• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.630-635
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• 2000

Previous research has not evaluated the effects of various rates and frequencies of manure application and frequencies of cutting on yield and stand persistence of cool-season grasses and alfalfa-grass mixtures. The primary objective of this study was to compare the effects of cutting management systems on herbage yield and stand persistence of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) and an alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)-orchardgrass mixture from various rates and frequencies of dairy slurry application. A randomized complete block design with treatments in a sub-subplot arrangement with four replicates was used. The main plot consisted of 2 cutting management systems (4 and 5 annual cuttings). The subplots were 9 fertility treatments: 7 slurry rate and frequency of application treatments, one inorganic fertilizer treatment, and an unfertilized control. The split-split-plots were the two forage species: orchardgrass and alfalfa-orchardgrass mixture. The study was initiated after 1st cutting in 1995. Cumulative yields of the 2nd and subsequent cuttings of both orchardgrass and alfalfa-orchardgrass in 1995 were higher for the 5-cutting system than the 4-cutting system. The 1995 growing season was abnormally dry. In 1996, an abnormally wet year, the reverse was true, total herbage yields being higher for the 4-cutting system than the 5-cutting system. Species response to fertility rate/frequency treatments was different in both years. Higher application rates early in the season and carryover of nutrients from late season applications the previous year appear to be responsible for the yield increases of those fertility treatments having significant yield differences between the cutting management systems. The stand ratings of orchardgrass were not affected by cutting management. In the spring of 1997, however, the stand ratings of alfalfa-orchardgrass in the 4-cutting management system were significantly greater than the 5-cutting management system. The very high manure application rate significantly reduced the stand ratings of alfalfa-orchardgrass in the 5-cutting system.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.525-530
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• 2017

The attainment ratios of the water quality goals of the 114 mid-watershed representative stations, examined during the period2011 to 2015, were evaluated in the study. Of the four major river basins, the attainment ratio on water quality goal of the Geum River basin turned out to be the lowest. As a result of formal evaluation of the attainment ratios of BOD, COD and TOC, it was found that the attainment ratio of COD was much lower than that of BOD and TOC (I a circumstance thought to be caused by the higher COD/BOD and COD/TOC ratios of the water quality of the river than those of the environmental water quality standard). As well, higher COD/BOD and COD/TOC of wastewater discharged from point and non-point sources (other than those of the environmental water quality standards) might possibly represent one of the reasons. We also compared attainment ratio between the main stream and tributaries, which indicated that the higher attainment ratio was present in the main stream. The attainment ratio is also documented as more significant in the winter season than the summer season, possibly due to the contribution of non-point pollutants swept in by rain during the summer season during documented periods of high precipitation. Thus, water quality management in summer season and improvement of water quality of the tributaries might be important as a means of increasing attainment ratio on water quality goal.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.12-18
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• 2011

Asthma is a chronic disease associated with airway constriction due to inflammation caused by eosinophils, mast cells, and T lymphocytes, leading to serious chronic illness in children. The eotaxin gene family has been shown to play an important role in the pathogenesis of asthma. We hypothesized that the distinctive variations among the four seasons in Korea may affect the expression of eotaxin polymorphisms, especially in children. We examined the possible effects of birth season (spring, March-May; summer, June-August; fall, September-November; and winter, December-February) on the phenotype of asthma in children. All SNP data sets of the eotaxin-2 and eotaxin-3 genes were collected from 78 asthma patients and 101 controls. Here, we investigated the effects of birth season on the expression of eotaxin-2 and eotaxin-3 in Korean children. Using the HAPLOTYPE procedure with the HTR method in SAS/Genetics, we showed that children born in spring and summer show significant haplotypes in both the eotaxin-2 and eotaxin-3 genes. Thus, the expression of polymorphisms in eotaxin-2 and eotaxin-3 may vary by season.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.133-137
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• 1969

This experiment was conducted to determine the optimum row width and plant spacing within row under the tropical environment for a leading soybean variety Palmetto and it was carried out at Eakmat Experiment Station in Vietnam. The experiments were arranged in a split plot design with four replications and the test was repeated twice in two years. Variations for seed yield due to the distance between rows were significant at 1 per cent level in 1967 test(dry season growing) and at 5 per cent level in 1968 test. Significant differences for plant height, lodging, maturity, number of branches per plant, and number of pods per plant due to the row width were not found in both tests, while significant differences in difference spacing within row was found in all traits studied. Interaction between width of row and spacing within row for seed yield and plant height were found at five percent level in 1967 test. These results indicate that close planting may increase in seed yield and plant height in both seasons, and decrease in loadging. From these studies, one could be understood that the plant population, particularly in dry season, plays decisive roles on seed yield in soybean culture, and the maximum plant height and minimum value of lodging index were also observed in closest spacing plots. The highest soybean yield in late planting would be expected by a combinations of 30 cm(between rows)${\times}$5cm(between hills) plot, while 40cm ${\times}$ 5cm planting method would be suggested for rainy season growing. Highest seed yield was obtained at closet spacing in both dry and rainy season, and these results led to drilling method in seeding where about 20 seeds per meter of row could be recommended. Besides the seed yield, the close planting may produce some advantages, such as increase plant height and decrease lodging, weeds and erosion of surface soil.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제65권4호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2023

As a result of climate change, non-point source pollution (NPS) from farmland with the steep slope during the rainy season is expected to have a significant impact on the water system. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of furrow mulching using alfalfa and PAM (Polyacrylamide) materials for each rainfall event, while considering the load characteristics of NPS. The study was conducted in Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, in 2022, with a testbed that had a slope of 13%, sandy loam soil, and maize crops. The testbed was composed of four plots: bare soil (Bare), No mulching (Cont.), Vegetation mulching (VM), and PAM mulching (PM). Runoff was collected from each rainfall event using a 1/40 sampler and the NPS load was calculated by measuring the concentrations of SS, T-N, T-P, and TOC. During farming season, the reduction efficiency of NPS load was 37.1~59.5% for VM and 38.2~75.7% for PM. The analysis found that VM had a linear regression correlation (R²=0.28~0.86, P-value=0.01~0.1) with elapsed time of application, while PM had a quadratic regression correlation (R²=0.35~0.80, P-value=0.1). These results suggest that the selection of furrow mulch materials and the appropriate application method play a crucial role in reducing non-point pollution in farmland. Therefore, further studies on the time-series reduction effect based on the application method are recommended to develop more effective preemptive reduction technologies.

• 한국시조학회지:시조학논총
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• 제21집
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• pp.143-164
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• 2004

이 논문은 <강호사시가>가 한 주제를 형상화하는 데 네 계절의 특징을 담고 있는 서로 다른 글감들을 사용하였지만, 내용의 일관된 통일성을 유지한 연시조이며, 이 통일성 유지는 하나의 일정한 틀을 사용한 데 근거하였음을 해명하려고 한 것이다. 그 일정한 틀은 겉틀과 속틀로 나누었다. 겉틀은 네 작품에 공통된 표현 부분이다. 그 내용은 '화자의 거처(강호)'-'화자(이 몸)'$\cdot$'화자와 임금의 관계(군은)' 및 '강호의 상태(강호에 (가)이 드니)', '화자의 상태(이 몸이 (라)히옴)'를 제시한 것이다. 그리고 초장의 '강호에 (가)이 드니'를 구문의 생성 조건의 측면에서 분석하여 표현의 압축과 간결함을 지적하고, 종장의 '역군은이샷다'를 구문의 생성 의도의 측면에서 분석하여 화자 개인 차원의 삶에 대한 만족을 표출한 것임을 설명하고, 이 삶의 만족을 사회적 차원의 태평성대로 확장할 수 있는지에 대하여 문제제기를 하였다. 속틀은 작품 내용의 세부 짜임이다. 이에 대해서는 네 작품을 초$\cdot$중$\cdot$종장 각각으로 묶어 분석한 다음, 네 작품의 공유된 짜임을 설명하고, 각각의 내용 분석을 통하여 곁틀에서 다룬 <강호사시가>의 내용이 갖는 특성을 해명하였다. 네 작품의 초$\cdot$중$\cdot$종장을 각각 하나로 묶어 종합 분석하기 위하여 지표기능과 제시기능을 설정하여 그 내용의 짜임을 설명하였다. 초장은 공통으로 네 계절의 흥취를 표현한 것이며, 중장은 지표기능 어휘인 '화자'가 생략되어 제시기능 구절만으로 이루어졌으며, 초장의 흥취를 행위나 상태로 구체적으로 제시하였다. 종장은 중장과 연결하여 함축적 표현이며,사적인 삶과 공적인 가치관(군신유의)의 관계에서 공적인 가치관으로 사적인 삶을 보장받으려는 의도를 내포한 것이다. 이를 종합하면, <강호사시가>의 속틀의 짜임은 '계절의 제시'$\to$'계절에 대한 발흥'$\to$'계절의 즐김 행위'$\to$'(심적$\cdot$신체적) 평안'으로 전개된다. 문맥의 흐름에서 초장은 중장의 단서가 되며, 중장은 초장에 대한 반응이며, 종장은 중장의 응축으로서 평가라는 성격을 가지고 있다. 그리고 속틀의 짜임에 '감군은'이 포함되면 곁틀의 짜임을 확인할 수 있다. 끝으로, 작자가 작품의 본지를 개인의 평안에 둔 것처럼 꾸몄으나, 본래의 발상은 임금의 치적(태평성대)을 송축하려는 것이라고 결론하였다.

• 환경생물
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.25-36
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• 2001

본 연구는 유종섬모충류의 생태학적 특성을 알아보기 위하여 1998년 3월부터 1999년 1월까지 격월로 섬진강 하류계에서 12개 정점을 선정하여 실시하였다. 조사기간 중 유종섬모충류는 총 8속 56종이 동정 분류되었다. 출현종의 월별분포는 1998년 3월에 7속 40종으로 가장 많이 출현하였고, 1998년 11월에 2속 3종으로 가장 적은 종이 출현하였다. 출현종의 정점별 분포는, 정점 12에서 8속 38종으로 가장 많았고, 정점 3에서 2속 5종으로 가장 적게 출현하였다. 유종섬모충류의 월별 총출현량은 20,099 (5월) - 699,502 indiv./㎥ (3월)의 범위로 변동하고 있었다. 정점별로는 정점 11에서 가장 많은 출현량(431,706 indiv./㎥)을 보였고, 정점 4에서 가장 적은 출현량(8,777 indiv./㎥)을 보였다. 우점종은 22종으로 그중 Tintinnopsis속이 18종으로 전체 우점종의 81.8%를 차지하였다. 유종섬모충류의 군집동태와 환경요인과의 상관관계에서는 여러 환경요인 중 수온과 염분도가 군집동태에 가장 큰 영향을 미친 것으로 조사되었는데 수온은 10-15$^{\circ}C$에서, 염분도는 10.1-25.0$\textperthousand$ 구간에서 다양한 종 조성과 높은 출현량을 나타내었다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.220-225
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• 1991

콩을 연작해온 밭토양에 경명을 재배하므로써 토양선충밀도를 줄일 수 있으며 이것이 콩생육에 어떤 영향을 미치는가를 알기 위하여 콩단작구, 결명단작구, 콩-결명혼작구 및 간작구를 만들어 1년간 재배한 후 그 자리에 3년동안 콩을 재배하면서 선충밀도와 콩의 생육을 조사하엿다 1. 콩단작구에 비하여 결명혼작구 및 간작구에서 토양선충밀도는 크게 낮았고 결명단작구에서는 결명의 생육이 왕성해지면서 토양선충이 완전히 없어 졌다. 2. 결명단작구에 이듬해부터 콩을 계속 재배했어도 토양선충의 밀도는 아주 낮았고 결명혼작고 또는 간작구에 콩을 계속 재배하여도 3년차까지는 콩연작구보다 선충밀도가 훨씬 낮았다. 3. 결명의 뿌리에는 뿌리혹이 착생하지 않는것이 특징인데 콩과 결명을 혼작 또는 간작하여도 콩뿌리에 형성된 뿌리혹의 수는 콩단작구와 차이가 없었다. 4. 콩 성열기의 주당입수, 주당입수 및 주당입중은 결명과 혼작 또는 간작하여도 콩단작구와 차이가 없었다. 결명단작구, 혼작구 및 간작구의 뒷자리에 이듬해부터 콩을 재배한 결과 2년차까지는 콩연작구보다 생육이 더 좋았다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.7-14
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• 2013

The objectives of this study were to identify the characteristics of groundwater in the petroleum contaminated site and to evaluate the applicability of house-type landfarm facilities heated with briquette stoves in winter season. The six monitoring wells were installed at the site where pH, dissolved oxygen, and temperature were all measured. Also groundwater contaminants, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene and total petroleum hydrocarbon, were analyzed twice. House-type two landfarm facilities ($12m{\times}40m{\times}4.8m$) each installed with four briquette stoves were constructed. During four rounds treatment process, VOCs, moisture, temperature were monitored and soil contaminants were analyzed. The pH was 6.37 and considered subacid and DO was measured to be 3.12 mg/L. The temperature of groundwater was measured to be $9.48^{\circ}C$. The groundwater contaminants were detected only in the monitoring wells within the contaminated area or close to it showing that the groundwater contaminated area was similar to the soil contaminated area. During the landfarm process, 73.3% of VOCs concentration in interior gas was decreased and moisture was lowered from 17.7% to 13.4%. In the morning, at 8:00 am, the temperature was decreased showing soil ($5.5^{\circ}C$) > interior ($4.8^{\circ}C$) > exterior ($3.5^{\circ}C$). In the afternoon, at 2:00 pm, the temperature was soil ($8.6^{\circ}C$) < interior ($9.9^{\circ}C$) < exterior ($11.5^{\circ}C$) with solar radiation. The temperature difference between interior and exterior was $0.7^{\circ}C$ in the morning, but it was $1.6^{\circ}C$ in the afternoon. A total of 130 days were taken for four round landfarm processes. Each process was completed within 33 days showing 80% of cleanup efficiency ($1^{st}$ order dissipation rate(k) = 0.1771).

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.109-115
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• 1998

본 실험은 꽃도라지의 고온기 육묘시 유묘의 저온처리기간에 따른 정식 후 생장과 개화반응을 조사하기 위하여 수행되었다. 본엽이 4매 전개된 유묘를 1$0^{\circ}C$의 인큐베이터에 각각 2, 3, 4, 5주 동안 저장하였다. 비교를 위해 저온저장하지 않은 식물체와 각각의 기간동안 저온처리된 식물체는 최저 야온 12~13$^{\circ}C$, 자연일장 조건의 유리온실에 정식하여 관리하였다 아즈마설과 아즈마훈 품종의 경우 경경과 엽수에서는 처리간 차이가 없었다. 그러나 초장 절간장 지상부 생체중 및 건물중은 4주동안의 처리구에서 현저하게 증가하였다. 두 품종 모두에서 4주 동안의 저온처리는 꽃의 무게와 직경의 크기를 증가시켰으며 개화소요일수도 무처리구와 2주 처리구에 비해 20일이 단축되었다. 아즈마조 품종의 지상부생육은 4주 동안의 저온처리구에서 증가되었으며 꽃의 품질도 향상할 수 있었다. 개화소요일수는 4주 동안의 저온처리구에서 무처리구보다 31일 2주 처리구보다는 36일이 단축되는 결과를 보였다. 실험 결과 꽃도라지 아즈마설, 아즈마혼, 아즈마조 품종의 고온기 육묘시 유묘의 최적 저장 조건은 1$0^{\circ}C$에서 4주간이었다