시간, 1주, 2주, 4주 각각을 측정하였다. 꼭두서니와 알리자린 염직물 모두 퇴화 전후의 시료에서 alizarin(10.1분)이 검출되었다. 꼭두서니와 알리자린 염직물 모두 퇴화 후 benzoic acid(4.7분), 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol(6.8분), phthalic anhydride(5.8분)가 검출되었다. 꼭두서니와 알리자린 염직물 모두 퇴화 후 붉은색과 노란색이 감소하였다. 꼭두서니 염직물보다 알리자린 염직물의 경우 퇴화 전후의 색차가 더 심하였다. 그러나 가장 퇴화조건이 강한 PER퇴화조건 하에서는 꼭두서니 염직물의 색차가 1주 경과 후에도 매우 심하게 나는 것을 볼 수 있었다. 본 연구의 결과꼭두서니와 그 표준 색소로 염색한 직물이 퇴화할 경우에도 선행연구에서 밝혀진 알리자린의 퇴화물인 benzoic acid, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, phthalic anhydride가 검출됨을 확인하였다. 따라서 이들 화합물은 갈변되어 고유의 색을 알 수 없는 출토복식의 염료를 판정할 때 꼭두서니 염료의 사용여부를 확인할 수 있는 대조구 화합물로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. 퇴화 전후의 색차에 대한 측정결과는 퇴화에 따른 염료의 색 변화에 대한 결과이다 출토복식의 갈변현상은 염료의 변색과 더불어 토양 유기물에 의한 착색도 기인하므로, 출토복식의 색상 변화를 실질적으로 조사하기 위해서는 본 연구의 결과와 함께 토양유기물에 의한 착색에 대한 연구가 병행되어야 할 것으로 본다

영산강 수계 오염특성 파악을 위한 다변량 통계분석법의 적용 (Evaluation of Pollutant Characteristics in Yeongsan River Using Multivariate Analysis)

  • 정수정;이동진;황경섭;이경희;최경축;임상순;이윤희;이재영;임병진
    • 생태와환경
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    • 제45권4호
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    • pp.368-377
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    • 2012
  • 본 연구는 영산강수계 수질 특성을 파악하기 위하여 2001~2010년까지 영산강 본류 10개 지점의 수질측정자료를 활용하여 총 18개 수질항목에 대하여 다변량분석법을 이용하여 수질항목간의 상관관계 및 요인분석, 군집분석을 수행하였다. 수질항목간 상관성은 BOD는 T-N, T-P와 높은 양의 상관성을, Chl-a는 COD와 유의한 양의 상관성을 보였다. 요인분석 결과 제1요인이 영양염류요인(32.021%), 제2요인이 유기물 및 조류증식에 따른 물질대사 요인(17.453%), 제3요인이 계절적 변동요인(14.775%), 제4요인이 미생물요인(10.951%)으로 추출되었다. 요인분석 결과로부터 추출된 제1요인과 제2요인에 대한 군집 분석 결과, 오염도가 낮은 그룹, 광주천 및 하수처리수 방류의 영향이 큰 오염도가 높은 그룹, 축산농가 및 농경지 등이 인근에 분포하는 그룹 등 3 그룹으로 분류되었다.

경혈정위 보조도구의 정확성 및 편의성 평가 연구 (A Study of Accuracy and Usability for Acupuncture Points Locating Devices)

  • 채윤병;강오석;함대현;이승호;김재순;김관형;김희영;이혜정;박히준
    • Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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    • 제24권2호
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    • pp.61-76
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    • 2007
  • Objectives : Accurate and reproducible location of an acupuncture point (AP) have been considered an essential component of meaningful acupuncture research as well as clinical practice. Several kinds of devices have been developed and widely used for the convenience of locating APs. However, the accuracy and convenience of these devices have not been systematically evaluated. The present study was performed to find out the most suitable tools for the location accuracy and location easiness of APs among the devices respectively. Methods : Twenty subjects attempted to locate APs, including PC5 and SP6 in the arm and leg, using four different AP positioning methods: one Conventional Ruler method and three alternative methods including Cunometer, Transparent AP meter, and Elastic Ruler method. The position marked on each AP was plotted onto a thin, flexible, and transparent plastic film, and the dispersion rate of the positions was determined and recorded. The elapsed time for locating each AP was measured. After that each subject was answered to a short questionnaire regarding the degree of convenience and confidence of use of each method for AP location. Results : All of three alternative methods took less time than Conventional Ruler method did. Among these alternative methods, the accuracy of Elastic Ruler method was markedly higher than others. The degree of convenience of the Cunometer and the confidence of Elastic Ruler method were the highest among these alternative methods. Conclusions : The present study indicates that the Elastic Ruler method was the most compatible for the conventional Ruler methods. However, there are many factors need to be reconsidered. Improved devices for locating AP are imperatively needed for clinical practice.

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